The flora of Crete in its multifarious micro-landscapes offers the possibility of selecting native species with high ornamental value for use in urban landscapes and commercial horticulture. To assess this potential eight species were selected: Staehelina petiolata, Ptilostemon chamaepence, Otanthus maritimus, Prasium majus, Convolvulus dorycnium, Campanula pelviformis, Sternbergia sicula and Colchicum macrophyllum. The biological cycle in situ, sexual and asexual propagation as well as their cultural requirements and adaptability in urban landscape were studied. In addition to identifying the light and temperature requirements for seed germination of the species, Other factors were important including after-ripening for P. chamaepence and S. petiolata, scarification for P. majus and C. dorycnium and imbibition in 20°C for C macrophyllum and S. sicula. Propagation by stem cuttings was influenced by mist, addition of IBA, the season and the substrates. IBA solutions at 4000, 2000 ppm and 2000 ppm in powder promoted on rooting of S. petiolata, P. chamaepence and P. majus stem tip cuttings with the highest rooting level of 50, 70 and 72%, respectively, while both IBA at 0 or 2000 ppm on Otanthus maritimus produced 100% rooting. Best substrates were peat-moss+vermiculite, vermiculite, sand and vermiculite and best seasons autumn, spring or late autumn, early summer, and spring for Staehelina. Ptilostemon, Otanthus and Prasium, respectively. Cross-cutting and BA on the base of Sternbergia sicula increased the bulblets from 1-3.5 to 12.8 and 13.5 per bulb yearly, respectively. Colchicum macrophyllum had a very low asexual reproductive activity producing one corn per year. The wounding of the replacement bud stimulated development of the reserve bud so that each corm could produce two or more cormlets. Morphogenesis was achieved in vitro by the affect of BA; callogenesis and rhizogenesis by NAA, and rhizogenesis by IBA on S. petiolata and P. chamaepence seedlings. Adventitious bulblets and plantlets formed on scales and clumps of shoots of S. sicula by the addition of BA and NAA producing over 20 bulblets per bulb. 2,4-D, BA, NAA and combinations produced callus, shoots and new corms on buds of C. macrophyllum. All studied species were established successfully in pots and in an urban landscape. The ornamental characteristics and use of eight species was determined and a master plan was designed using indigenous plants of Crete.

Pour lutter contre les maladies virales chez les plantes cultivées, il est important de développer des résistances génétiques. Dans ce contexte, les facteurs d’initiation de la traduction eIF4E jouent un rôle majeur dans la mise en place de résistance aux potyvirus, un groupe de virus à ARN nuisible pour les cultures. Fréquemment, des allèles naturels de résistances ont été sélectionnés dans les espèces à intérêt agronomique. Cependant, nombreuses sont les espèces ne possédant pas de résistance naturelle. Pour remédier à ce problème, j’étudie lors de ma thèse le pathosystème Arabidopsis thaliana-potyvirus afin d’élaborer de nouvelles sources de résistances, en vue d’étendre leur application aux plantes cultivables. Pour ceci, je crée artificiellement par mutagénèse dirigée des allèles de résistances dont je teste dans la plante la fonctionnalité ainsi que l’efficacité vis-à-vis de la résistance. En combinant ces allèles de résistance synthétiques avec d’autres résistances liées aux facteurs eIF4E, je vise à élargir le spectre de résistance aux potyvirus ainsi qu’à augmenter la durabilité de ces résistances. Cette étude permettra de prouver la faisabilité de ce système pour obtenir des plantes à large spectre de résistance avant de pouvoir ainsi l’appliquer aux plantes à intérêt agronomique. / The development of genetic resistance is important to avoid viral infections in cultivated crops. In this context, translation initiation factors eIF4E have a major role in resistance to potyviruses, a family of viruses damageable to crops. Although natural resistance alleles are often used in crops breeding, there are still species devoided of such natural resistance, making it impossible to develop genetic resistance. Using the Arabidopsis thaliana-potyviruses pathosystem, I aim at developing new sources of resistances as a proof of concept before considering their application to crop species. For this, I am developing artificial resistance alleles created by directed mutagenesis before testing them for both their functionality and their resistance efficiency in plants. By combining these synthetic resistance alleles with others eIF4E factors-mediated resistance, my aim is to enlarge resistance spectrum to potyviruses as well as to increase the resistance durability. This study will make proof of the feasibility of this system to obtain large spectrum resistance plants with the perspective of extending it to cultivated plants.

Excessive metal deposition in soil is of major concern to the environment due to the toxicity of metals to animals and plants. Since metals do not degrade, reducing risk of exposure relies in either removing the metals from soil, or changing their speciation which leads to changes in bioavailability, mobility and toxicity. Plants have been shown to provide a cheap alternative to chemical methods for both removing and changing metal speciation, particularly when augmented with plant growth promoting bacteria. The focus of this thesis was to investigate whether the form (speciation) in which a metal contaminant is introduced to soil affects both plant health and the efficiency of metal remediation by the plant, using the well-known hyperaccumulator Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and zinc (Zn) as the metal contaminant. This study also examined the role of plant growth promoting bacteria in changing metal speciation, impact on metal toxicity and phytoremediation efficiency. Brassica juncea was grown in pots containing soil spiked with equal amounts (600 mg Zn kg-1) of soluble Zn (ZnSO4) and nanoparticulate ZnS and ZnO. Plant height, number of leaves, root length, plant biomass and chlorophyll content of Brassica juncea were used to assess Zn toxicity. Zn localisation and speciation in soil and plant tissues was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), synchrotron micro-X-ray fluorescence elemental mapping (μXRF) and synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Growth parameters showed that ZnSO4 was the most toxic form of Zn whilst ZnS and ZnO effects were not statistically different. These differences were linked to differences in Zn content in root and shoot biomass, which was higher in ZnSO4 treatments. Inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum and Pseudomonas brassicacearum enhanced plant growth, Zn concentration in plant biomass and translocation of Zn in all Zn treatments. XAS analysis showed that Zn speciation was altered in roots of plants inoculated with bacteria, with Zn cysteine as the most dominant form of Zn in all inoculated Zn treatments, suggesting a role for cysteine in ameliorating Zn toxicity. By also assessing Zn speciation changes across the soilrhizosphere- plant interface, this study established that Rhizobium leguminosarum modified Zn speciation at the rhizosphere. Through this thesis work, metal speciation is a major factor in determining the efficiency of metal phytoremediation and plant tolerance. Hence, this research provides useful information on Zn speciation which will contribute to effective implementation of Zn phytoremediation.

In the first three chapters of this thesis we study two conjectures relating arithmetic with geometry, namely Tate and Lang&rsquo / s conjectures, for a certain class of algebraic surfaces. The surfaces we are interested in are assumed to be defined over a number field, have irregularity two and admit a genus two fibration over an elliptic curve. In the final chapter of the thesis we prove the isomorphism of the Picard motives of an arbitrary variety and its Albanese variety.

Many environmental stresses result in increased generation of active oxygen species (AOS) in plant cells, leading to the induction of protective mechanisms. In this study, signalling components linking AOS perception to downstream responses were examined, with particular emphasis on H₂O₂ signalling. All AOS investigated had an early [Ca²⁺]_cyt peak in common, but differed in other aspects of their Ca²⁺ signatures, indicating that the plant is able to discriminate between different types of AOS. An early event in AOS signal transduction may involve changes in the cellular redox balance as reduction of glutathione levels prior to stress application increased the height of the first [Ca²⁺]_cyt peak. Inhibiting or enhancing the height of the H₂O₂-triggered Ca²⁺ signature lead to inhibition or enhancement of GST1 and APX1 induction, respectively, demonstrating that the Ca²⁺ signature is required for induction of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes. OX1, encoding a putative ser/thr kinase, was shown to be involved in signal transduction in response to H₂O₂-generating stresses. Transcript levels of OX1 were increased upon treatment with H₂O₂ and a range of abiotic and biotic stresses as well as ABA, all of which have been shown to result in H₂O₂ accumulation. Inhibition of stress-induced [Ca²⁺]_cyt elevations inhibited OX1 induction, placing the OX1 kinase downstream of Ca²⁺ in the signalling chain. OX1 is required for full activation of AtMPKS and AtMPK6 in response to ozone fumigation, indicating that OX1 functions upstream of these MAP kinases. An ox1 null-mutant displayed enhanced susceptibility to infection with a virulent Peronospora parasitica isolate as well as reduced induction of several defence genes. In addition, the ox1 mutant exhibited shorter root hairs and an early flowering phenotype. AOS treatment induced several genes encoding AtERF transcription factors, but did not have an effect on other members of this family. Induction occurred in an ethylene-independent but Ca²⁺-dependent manner.

In this thesis, we study the structure, deformations and the moduli spaces of complex projective surfaces admitting genus two fibrations over elliptic curves. We observe that, a surface admitting a smooth fibration as above is elliptic and we employ results on the moduli of polarized elliptic surfaces, to construct moduli spaces of these smooth fibrations. In the case of nonsmooth fibrations, we relate the moduli spaces to the Hurwitz schemes H(1,X(d),n) of morphisms of degree n from elliptic curves to the modular curve X(d), d&amp / #8804 / 3. Ultimately, we show that the moduli spaces, considered, are fiber spaces over the affine line A&sup1 / with fibers determined by the components of H (1,X(d),n).

研究背景：中醫針灸可以治療很多種類的疾病，其中最傳統的精華當屬治療“百邪癲狂”的孫思邈十三鬼穴，縱觀古代與現代文獻，多記載的是十三鬼穴的命名、主治功效、針灸方法與順序、臨床療效觀察、臨床運用經驗與體會，對於臨床組穴規律的探討尚不完善。研究目的：探討孫思遨十三鬼穴的臨床組穴規律。研究對象：古代文獻，包括《黃帝內經》、《干金方》（《備急千金要方》、《千金翼方》合訂本）、《針灸大全》、《針灸聚英》、《針灸大成》。現代文獻，來自於中國知網（ CNKI ）的中國學術期刊（網絡版）。研究方法：先對古代文獻進行回顧與分析，比較各文獻中十三鬼穴名稱、位置、針灸方法的異同﹔再對孫思邈十三鬼穴進行逐一具體研究，包括首載出處、穴名解釋、現代定位、穴位主治以及針灸方法﹔然後對現代文獻進行回顧與分析，歸納出十三鬼穴的治病機理﹔最後探討孫思邈十三鬼穴的臨床組穴規律。研究結果：從古代文獻中明確了不同版本十三鬼穴的區別，對於十三鬼穴各個穴位有了全面認識。從現代文獻中認識到孫思邈十三鬼穴主要治療神志疾病和急症，且十三鬼穴根本作用是開竅醒神，還能平衡陰陽、調節氣血、寧心安神。結論：十三鬼穴臨床組穴規律：1. 神志疾病的臨床組穴規律：主穴取人中穴、風府穴、上星穴，癲狂病加少商穴、隱白穴，其中癲病再加大陵穴，狂病再加勞宮穴、海泉穴。癲癎白天發作加申脈穴，晚上發作加照海穴。伴隨有口禁不語加頰車穴，上肢不利加曲池穴，下肢不利加申脈穴。2. 急症的臨床組穴規律：主穴取人中穴、承漿穴、風府穴、上星穴、大陵穴、會陰穴，熱盛神昏加曲池穴，痰厥加少商穴、隱白穴，上肢受傷加曲池穴、勞宮穴，下肢受傷加申脈穴。關鍵字：孫思邈十三鬼穴組穴規律文獻研究

Uppsatsen handlar om W.A. Mozarts Klarinettkvintett i A-dur, K. 581. Arbetet innehåller en musikteoretisk analys av verkets första sats, samt egna erfarenheter från instuderingsprocessen. Viktiga aspekter är arbetet tillsammans med en stråkkvartett, hur det som blåsare är att arbeta med stråkar samt att finna sin plats i en så etablerad kammarmusikkonstellation som en stråkkvartett är. Arbetet fokuserar till stor del på basettklarinetten. En historisk bakgrund för tiden kring basettklarinettens uppkomst, användning, varför ingen annan än Mozart skrivit för instrumentet och hur det skiljer sig att spela kvintetten på A-klarinett och basettklarinett ingår.

Horses have played a large part in many cultures across the world, the Scandinavian Viking Age included. They are frequently found in graves and sacrificial sites, meant to denote, or represent the status and social caste of the humans they served. More and more studies and research projects are now taking place where the horses are allowed to take center stage, but these rarely touch on the subject of the horse’s agency. Were the abilities of the horses themselves what determined whether they be brutally sacrificed, or whether they keep serving the living? This is an area of study which hopes to introduce new perspectives into a complicated, lengthy debate over horses in sacrificial contexts, and shift focus away from the anthropocentric perspective that has dominated the subject. This study will discuss the archaeological and osteological finds in Scandinavia through a social zooarchaeological perspective, in an effort to offer a different perspective and to give agency to one animal that helped to shape our world.

Archaeologists have employed a method to determine individuals’ sex through objects in grave contexts, this method is called archaeological sex determination. However, this method has proven to be misleading in interpretations in correlation with the concepts of gender and sex. This will be highlighted through a comparative study of two case studies: “Birkakrigaren” and “Barumskvinnan”. The concept of gender has grown stronger in the public debate concerning the difference between gender and sex, which has contributed to the concept’s amplification in the archaeological discipline, specifically gender theory. Gender theory will be used to explain and clarify the problems of archaeological sex determination, in addition how it could be used for criticism of a current case study, which is “Birkakrigaren” and why the criticism differed between two case studies: “Birkakrigaren” and “Barumskvinnan”. In order to reach the desired results, different articles and books will be examined, simultaneously with articles and blogs on the subject of the criticism.