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Plankton are generally considered good indicators for ocean climate variability, but plankton data from the Arctic are still comparatively scarce. Due to this scarcity of information, the prevalence of vertical migration behaviour at high latitude is still debated. Atlantic inflow is a key process governing biological diversity in the Arctic Ocean, and the location of the Svalbard archipelago makes it an ideal study area to monitor this inflow. Comparing the zooplankton community within the fjords of Svalbard at various latitudes allowed us to assess the influence of Atlantic inflow and any subsequent changes in zooplankton composition that may have implications for higher trophic levels. Using sediment traps deployed on oceanic moorings, Chapter 3 of this thesis analysed long term observations from sea-ice dominated Rijpfjorden for the first time, and compared the zooplankton to Atlantic Water influenced Kongsfjorden. Chapters 4 and 5 investigated the spatial relevance of our moored observations using shipboard observations, and chapters 6 and 7 present observations of vertical migration across a range of conditions. Kongsfjorden was dominated by Calanus copepods associated with Arctic and Atlantic water, and strongly influenced by Atlantic Water advection. Rijpfjorden was largely influenced by sea-ice formation with higher proportional abundances of macrozooplankton species. Advection brought Atlantic associated species into Rijpfjorden during warmer years. Prevailing hydrology and bathymetry were highlighted as factors forcing zooplankton distribution, while advection was identified as responsible for much of the observed small scale spatial variation amongst weaker swimmers. At an aggregation scale of 0.5 nautical miles, zooplankton distribution was highly patchy and moored observations could only be reliably expanded outwards to a maximum of 1 nautical mile. Low amplitude diel vertical migration (especially by younger copepodids) was identified in surface waters when a food source was available. These observations must be considered within the dynamic framework of advection highlighted by this thesis.

Thesis advisor: Donald Fishman / The purpose of this thesis is two-fold: to analyze the corporate responses of three major airplane crashes that occurred in the 1990s, and to examine how the strategies that each airline used and the nature of the crisis environments both served to help, and hurt, the companies’ futures. ValuJet Flight 592, Trans World Airlines Flight 800 and EgyptAir Flight 990 will be analyzed through the lens of two prominent crisis communication theories, Fink’s stage analysis theory and Benoit’s image restoration strategies, in order to provide a comprehensive assessment of each crisis. I will then give insight as to the effectiveness of each airline in response to its crash, keeping in mind the unique environment that surrounded each situation. ValuJet made poor crisis management decisions that, when combined with its lack of satisfactory safety standards both before and after the crash of Flight 592, irreparably damaged the airline’s public image. TWA, like ValuJet, made errors in its strategy choices after the crash of Flight 800, but was able to escape blame and restore public confidence because of the heavy media focus on the unsuccessful criminal investigation. EgyptAir made appropriate crisis management choices after the crash of Flight 990, and also took advantage of the tense political situation in which no obvious regulating presence exerted authority, and thus successfully evaded responsibility for its crash. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Communication Honors Program. / Discipline: College Honors Program. / Discipline: Communication.

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The main subject of my papers has been the phylum Tardigrada, with particular emphasis on the Antarctic fauna. While this is one of the ‘lesser known phyla’ the group forms an important element of Antarctic non-marine ecosystems. My work has centred on four interrelated themes: i) taxonomy, predominantly Tardigrada and with an Antarctic bias though including wider global species and high taxon groupings (I have also worked on other taxa such as Fungi-imperfecti and freshwater invertebrates); ii) biodiversity of tardigrades, particularly Antarctic habitats; iii) data-based studies based on the terrestrial Tardigrada and Antarctic freshwater crustaceans; and iv) biogeographic analysis of these databases. The thesis presented consists of papers published in major, peer-reviewed journals, along with book chapters published and in press. Several of my papers have been cited 10-30 times according to the ISI Web of Science citation system. Highlights of my work include being the first to publish a paper on the global terrestrial biogeography of a phylum and showing the extant limno-terrestrial tardigrade fauna reflect the early tectonic break-up of the Laurasia, West and East Gondwana super continents between 65 and 135 million years ago.

ABSTRACT CHANGING PATTERNS OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY IN ENGLAND FROM THE LATE MEDIEVAL TO THE EARLY MODERN AGES ULUD&Uuml / Z, &Ouml / ZLEM M.S. Department of History Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Recep Boztemur August 2003, 132 pages This thesis analyzes the changing patterns of the institutions of family and marriage in England. The period covers the late medieval ages to the early modern ages until the middle of the eighteenth century, 1753, which represents the acceptance of an important Act on marriage by the English Parliament that ended ambiguities on the law of marriage. This study attempts to investigate the family institution and marriage practices of England, which represented a different character from other European countries throughout the period. Many important historical factors occurred throughout the period, which influenced the family structure and marriage practices such as the Reformation. Within this framework, throughout this thesis, the religious, political, economic and social factors that paved the way for transition in family and marriage will be analyzed. iii

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur revisorer arbetar med revision av företag inom kontantbranschen för att förebygga ekonomiska brott. Vidare är syftet att belysa huruvida revisorerna tror att lagen (2007:592) om kassaregister uppfyller sitt syfte. I denna studie har den kvalitativa metoden använts för att uppnå uppsatsens syfte och  besvara problemformuleringen. Studiens primärdata är baserade på personliga intervjuer med fyra kvalificerade revisorer, som är verksamma inom kontantbranschen. Sekundärdata består av litteratur, vetenskapliga artiklar, lagstiftningar, statens offentliga utredningar och regeringspropositioner. I analysen sammankopplas referensramen och den empiriska undersökningen. Studien visar att revisorer har en betydande roll vid förebyggande av ekonomiska brott inom kontantbranschen då det är revisorerna som utförligt ska granska företagets årsredovisning, bokföring och övriga förvaltning. Vid genomförandet av revision arbetar revisorer med olika granskningsmetoder, lagar, normer och rekommendationer samt gör en egen bedömning. Dock anser respondenterna att det trots dessa lagar, normer och rekommendationer ändå är svårt att säkerställa intäkter i företag med kontantförsäljning. Lagen (2007:952) om kassaregister uppfyller till en viss del sitt syfte då den gör att företag inom kontantbranschen blir lagbundna och att Skatteverket får större kontrollmöjligheter. Med hjälp av Lagen om kassaregister kommer företagens redovisningar att vara mer tillförlitliga än tidigare, vilket medför en rättvisare beskattning.

The life-history and infection parameters of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev)(Nematoda:Rhabditida) and Heterorhahditis megidis (Poinar, Jackson & Klein)(Nematoda:Rhabditida) were examined to provide specific details for the construction of mathematical SI models for biological control of soil insect pests. Laboratory experiments using the Greater Waxmoth, Galleria mellonella as the model host were undertaken to specifically examine the transmission behaviour of infective juvenile nematodes. The proportion of infective juveniles of S. feltiae which infected hosts was dependent on time. Previous studies declared that the proportion of infective juveniles which can infect is static, however, over a period of 5 days most of the infective juveniles infected hosts, demonstrating that the proportion infecting is dynamic. Infection of hosts by both species of nematode was compared using two mathematical representations of the transmission rate. Whereas the most parsimonious form of transmission for H. megidis was the linear Mass Action function, it was evident that, when measured at the individual nematode scale, S. feltiae transmission was non-linear. I postulated that this functional difference is due to the biology of the two species of nematodes. The subsequent effect of including the non-linear response on model predictions were investigated and it was demonstrated that the dynamics of the host nematode interaction became less stable. Spatial models of S. feltiae infection were parameterised from laboratory experiments, and control prediction of these models examined. The horizontal rate of dispersal through sand columns was determined in the presence and absence of hosts. Infective juveniles were found to disperse preferentially towards hosts. The predicted dynamics of pest control using the spatial moqel were highly dependent on the degree of nematode dispersal, host dispersal and the attraction of nematode infective juveniles towards hosts. The overall findings of this thesis have been placed in the context of epidemiological models created elsewhere, and predict that entomopathogenic nematodes may be targeted to specific pest systems with a high degree of success. An understanding of the infection biology of these nematode species is crucial in determining how and when pests may be controlled, and equally importantly, which systems successful control is not predicted.

La vacancia presidencial por incapacidad moral, es una institución que recientemente en la coyuntura política de nuestro país concitó un mayor protagonismo generando incertidumbre dentro y fuera del mundo jurídico; ello respecto a comprender su verdadero significado; en la práctica constitucional, aun cuando la figura tiene sus inicios casi simultáneamente con el nacimiento de la República. La vacancia por incapacidad moral es una figura ambigua, que ha sido utilizada políticamente como un “cajón de sastre. Es por ello, que consideramos necesaria su eficiente regulación a fin de no atentar contra el debido proceso y otros derechos fundamentales que la Constitución les reconoce a todos los ciudadanos. Por ello propusimos una modificación del artículo 89-A del Reglamento del Congreso y una unificación de criterios entre los artículos 113° y 117° de la Constitución.

Σκοπος της μελέτης είναι να συγκρίνει τις απλές μεταλλικές ενδοπροθέσεις (stents) με τις εσωτερικά και εξωτερικά επικαλυπτόμενες μεταλλικές ενδοπροθέσεις σε πειραματόζωο χοίρο. Τοποθετήθηκαν μεταλλικά stents σε 9 θηλυκούς χοίρους που ζύγιζαν 25-30 κιλά. Τοποθετήθηκαν stent σε 18 ουρητήρες είτε στον δεξιό είτε στον αριστερό ουρητήρα. Σε έξι ουρητήρες τοποθεητήθηκε ενδοπρόθεση Wallstent (Schneider,Zurich,Switzerland)σε έξι τοποθετήθηκε Passager stent (Βoston Scientific, Natick,MA,USA)και σε έξι Corvita endoluminal graft- CEG(Boston Scientific, Natick, MA, USA). Εγινε έλεγχος της βατότητας με νεφροστομογραφία 24ώρες και 21ημέρες μετά την τοποθέτηση. Σε τεσσερεις περιπτώσεις το Passager stent μετανάστευσε στην ουροδόχο κύστη με αποτέλεσμα την ουρητηρική απόφραξη. Σε όλες τις άλλες περιπτώσεις η ροή των ούρων ήταν φυσιολογική. Το Wallstent stent προκάλεσε ήπια φλεγμονώδη αντίδραση και μεταπλασία του ουροθηλίου; Το CEG stent πιο έντονη αντίδραση και τέλος την πίο έντονη φλεγμονώδη αντίδραση προκάλεσε το Passager stent με συνοδό νέκρωση του ουροθηλίου. Τα επικαλλυμένα stents δεν εμφάνισαν ουροθηλιακή υπερπλασία στην έσω επιφάνεια του stent. Τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι το απλό Wallstent stent προκαλεί λιγότερη φλεγμονώδη αντίδραση των παρακείμενων ιστών σε σύγκριση με τα επικαλλυμένα stents. Απο την αλλη πλευρά τα επικαλυπτόμενα stents περιορίζουν σημaντικά την ουροθηλιακή υπερπλασία αλλα έχουν την τάση να μεταναστεύουν προς την ουροδόχο κύστη. / We report out experience with the use of metallic self expandable and balloon expandable stents for the treatment of malignant ureteral obstruction. We treated 12 consecutive patients with malignant ureteral obstruction, for a total of 14 ureters with stents placed. We placed metallic balloon exspandable stents in 6 patients and self-expandable metallic stents in the remaining 6. mean patient age was 65 years and mean followup was 9 months.(range 8 to 16). Of the ureters 11 were patent without any additional manipulations during the followup of 8 to 16 months. Secondary interventions were needed in 3 cases because of obstructive urothelial hyperplastic reaction,tumor ingrowth and local recurrence of the primary cancer invading the upper end of the stent. Two patients died 2 and 10 months after placement of the stent. Both types of metal stents have advantages and disadvantages that must be balanced against each other when choosing the ideal device for the treatment of obstruction. Implantation of a metal self-expanding or balloon expanding stent is safe and effective for the palliative treatment of malignant ureteral obstruction in late stage cancer patient.