Yes / A planar dual-polarized phased array is proposed for 5G cellular communications. The array has the properties of dual-polarization, wideband and quasi end-fire radiation, which is printed on one side of a single-layer substrate. The design contains two 8-element sub-arrays including horizontally polarized end-fire dipole antennas and vertically polarized end-fire periodic slot antennas, employed on the PCB ground plane of the 5G mobile platform. Both sub-arrays provide wide bandwidth to cover 28 and 38 GHz (promising 5G candidate bands). The -10 dB impedance bandwidth of the proposed CPW-fed dipole and slot antennas are 26.5-39.5 GHz and 27.1-45.5 GHz, respectively. Moreover, for -6 dB impedance bandwidth, these values could be more than 20 GHz (24.4-46.4 GHz for the dipole antenna) and 70 GHz (22.3-95 GHz for the slot antenna). The fundamental characteristics of the proposed dual-polarized 5G antenna array in terms of the impedance bandwidth, realized gain, polarization, radiation pattern, and beam steering are investigated and good results are obtained. The clearance of the proposed dual-polarized 5G antenna array is less than 4.5 mm which is sufficient for cellular applications. / This work is partially supported by the InnovationsFonden project of Reconfigurable Arrays for Next Generation Efficiency (RANGE), AAU Young Talent Program, and European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016SECRET-722424.

Yes / A dual-port transparent multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna resonating at sub-6 GHz 5G band is proposed by using patch/ground material as transparent conductive oxide (AgHT-8) and a transparent Plexiglas substrate. Two identical circular-shaped radiating elements fed by using a microstrip feedline are designed using the finite element method (FEM) based highfrequency structure simulator (HFSS) software. The effect of the isolation mechanism is discussed using two cases. In case 1, the two horizontally positioned elements are oriented in a similar direction with a separate ground plane, whereas in case 2, the elements are vertically placed facing opposite to each other with an allied ground. In both cases, the transparent antennas span over a −10 dB band of 4.65 to 4.97 GHz (300 MHz) with isolation greater than 15 dB among two elements. The diversity parameters are also analyzed for both the cases covering the correlation coefficient (ECC), mean effective gain (MEG), diversity gain (DG), and channel capacity loss (CCL). The average gain and efficiency above 1 dBi and 45%, respectively with satisfactory MIMO diversity performance, makes the transparent MIMO antenna an appropriate choice for smart IoT devices working in the sub-6 GHz 5G band by mitigating the co-site location and visual clutter issues. / This work is supported by the Moore4Medical project, funded within ECSEL JU in collaboration with the EU H2020 Framework Programme (H2020/2014-2020) under grant agreement H2020-ECSEL-2019-IA-876190, and Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (ECSEL/0006/2019).

Yes / In this paper, a planar multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) dipole antenna for a future sub-6 GHz 5G application is proposed. The planar MIMO structure consists of 4 antenna elements with an overall size of 150×82×1 mm3. The single antenna element is characterized by a size of 32.5×33.7×1 mm3 printed on an FR-4 dielectric substrate with εr=4.4 and tanδ=0.02. The suggested antenna structure exhibits good impedance bandwidth equal to 3.24 GHz starting from 3.3 to 6.6 GHz with an S11 value of less than -10 dB (S11≤-10 dB) with antenna gain varying from 5.2 up to 7.05 dB in the entire band, which covers all the sub-6 GHz frequency band of the 5G application. Good isolation is achieved between the MIMO elements due to low surface waves inside the MIMO antenna substrate. The radiation of the MIMO antenna structure can be manipulated and many beam-types can be achieved as desired. The high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software package is used to design and simulate the proposed structure, while the CST MWS is used to validate the results.

We implement reinforcement learning in the context of wireless communications in two very different settings. In the first setting, we study the use of reinforcement learning in an underwater acoustic communications network to adapt its transmission frequencies to avoid interference and potential malicious jammers. To that effect, we implement a reinforcement learning algorithm called contextual bandits. The harsh environment of an underwater channel provides a challenging problem. The channel may induce multipath and time delays which lead to time-varying, frequency-selective attenuation. These factors are also influenced by the distance between the transmitter and receiver, the subbands the interference is located within, and the power of the transmitter. We show that the agent is effectively able to avoid frequency bands that have degraded channel quality or that contain interference, both of which are dynamic or time-varying . In the second setting, we study the use of reinforcement learning to adapt the modulation and power scheme of a jammer seeking to disrupt a wireless communications system. To achieve this, we make use of a linear contextual bandit to learn to jam the victim system. Prior work has shown that with the use of linear bandits, improved convergence is achieved to jam a single-carrier system using time-domain jamming schemes. However, communications systems today typically employ orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) to transmit data, particularly in 4G/5G networks. This work explores the use of linear Thompson Sampling (TS) to jam OFDM-modulated signals. The jammer may select from both time-domain and frequency-domain jamming schemes. We demonstrate that the linear TS algorithm is able to perform better than a traditional reinforcement learning algorithm, upper confidence bound-1 (UCB-1), in terms of maximizing the victim's symbol error rate. We also draw novel insights by observing the action states, to which the reinforcement learning algorithm converges. We then investigate the design and modification of the context vector in the hope of in- creasing overall performance of the bandit, such as decreased learning period and increased symbol error rate caused to the victim. This includes running experiments on particular features and examining how the bandit weights the importance of the features in the context vector. Lastly, we study how to jam an OFDM-modulated signal which employs forward error correction coding. We extend this to leverage reinforcement learning to jam a 5G-based system implementing some aspects of the 5G protocol. This model is then modified to introduce unreliable reward feedback in the form of ACK/NACK observations to the jammer to understand the effect of how imperfect observations of errors can affect the jammer's ability to learn. We gain insights into the convergence time of the jammer and its ability to jam the victim, as well as improvements to the algorithm, and insights into the vulnerabilities of wireless communications for reinforcement learning based jamming. / Master of Science / In this thesis we implement a class of reinforcement learning known as contextual bandits in two different applications of communications systems and jamming. In the first setting, we study the use of reinforcement learning in an underwater acoustic communications network to adapt its transmission frequencies to avoid interference and potential malicious jammers. We show that the agent is effectively able to avoid frequency bands that have degraded channel quality or that contain interference, both of which are dynamic or time-varying. In the second setting, we study the use of reinforcement learning to adapt the jamming type, such as using additive white Gaussian noise, and power scheme of a jammer seeking to disrupt a wireless communications system. To achieve this, we make use of a linear contextual bandit which implies that the contexts that the jammer is able to observe and the sampled probability of each arm has a linear relationship with the reward function. We demonstrate that the linear algorithm is able to outperform a traditional reinforcement learning algorithm in terms of maximizing the victim's symbol error rate. We extend this work by examining the impact of the context feature vector design, LTE/5G-based protocol specifics (such as error correction coding), and imperfect reward feedback information. We gain insights into the convergence time of the jammer and its ability to jam the victim, as well as improvements to the algorithm, and insights into the vulnerabilities of wireless communications for reinforcement learning based jamming.

There is an increasing integration of distributed energy resources (DER), controllable loads, and other technologies that are making the grid more robust, reliable, and decentralized. Communication is a major aspect that enables this decentralization and can improve control of important system parameters by allowing different grid components to communicate their states with each other. This information exchange requires a reliable and fast communication infrastructure. Different communication techniques can be used towards this objective, but with recent technological advancements, 5G communication is proving to be a very viable option. 5G is being widely deployed throughout the world due to its high data rates combined with increased reliability compared with its predecessor technologies. This thesis focuses on application and performance analysis of a 5G network for different power system test cases. These test cases are microgrids, and consist of DERs that use distributed control for efficient operation. Under distributed control, the DERs communicate with each other to achieve fast and improved dynamic response. This work develops a co-simulation platform to analyze the impact that a 5G network has in this distributed control objective. This offers key insights on 5G's capability to support critical functions. Different scenarios including set point changes and transients are evaluated. Since distributed control is a time-critical application and DERs rely on the availability of up-to-date information, the scheduling aspect of 5G becomes very important and is given more focus. Information freshness measured using age of information (AoI) is used in this work. Information freshness is a measure of how recent and updated the information communicated by DERs is. This thesis compares the performance of AoI-based schedulers against standard schedulers. These different schedulers are then used on test systems employing distributed control. / Master of Science / Communication has become an important aspect of modern power systems due to increased integration of distributed energy resources (DER), controllable loads and other components that have communication capabilities for improved grid performance. Of the various communication techniques available for power systems, 5G is very promising due to its advantages over its predecessors and other wired communication methods. This work develops a cosimulation framework to implement a 5G network for different microgrid test cases that employ distributed control. Under distributed control, the DERs communicate with each other to achieve fast and improved dynamic response. Due to the time-critical nature of distributed control, DERs rely on the availability of up-to-date information. Hence the scheduling aspect of 5G becomes very important and is given more focus in this work. 5G schedulers that account for the availability of up-to-date information, also referred to as information freshness, are compared with standard 5G schedulers and their performance in distributed control test systems is analyzed.

Yes / Next-generation cellular systems like fth generation (5G) is are expected to experience tremendous tra c growth. To accommodate such tra c demand, there is a need to increase the network capacity that eventually requires the deployment of more base stations (BSs). Nevertheless, BSs are very expensive and consume a lot of energy. With growing complexity of signal processing, baseband units are now consuming a signi cant amount of energy. As a result, cloud radio access networks (C-RAN) have been proposed as anenergy e cient (EE) architecture that leverages cloud computing technology where baseband processing is performed in the cloud. This paper proposes an energy reduction technique based on baseband workload consolidation using virtualized general purpose processors (GPPs) in the cloud. The rationale for the cloud based workload consolidation technique model is to switch o idle baseband units (BBUs) to reduce the overall network energy consumption. The power consumption model for C-RAN is also formulated with considering radio side, fronthaul and BS cloud power consumption. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves an enhanced energy performance compared to the existing distributed long term evolution (LTE) RAN system. The proposed scheme saves up to 80% of energy during low tra c periods and 12% during peak tra c periods compared to baseline LTE system. Moreover, the proposed scheme saves 38% of energy compared to the baseline system on a daily average.

Yes / This work develops a novel dynamic load modulation Power Amplifier (PA) circuity that can provide an optimum compromise between linearity and efficiency while covering multiple cellular frequency bands. Exploiting monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) technology, a fully integrated 1W Doherty PA architecture is proposed based on 0.1 µm AlGaAs/InGaAs Depletion- Mode (D-Mode) technology provided by the WIN Semiconductors foundry. The proposed wideband DPA incorporates the harmonic tuning Class-J mode of operation, which aims to engineer the voltage waveform via second harmonic capacitive load termination. Moreover, the applied post-matching technique not only reduces the impedance transformation ratio of the conventional DPA, but also restores its proper load modulation. The simulation results indicate that the monolithic drive load modulation PA at 4 V operation voltage delivers 44% PAE at the maximum output power of 30 dBm at the 1 dB compression point, and 34% power-added efficiency (PAE) at 6 dB power back-off (PBO). A power gain flatness of around 14 ± 0.5 dB was achieved over the frequency band of 23 GHz to 27 GHz. The compact MMIC load modulation technique developed for the 5G mobile handset occupies the die area of 3.2. / This research was funded by the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER), through COMPETE 2020, POR ALGARVE 2020, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) under i-Five Project (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030500). This work is also part of the POSITION-II project funded by the ECSEL joint Undertaking under grant number Ecsel-345 7831132-Postitio-II-2017-IA. This work is supported by FCT/MCTES through national funds and when applicable co-funded EU funds under the project UIDB/50008/2020-UIDP/50008/2020. The authors would like to thank the WIN Semiconductors foundry for providing the MMIC GaAs pHEMT PDKs and technical support. This work is supported by the Project TEC2017-88242-C3-2-R- Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación e Universidades and EU-FEDER funding.

Yes / A shared ground shared radiator with wide angular coverage for mmWave 5G smartphones is proposed in this paper. A four-element corporate-fed array with conventional impedance matched power divider is designed. Stepped impedance transformers are integrated with the corner most elements to achieve pattern diversity with wide angular coverage without signifi-cant compromise in gain. The proposed three-port shared radiator conformal commercial an-tenna could be easily integrated with commercial mmWave 5G smartphones. All the three ports’ excitations operate in the 28 GHz band. Radiation pattern bandwidth of the multi-port system is high. The gain variation is from 6 to11 dBi amongst the ports and across the operating spectrum. The highest mutual coupling is 10 dB, in spite of the electrically connected structure. The pro-posed shared radiator element has a wide angular coverage of 100°, maintaining high front-to-back ratio when the respective port is excited. Simulation and measurement results for the proposed structure are illustrated in detail. / This work is supported by the Moore4Medical project, funded within ECSEL JU in collaboration with the EU H2020 Framework Programme (H2020/2014-2020) under grant agreement H2020-ECSEL-2019-IA-876190, and Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (ECSEL/0006/2019).

Yes / In this manuscript, a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array system with identical compact antenna elements providing wide radiation and diversity function is introduced for sub 6 GHz fifth-generation (5G) cellular applications. The introduced design contains four pairs of miniaturized square-loop resonators with dual-polarization and independently coupled T-shaped feed lines which have been placed symmetrically at the edge corners of the smartphone mainboard with an overall size of 75 mm × 150 mm. Therefore, in total, the introduced array design encompasses four pairs of horizontally and vertically polarized resonators. The elements are very compact and utilize at 3.6 GHz, a potential 5G candidate band. In order to improve the frequency bandwidth and radiation coverage, a square slot has been placed and excited under each loop resonator. Desirable isolation has been observed for the adjacent elements without any decoupling structures. Therefore, they can be considered self-isolated elements. The presented smartphone antenna not only exhibits desirable radiation but also supports different polarizations at various sides of the printed circuit board (PCB). It exhibits good bandwidth of 400 MHz (3.4-3.8 GHz), high-gain patterns, improved radiation coverage, and low ECC/TARC (better than 0.004 and -30 dB at 3.6 GHz, respectively). Experimental measurements were conducted on an array manufactured on a standard smartphone board. The simulated properties of this MIMO array are compared with the measurements, and it is found that they are in good agreement. Furthermore, the introduced smartphone array offers adequate efficiency in both the user interface and components integrated into the device. As a result, it could be suitable for 5G handheld devices. / The authors extend their appreciation to the Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia for funding this research work through project number RI-44-0422.

Le futur réseau mobile 5G est prévu pour être déployé à partir de 2020, dans un contexte d’évolution exponentielle du marché de la téléphonie mobile et du volume de données échangées. La 5G servira de levier à des applications révolutionnaires qui permettront l’émergence du monde connecté. Dans ce but, plusieurs spécifications pour le réseau sont attendues même si aucun standard n’est encore défini et notamment une faible latence, une consommation d’énergie réduite et un haut débit de données. Les bandes de fréquences traditionnellement utilisées dans les réseaux mobiles ne permettront pas d’atteindre les performances visées et plusieurs bandes de fréquences millimétriques sont à l’étude pour créer un spectre complémentaire. Cependant, ces bandes de fréquence millimétriques souffrent d’une forte atténuation dans l’air et dans les matériaux de construction. Plusieurs techniques vont être implémentées pour outrepasser ces limitations dans les zones urbaines denses comme le backhauling, FD-MIMO et beamforming phased array. Ces techniques entraînent l’utilisation d’un grand nombre de transmetteurs dans les stations de bases et dans les dispositifs de l’utilisateur final. La technologie CMOS offre d’indéniables avantages pour ce marché de masse tandis que la technologie FD-SOI offre des performances et fonctionnalités additionnelles. L’amplificateur de puissance est le bloc le plus critique à concevoir dans un transmetteur et consomme le plus d’énergie. Afin d’adresser les challenges de la 5G, plusieurs spécifications concernant la puissance consommée, la linéarité et le rendement sont attendues. Les variations de l’environnement dans les beamforming phased array et le contexte industriel nécessitent des topologies robustes alors qu’une reconfigurabilité au niveau de l’amplificateur de puissance est bénéfique dans le cas de circuits adaptatifs. Cette thèse adresse ces challenges en explorant la conception d’un amplificateur de puissance reconfigurable et robuste pour des applications 5G en intégrant des techniques de design spécifiques et en mettant en avant les avantages de la technologie 28nm FD-SOI pour la reconfigurabilité. / The 5G future mobile network is planned to be deployed from 2020, in a context of exponential mobile market and exchanged data volume evolution. The 5G will leverage revolutionary applications for the advent of the connected world. For this purpose, several network specifications are expected notably low latency, reduced power consumption and high data-rates even if no standard is yet defined. The frequency bands traditionally used for mobile networks will not permit the needed performances and several mmW frequency bands are under study to create a complementary frequency spectrum. However, these mmW frequency bands suffer from large attenuation inbuilding material and in free-space. Therefore, several techniques will be implemented to tackle these limitations indense urban areas like backhauling, FD-MIMO and beamforming phased array. This is leading to a large number of transceivers for base stations and end-user devices. CMOS technology offers undeniable advantages for this mass market while FD-SOI technology offers additional features and performances. The power amplifier is the most critical block to design in a transceiver and is also the most power consuming. To address the 5G challenges, several specifications concerning power consumption, linearity and efficiency are expected. The environment variations inbeamforming phased array and the industrial context drive the need for robust topologies while power amplifier reconfigurability is benefic in a context of adaptive circuits. This thesis addresses these challenges by exploring the conception of a robust and reconfigurable power amplifier targeting 5G applications while integrating specific design techniques and taking advantage of 28nm FD-SOI CMOS technology features for reconfigurability purposes.