The current study aims to investigate empirically the main incentives for mandatory and voluntary risk reporting (MRR and VRR) across the USA, the UK and Germany, each of which has a unique approach towards risk reporting. While the UK approach encourages more voluntary risk reporting above imposing risk rules, the German approach formally requires firms to provide risk information in a certain place in their annual report narratives. The US approach is a compromise between these two approaches; it obligates and encourages firms to provide more information about their risks mandatorily and/or voluntarily, respectively. Investigating the incentives for risk reporting in such set of countries answers the calls of some prior research (e.g., Linsley and Shrives, 2006; Dobler, 2008; Dobler, Lajili and Zeghal, 2011) to deepen our understanding of what motivates firms to disclose their risks. To this end, computerised content analysis and multilevel analysis (MLA) on a large scale (compared with previous work e.g., Linsley and Shrives, 2005, 2006; Abraham and Cox, 2007) are utilised. The results are produced in four cumulative contexts through Chapters Six to Nine. These results are consistent with managers’ incentives theories (discussed in Chapter Two) and prior risk reporting literature (discussed in Chapter Three and Chapter Four). Based on 15 firms in each country during 2007 and 2008, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) results reveal significant differences between a firm’s risk levels and its risk disclosure levels across the USA, the UK and Germany. The correlation results indicate that these differences are statistically correlated, supporting the main argument of the current study that differences in a firm’s risk levels should be reflected in their risk reporting practices (Chapter Six). Based on 1160 firm-years of non-financial firms of the FTSE all share index over 2005-2008, linear mixed model (LMM) results document that firms with higher levels of systematic and financing risks are likely to exhibit significantly higher levels of aggregated and voluntary risk reporting, whereas firms with high variability of stock returns or lower levels of liquidity are likely to exhibit significantly lower levels of aggregated and voluntary risk reporting. The current study also finds, however, that MRR is associated significantly and positively with firm size rather than with risk levels. The results also indicate that managers of firms exhibiting greater compliance with UK risk reporting regulations have greater incentives to disclose voluntary risk information (Chapter Seven). When the study extends the scope to the other two countries, different patterns of relations are found. Based on 1270, 1410 and 1005 firm-year observations over 2005 to 2009 in the USA, the UK and Germany, respectively, repeated measures multilevel analysis (RMMLA) results suggest that, in the USA, MRR is more sensitive to firm risk levels (total, systematic and liquidity risks) than is VRR, which is more correlated to other firm characteristics. The UK results suggest that VRR is more sensitive to firm risk levels (systematic and liquidity risks) than is MRR, which is dominated by firm size, among other firm characteristics. In Germany, however, both MRR and VRR are significantly related to risk levels (total, systematic, un-systematic, financing and liquidity risks) (Chapter Eight). Based on 3685 firm-year observations during the period between 2005 and 2009, and concerning both firm- and country-level analyses, repeated measures multilevel analysis (RMMLA) results support that variations in MRR can be attributed to differences in the legal systems (country characteristics) and in firm size (firm characteristics). The variations in VRR are more associated with firm characteristics, especially a firm’s risk levels across the USA, the UK and Germany (Chapter Nine). These results have many implications and support the respective regulatory approach adopted within each country by interpreting the extent to which either MRR or VRR is more or less sensitive to underlying risks.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T11:13:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_9045_Pedro_Dissertação.pdf: 1660489 bytes, checksum: 60a1fe381614f667d0c4fd405dfa3cc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-14 / Fapes / O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a associação entre o nível de evidenciação socioambiental e o desempenho socioambiental. A metodologia empregada para mensurar o nível de evidenciação socioambiental foi a Análise de Conteúdo dos relatórios socioambientais das empresas do setor elétrico brasileiro. Além desta, recorreu-se à Regressão Logística Ordinal para se analisar a probabilidade de uma empresa ser classificada com alto nível de evidenciação socioambiental quanto maior for o desempenho socioambiental, além de outras variáveis de dimensão econômica. Conclui-se que não há indícios de que o desempenho socioambiental exerça influência sobre a probabilidade de uma empresa ser classificada em níveis mais altos ou mais baixos de disclosure. Nesse sentido, há evidências de que as empresas do setor elétrico analisadas tenham recorrido às estratégias de legitimidade pragmática e manipulativa, como definidas por Suchman (1995) e Brinkerhoff (2005), uma vez que o nível de evidenciação socioambiental ocorra independente do desempenho socioambiental da empresa. / The objective of this research is to analyze the association between the level of social-environmental disclosure and the social-environmental performance of firms of the Brazilian Power Supply industry, explained by the legitimacy theory. The methodology used was the content analysis of the social-environmental reports of Brazilian power supply industry firms. Also, ordinal logistic regression was used in order to analyze the probability of one company to be classified in higher levels of social-environmental disclosure how greater is the social-environmental performance, besides other economic variables We conclude that there is no evidence that the environmental performance exert influence on the likelihood of a company to be ranked higher or lower levels of disclosure. In this sense, there is evidence that the power companies analyzed have resorted to pragmatic and manipulative strategies legitimacy as defined by Suchman (1995) and Brinkerhoff (2005), since the level of environmental disclosure occurs regardless of the environmental performance of the company.

Submitted by Maykon Nascimento (maykon.albani@hotmail.com) on 2014-10-09T18:55:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao.Texto.Herbert Simoes.pdf: 1925290 bytes, checksum: e5892b51fa31052365110689fe1a902c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elizabete Silva (elizabete.silva@ufes.br) on 2014-11-18T18:38:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao.Texto.Herbert Simoes.pdf: 1925290 bytes, checksum: e5892b51fa31052365110689fe1a902c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-18T18:38:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao.Texto.Herbert Simoes.pdf: 1925290 bytes, checksum: e5892b51fa31052365110689fe1a902c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho, estudar os efeitos da convergência às normas internacionais de contabilidade (IFRS), da cobertura de analistas financeiros e da emissão de American Depositary Receipts - ADR, sobre o disclosure voluntário das empresas listadas na BM&FBOVESPA. Partindo-se da análise de 14 trabalhos acadêmicos, desenvolveu-se um índice de disclosure voluntário contendo um total de 38 itens, sendo 25 itens de natureza financeira, econômica e organizacional e 13 itens de natureza social e ambiental. O check list do índice desenvolvido foi aplicado sobre 1.406 documentos (notas explicativas e relatórios da administração, contendo 58,2 mil páginas), de uma amostra com 703 observações - ano, obtidas durante os anos de 2006 a 2013. Utilizando-se do teste de Wilcoxon, os resultados apontam incrementos estatisticamente significantes nos níveis de disclosure voluntário durante o período de convergência ao padrão IFRS no Brasil, sendo mais significativos elementos de natureza econômica, financeira e organizacional do que os de natureza social e ambiental. Utilizando-se de modelos OLS robustos, aplicados sobre dados em painel desbalanceado, os resultados dos testes econométricos confirmaram parcialmente a hipótese de que o padrão IFRS contribuiu no desenvolvimento do disclosure voluntário das empresas com maior acompanhamento de analistas financeiros, porém, significativamente para as empresas que emitiram American Depositary Receipts (ADR) durante o período de convergência às normas internacionais de contabilidade. Os resultados são robustos e significativos quando controlados por variáveis representativas do tamanho (TAM), da rentabilidade (RENT), do endividamento (ALAV) e de auditoria de uma big – four (AUDI) como determinantes do disclosure voluntário durante o período de convergência ao padrão IFRS no Brasil. / We aim in this paper to study the effects of the International Account Standards, the cover of financial analysts and the emission of American Depositary Receipts (ADR), on the voluntary disclosure of BM&FBOVESPA companies, during the period of convergence to IFRS standards. From the analyses of 14 papers, we developed a check list with 38 items of voluntary disclosure, being 25 financial, economic and organizational items and 13 environmental and social items. The developed check list was applied to 1,406 documents (foot notes and director’s reports, with 58.2 thousand pages) of a sample of 703 firm–year observations, between 2006 and 2013. By using Wilcoxon test, the results show significant augmentation in the voluntary disclosure levels during the period of IFRS adoption in Brazil, being economic, financial and organizational elements more significant than social and environmental elements. By using robust OLS models for unbalanced panel data, the results for the econometric tests partially confirmed the hypothesis that IFRS has contributed for the development of voluntary disclosure of firms with higher financial analysts’ coverage. Besides, we found significant evidence that firms which emitted ADRs has enhanced their levels of voluntary disclosure during the convergence period to IFRS. The results are robust and significant when controlled by size (TAM), profitability (RENT), leverage (ALAV) and being audited by a Big Four company (AUDI) as determinants of voluntary disclosure over the period of convergence to IFRS.

Submitted by Maykon Nascimento (maykon.albani@hotmail.com) on 2015-02-27T18:13:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação João Antonio Salvador.pdf: 1599453 bytes, checksum: 1bd8985397ed4a3180d690aeef8595c6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elizabete Silva (elizabete.silva@ufes.br) on 2015-03-02T20:32:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação João Antonio Salvador.pdf: 1599453 bytes, checksum: 1bd8985397ed4a3180d690aeef8595c6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-02T20:32:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação João Antonio Salvador.pdf: 1599453 bytes, checksum: 1bd8985397ed4a3180d690aeef8595c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / A literatura internacional que analisa os fatores impactantes das transações com partes relacionadas concentra-se no Reino Unido, nos EUA e no continente asiático, sendo o Brasil um ambiente pouco investigado. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar tanto os fatores impactantes dos contratos com partes relacionadas, quanto o impacto dessas transações no desempenho das empresas brasileiras. Estudos recentes que investigaram as determinantes das transações com partes relacionadas (TPRs), assim como seus impactos no desempenho das empresas, levaram em consideração as vertentes apresentadas por Gordon, Henry e Palia (2004): (a) de conflitos de interesses, as quais apoiam a visão de que as TPRs são danosas para os acionistas minoritários, implicando expropriação da riqueza deles, por parte dos controladores (acionistas majoritários); e (b) transações eficientes que podem ser benéficas às empresas, atendendo, desse modo, aos objetivos econômicos subjacentes delas. Esta pesquisa apoia-se na vertente de conflito de interesses, com base na teoria da agência e no fato de que o cenário brasileiro apresenta ter como característica uma estrutura de propriedade concentrada e ser um país emergente com ambiente legal caracterizado pela baixa proteção aos acionistas minoritários. Para operacionalizar a pesquisa, utilizou-se uma amostra inicial composta de 70 empresas com ações listadas na BM&FBovespa, observando o período de 2010 a 2012. Os contratos relacionados foram identificados e quantificados de duas formas, de acordo com a metodologia aplicada por Kohlbeck e Mayhew (2004; 2010) e Silveira, Prado e Sasso (2009). Como principais determinantes foram investigadas proxies para captar os efeitos dos mecanismos de governança corporativa e ambiente legal, do desempenho das empresas, dos desvios entre direitos sobre controle e direitos sobre fluxo de caixa e do excesso de remuneração executiva. Também foram adicionadas variáveis de controle para isolar as características intrínsecas das firmas. Nas análises econométricas foram estimados os modelos pelos métodos de Poisson, corte transversal agrupado (Pooled-OLS) e logit. A estimação foi feita pelo método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários (MQO), e para aumentar a robustez das estimativas econométricas, foram utilizadas variáveis instrumentais estimadas pelo método dos momentos generalizados (MMG). As evidências indicam que os fatores investigados impactam diferentemente as diversas medidas de TPRs das empresas analisadas. Verificou-se que os contratos relacionados, em geral, são danosos às empresas, impactando negativamente o desempenho delas, desempenho este que é aumentado pela presença de mecanismos eficazes de governança corporativa. Os resultados do impacto das medidas de governança corporativa e das características intrínsecas das firmas no desempenho das empresas são robustos à presença de endogeneidade com base nas regressões com variáveis instrumentais. / The international literature that examines the factors impacting related parties transactions focuses on the UK, US and Asia, and Brazil is an environment little investigated. This research aims to investigate both the impacting factors of contracts with related parties, and the impact of these transactions on the performance of Brazilian companies. Studies recent that investigated the determinants of related parties transactions (RPTs), as well as its impact on business performance, took into account the aspects presented by Gordon, Henry and Palia (2004): (a) conflict of interests, which support the view that the RPTs are harmful to minority shareholders, implying expropriation of their wealth by controlling (majority shareholders); and (b) efficient transactions that may be beneficial to companies, serving thus to economic objectives. This research draws on aspects of conflict of interest, based on agency theory and the fact that the Brazilian scenario is characterized by concentrated ownership and a legal environment characterized by poor protection of minority shareholders. To operationalize the research, we used an initial sample consisted of 70 companies listed on the BM&FBovespa observing the period from 2010 to 2012. The contracts listed were identified and quantified in two ways, according to the methodology applied by Kohlbeck and Mayhew (2004; 2010) and Silveira, Prado and Sasso (2009). As major determinants were investigated proxies to capture the effects of corporate governance mechanisms and legal environment of business performance, the control rights and cash flow rights mismatch and excessive executive compensation. Control variables to isolate the intrinsic characteristics of the firms were also added. In the econometric analysis Poisson models, clustered cross section (Pooled-OLS) and logit models were estimated. The estimation was done by the method of ordinary least squares (OLS), and to increase the robustness of the econometric estimates, instrumental variables with generalized method of moments (GMM) were used. Evidence indicates that investigated factors impact differently the various RPT measures of the companies analyzed. It was found that the contracts, in general, are damaging to companies, negatively impacting their performance, and this performance is increased by the presence of effective corporate governance. The results of the impact of corporate governance measures and the intrinsic characteristics of the firms in business performance are robust to the presence of endogeneity based on regressions with instrumental variables.

Submitted by Elizabete Silva (elizabete.silva@ufes.br) on 2015-08-20T19:32:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) PRESENÇA FAMILIAR COMO MECANISMO DE GOVERNANÇA.pdf: 653130 bytes, checksum: 30dab81d1d1cb74bb5ca45b0fbd1d6d3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Morgana Andrade (morgana.andrade@ufes.br) on 2016-01-07T13:20:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) PRESENÇA FAMILIAR COMO MECANISMO DE GOVERNANÇA.pdf: 653130 bytes, checksum: 30dab81d1d1cb74bb5ca45b0fbd1d6d3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-07T13:20:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) PRESENÇA FAMILIAR COMO MECANISMO DE GOVERNANÇA.pdf: 653130 bytes, checksum: 30dab81d1d1cb74bb5ca45b0fbd1d6d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / A presença familiar pode ser considerada um mecanismo de governança corporativa, uma vez que exerce o monitoramento dos gestores, reduz a assimetria informacional e também contribui para que as informações contábeis sejam de melhor qualidade para as empresas e seus usuários (WANG, 2006). Portanto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar o efeito da presença familiar na qualidade da informação contábil das empresas brasileiras de capital aberto, com ações listadas no segmento tradicional da BM&FBOVESPA, isolando assim, o efeito de outras características de governança presentes nos demais segmentos. A análise do efeito da presença familiar foi considerada nos aspectos de propriedade, controle, gestão e conselho de administração. Foram abordadas quatro características: informatividade, relevância, tempestividade e conservadorismo, através da aplicação do modelo da informatividade dos lucros de Easton e Harris (1991), modelo de value relevance de Ohlson (1995), tempestividade conforme apresentado por Lopes (2009) e conservadorismo de acordo com Basu (1997). A amostra compreende as empresas listadas no segmento tradicional da BM&FBOVESPA no período de 2010 a 2013. Os resultados indicam que a propriedade familiar impacta negativamente na relevância da informação contábil e na informatividade do lucro. As empresas que possuem membros da família no conselho de administração ou no cargo de CEO apresentaram menor relevância do lucro e maior relevância do patrimônio líquido. A presença do fundador no cargo de CEO favoreceu à relevância do lucro contábil. Em relação a influência da presença familiar na tempestividade, verificou-se que a persistência dos lucros pode ser prejudicada com a presença familiar no controle e na presidência do conselho. Em contrapartida, a participação familiar na propriedade contribui para a persistência dos lucros, enquanto que a presença de membros da família no conselho de administração, assim como do fundador, colabora para que o mercado reconheça oportunamente os lucros. A presença de um familiar, que não seja o fundador, no cargo de CEO, impacta negativamente no reconhecimento da contemporaneidade dos lucros pelo mercado. No que tange ao conservadorismo condicional, nota-se que a participação familiar no controle contribui positivamente para que a empresa adote posturas conservadoras enquanto que a presença familiar na propriedade e no conselho de administração, impactam negativamente. Verificou-se também, que as empresas controladas pela família fundadora são menos conservadoras. / A familiar presence can be considered a corporate governance mechanism, since it exercises the monitoring of managers, reduces information asymmetry and also contributes to the financial statements are of better quality for businesses and users (Wang, 2006). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of family presence on the quality of accounting information of Brazilian companies listed in the traditional segment of the BM&FBOVESPA, isolating the effect of other governance features present in other segments. The analysis of the effect of family presence considered aspects of ownership, control, management and board of directors. Four characteristics were addressed: informativeness, relevance, timeliness and conservatism, applying the model of the profits of Easton and Harris (1991) for informativeness, the value relevance model of Ohlson (1995), timiliness as shown by Lopes (2009) and conservatism according to Basu (1997). The sample comprises companies listed in the traditional segment of the BM & FBOVESPA in the period from 2010 to 2013. The results indicate that family property impacts negatively in the relevance of accounting information and earnings informativeness. Companies that have family members on the board or as CEO showed less relevant profit and greater relevance of equity. The founder of presence as CEO favored the relevance of the accounting profit. Regarding the influence of family presence in timing, it was found that the persistence of profits may suffer with the familiar presence in control and as president of the council. In contrast, family participation in the property contributes to the persistence of the profits, while the presence of family members on the board, as well as the founder, collaborates for the market in due course recognize profits. The presence of a family member, other than the founder as CEO, negatively impacts the recognition of contemporary time earnings by the market. Regarding the conditional conservatism, it notes that the family participation in control contributes positively to the company to adopt conservative positions while the familiar presence on the property and on the board, impacting negatively. It was also found that the companies controlled by the founding family are less conservative.

Submitted by Elizabete Silva (elizabete.silva@ufes.br) on 2015-10-02T19:09:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) DIFERENÇA ENTRE CARACTERÍSTICAS NA FORMAÇÃO DO.pdf: 1116186 bytes, checksum: e5c1078958392906df1ca0d990bebee1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Morgana Andrade (morgana.andrade@ufes.br) on 2016-02-02T12:57:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) DIFERENÇA ENTRE CARACTERÍSTICAS NA FORMAÇÃO DO.pdf: 1116186 bytes, checksum: e5c1078958392906df1ca0d990bebee1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-02T12:57:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) DIFERENÇA ENTRE CARACTERÍSTICAS NA FORMAÇÃO DO.pdf: 1116186 bytes, checksum: e5c1078958392906df1ca0d990bebee1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Essa dissertação estuda as características relevantes na formação do preço de venda e aluguel, analisando também as diferenças entre esses atributos para apartamentos na cidade de Vitória/ES, preenchendo uma lacuna ainda não desenvolvida, tendo em vista a possibilidade de comparação entre preços de aluguel e venda. O constructo teórico teve como fundamento abordagem de preços hedônicos, aplicada em estudos de Waugh (1928) e Court (1939), mas formalmente desenvolvida teoricamente por Lancaster (1966) e Rosen (1974), e aplicadas e discutidas por Palmquist (1984) e Sheppard (1999). A revisão de literatura mostra que existe impactos tanto em relação aos aspectos físicos dos imóveis, como características externas, como violência, facilidade de acesso, ou presença de estações de trens ou mercados no entorno, dentre outras. A amostra partiu de uma listagem de oferta de imóveis no site da Netimóveis durante os meses de maio e junho de 2014, contando com um número de 563 observações para venda e 185 para locação. Além dessas duas amostras, foram elaboradas análises com relação a subamostras que possuíam a variável valor do condomínio, buscando ampliar as variáveis explicativas coletadas. A análise dos resultados foi feita com utilização da estatística descritiva, correlação entre variáveis e regressão múltipla, sendo essa última aplicada nos 6 modelos propostos para cada amostra, posteriormente propondo um modelo final para venda e aluguel. No que tange as hipóteses utilizadas e aplicadas nos modelos, parte delas foram utilizadas tendo em base estudos prévios, e outras, como o sol da manhã, por exemplo, foram apresentadas como propostas. Dos resultados encontrados, muitos corroboraram com estudos anteriores, confirmando que variáveis como área, vagas na garagem, varanda, anda e posição de frente da unidade, piscina e localização em bairros nobres impactam positivamente no preço dos imóveis, independente se venda ou aluguel. Como diferenças, foi possível identificar que as variáveis presença de elevador, playground e valor do condomínio participam positivamente da explicação do preço de venda, enquanto, presença de quadra, mobília e sol da manhã explicam positivamente o valor do aluguel na amostra. / This dissertation studies the relevant features in the formation of sale and rental price, also analyzing the differences between these attributes for apartments in the city of Vitória/ES, filling a gap not yet developed, considering the possibility to compare rental and sale prices. The theoretical construct was based in the hedonic pricing approach, applied in studies of Waugh (1928) and Court (1939), but formally theoretically developed by Lancaster (1966) and Rosen (1974), and applied and discussed by Palmquist (1984) and Sheppard (1999). The literature review shows that there impacts related with physical aspects of the property, such as another’s related with external features, such as violence, easy access, or the presence of railway stations or markets nearby, among others. The sample came from a real estate supply list in the Netimóveis site during the months of May and June 2014, with a number of 563 observations for sale and 185 for rent. Besides these two samples, analyzes were prepared with respect to sub-samples that had the variable value of the condominium, seeking to expand the explanatory variables collected. The analysis was made using descriptive statistics, correlation between variables and multiple regressions, the latter being applied to the six proposed models for each sample, then proposing a final model for sale and rent. Regarding the assumptions used and applied in the models, some of which were used with a base previous study, and others, like the morning sun, for example, they were presented as proposals. About the results founded, many corroborated with previous studies, confirming that variables such as area, parking spaces, balcony, walk and drive forward position, swimming pool and located in affluent neighborhoods positively impact the price of real estate, regardless of whether sale or rent. How different it was possible to identify the variables presence of a lift, playground and value of the condominium participate positively the selling price of explanation, while the presence of court, furniture and morning sun positively explain the rent in the sample.

Submitted by Maykon Nascimento (maykon.albani@hotmail.com) on 2015-12-14T18:37:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Essays on life cycle voluntary disclosure and the cost of capital of brazilian companies.pdf: 1743467 bytes, checksum: 506c8fe8bffb13d82c87125c7dd355fb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Morgana Andrade (morgana.andrade@ufes.br) on 2016-01-07T11:31:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Essays on life cycle voluntary disclosure and the cost of capital of brazilian companies.pdf: 1743467 bytes, checksum: 506c8fe8bffb13d82c87125c7dd355fb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-07T11:31:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Essays on life cycle voluntary disclosure and the cost of capital of brazilian companies.pdf: 1743467 bytes, checksum: 506c8fe8bffb13d82c87125c7dd355fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / CAPES / Esta dissertação investiga como os estágios do ciclo de vida impactam no disclosure voluntário, no custo de capital próprio e também na relação entre eles. Utilizando uma amostra de empresas não-financeiras entre 2008 e 2014, e seguindo o modelo de Gebhardt et al. (2001) para desenvolver o Custo de Capital Implícito (ICC), usando a base de dados I/B/E/S, da Thomson Reuters®, encontra-se que, em média, as empresas são beneficiadas com a redução do custo de capital por meio da melhora no nível de evidenciação voluntária. Usando a métrica de ciclo de vida de Dickinson (2001), encontra-se que o nível de disclosure voluntário cresce até atingir o estágio de maturidade e então esse nível decresce. Ainda, o ICC se difere significativamente entre os estágios de ciclo de vida. Contudo, não são encontradas diferenças significativas entre os estágios de crescimento, maturidade e shake-out, embora o nível de ICC diminua depois de sair do estágio inicial e ele cresça novamente no estágio de declínio. Finalmente, encontra-se que a melhora no nível de disclosure voluntário nos estágios de crescimento e maturidade é mais bem compensada com uma redução maior no nível de custo de capital. Os resultados para o disclosure voluntário são robustos usando uma série de testes de sensibilidade, muito embora os resultados não tenham se mantido para o custo de capital usando proxies diferentes. / This thesis investigates how life cycle stages impact on voluntary disclosure, cost of equity capital and also on the relationship between them. Using a sample of non-financial Brazilian listed firms covered by analysts between 2008 and 2014, and following the model by Gebhardt et al. (2001) to develop the Implied Cost of Capital (ICC) using I/B/E/S database, from Thomson Reuters®, I find that companies on average are benefitted by the reduction of the cost of capital via improvement in voluntary information level. Using Dickinson’s (2001) life cycle measure, I find that voluntary disclosure level grows until reaching the maturity phase and then it declines. Moreover, the ICC significantly differs across life cycle stages. However, I do not find differences among growth, maturity and shake-out, although the level of the ICC fades out after leaving the initial stage and it increases again in decline stage. Finally, I find that the improvement of voluntary disclosure level in growth and maturity stages is better compensated with more reduction in cost of capital. The results for voluntary disclosure are shown to be robust using a series of sensitivity tests, however the expectation about cost of capital did not hold using different proxies.

Submitted by Maykon Nascimento (maykon.albani@hotmail.com) on 2016-05-12T18:18:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao Luiz Henrique Vargas.pdf: 611443 bytes, checksum: d68288aa0a1d0f9bbf960b13ccc56d8a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Barros (patricia.barros@ufes.br) on 2016-07-01T13:57:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao Luiz Henrique Vargas.pdf: 611443 bytes, checksum: d68288aa0a1d0f9bbf960b13ccc56d8a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-01T13:57:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao Luiz Henrique Vargas.pdf: 611443 bytes, checksum: d68288aa0a1d0f9bbf960b13ccc56d8a (MD5) / Este estudo tem por objetivo verificar quais as características e determinantes do ativismo de acionistas nas empresas brasileiras de capital aberto. Por ativismo de acionistas entende-se a tentativa da parte dos acionistas de provocarem alterações na empresa sem uma mudança em sua estrutura de controle, como definem Gillan e Starks (2007). A amostra é composta por 322 empresas para o ano de 2010 e 347 empresas para 2012. Foram analisadas, junto a essas empresas, as atas de assembleias ordinárias, notícias que relataram alguma forma de ativismo e processos abertos junto à Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM). Para o alcance do objetivo, formulou-se um índice composto por sete questões buscando-se evidenciar o ativismo de acionista na amostra do estudo, além da aplicação de regressão logística e regressão linear múltipla. Como resultados principais observou-se a ocorrência de ativismo de acionistas nas atas por meio de propostas apresentadas previamente e durante a assembleia, votos contrários e rejeição às propostas apresentadas, assim como a busca por representação nos conselhos de administração e fiscal, com eleição de membros efetivos por acionistas minoritários para suas composições. Verificou-se evidências de ativismo de acionistas em notícias no período da amostra, com destaque para os eventos de incorporação e operações de fechamento de capital. Pelo interesse que esses eventos despertaram na mídia, observou-se a ocorrência de republicações das notícias com aumento no quantitativo de um período a outro. Quanto aos processos abertos junto à CVM, evidenciou-se redução no quantitativo do ano de 2010 para o ano de 2012, embora tenha ocorrido aumento nos processos relativos a “Medidas adotadas por controlador e/ou administrador da companhia”. O Índice de Ativismo de Acionistas apresentou pontuação máxima para cinco das sete questões, para apenas duas das empresas nos períodos da amostra. As chances de uma empresa ser alvo de ativismo são afetadas negativamente pelo retorno sobre patrimônio líquido e concentração de propriedade e positivamente pelo tamanho da empresa, tamanho do conselho de administração, quantidade de propostas da administração na ordem do dia da assembleia e quantidade de acionistas, tanto pessoas físicas quanto jurídicas. No entanto, com a utilização da variável quantidade de acionistas pessoas jurídicas, observa-se a não significância estatística para o modelo referente às reclamações abertas junto à CVM. Para as empresas alvo de ativismo evidenciou-se através de regressão linear múltipla que a intensidade do ativismo medido pelo índice é afetada negativamente pelo endividamento, e positivamente pelo tamanho da empresa e quantidade de acionistas pessoas físicas. Desta forma, este estudo contribui para a literatura sobre ativismo de acionistas no mercado acionário brasileiro ao evidenciar sua ocorrência pela utilização de metodologia diferente da frequentemente aplicada a estudos internacionais anteriores, com a utilização de três frentes de análise: atas, notícias e processos abertos junto à CVM. Esta gama de informações permite a verificação desse fenômeno frequentemente analisado em estudos internacionais, porém com escassas pesquisas no mercado acionário brasileiro. / This study aims at verifying the characteristics and determinants of shareholder activism in public Brazilian companies. Shareholder activism means the attempt of shareholders to cause alterations in the company, without changing its control structure, as defined by Gillan e Starks (2007). The sample is made up of 322 companies for the year 2010 and 347 companies for 2012. The study analyzed minutes of the ordinary meetings, media news on activism, and complaints at the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (CVM). In order to achieve our goals and show shareholder activism in the sample, an index made up of seven questions was employed, as well as logistic regression and multiple linear regression. The results show the existence of shareholder activism expressed in the minutes through proposals made before and during the meetings, opposing votes and refusal of proposals presented, as well as search for representation in board of directors and audit committee through the election effective members by minority shareholders. Evidence of shareholder activism was verified in news of that period, mainly incorporation events and capital closing operations. Because of the interest these events aroused in the media, the news about them were republished, which led to an increase in the figures from one year to another. As far as the proceedings filed at the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission are concerned, there was a decrease from 2010 to 2012, even though there was an increase in proceedings concerning “measures adopted by company’s administrator and/or controller". The Shareholder Activism Index showed the highest score for five of the seven questions for only two of the sample companies in the study period. The chances of a company to target of activism are negatively affected by return on equity and ownership concentration, and positively by firm size, board size , number of proposals during meetings and quantity of shareholders; both individuals and corporations. However, when using the variable “number of individual shareholders”, no statistical significance was found for the model referring to complaints filed at CVM. For companies that had been target of activism, multiple linear regression and activism measured by the index showed that the company is negatively affected by leverage, and positively affected by firm size and quantity of individual shareholders. Therefore, this study is a contribution the literature on shareholder activism in the Brazilian stock market by showing the existence of the former through methodology different from what had been used in international studies, i.e. analyzing three aspects: meeting minutes, media news, and complaints filed at Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission. This variety of information allows verifying this phenomenon that is frequently analyzed in international studies, but scarcely investigated in the Brazilian market.

On 28 July 2010, the Nigerian Federal Executive Council approved January 1, 2012 as the effective date for the convergence of Nigerian Statement of Accounting Standards (SAS) or Nigerian GAAP (NG-GAAP) with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). By this pronouncement, all publicly listed companies and significant public interest entities in Nigeria were statutorily required to issue IFRS based financial statements for the year ended December, 2012. This study investigates the impact of the adoption of IFRS on the financial statements of Nigerian listed Oil and Gas entities using six years of data which covers three years before and three years after IFRS adoption in Nigeria and other African countries. First, the study evaluates the impact of IFRS adoption on the Exploration and Evaluation (E&E) expenditures of listed Oil and Gas companies. Second, it examines the impact of IFRS adoption on the provision for decommissioning of Oil and Gas installations and environmental rehabilitation expenditures. Third, the study analyses the impact of the adoption of IFRS on the average daily Crude Oil production cost per Barrel. Fourth, it examines the extent to which the adoption and implementation of IFRS affects the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of listed Oil and Gas companies. The study further explores the impact of IFRS adoption on the contractual relationships between Nigerian Government and Oil and Gas companies in terms of Joint Ventures (JVs) and Production Sharing Contracts (PSCs) as it relates to taxes, royalties, bonuses and Profit Oil Split. A Paired Samples t-test, Wilcoxon Signed Rank test and Gray’s (Gray, 1980) Index of Conservatism analyses were conducted simultaneously where the accounting numbers, financial ratios and industry specific performance measures of GAAP and IFRS were computed and analysed and the significance of the differences of the mean, median and Conservatism Index values were compared before and after IFRS adoption. Questionnaires were then administered to the key stakeholders in the adoption and implementation of IFRS and the responses collated and analysed. The results of the analyses reveal that most of the accounting numbers, financial ratios and industry specific performance measures examined changed significantly as a result of the transition from GAAP to IFRS. The E&E expenditures and the mean cost of Crude Oil production per barrel of Oil and Gas companies increased significantly. The GAAP values of inventories, GPM, ROA, Equity and TA were also significantly different from the IFRS values. However, the differences in the provision for decommissioning expenditures were not statistically significant. Gray’s (Gray, 1980) Conservatism Index shows that Oil and Gas companies were more conservative under GAAP when compared to the IFRS regime. The Questionnaire analyses reveal that IFRS based financial statements are of higher quality, easier to prepare and present to management and easier to compare among competitors across the Oil and Gas sector but slightly more difficult to audit compared to GAAP based financial statements. To my knowledge, this is the first empirical research to investigate the impact of IFRS adoption on the financial statements of listed Oil and Gas companies. The study will therefore make an enormous contribution to academic literature and body of knowledge and void the existing knowledge gap regarding the impact and implications of IFRS adoption on the financial statements of Oil and Gas companies.

Submitted by Elizabete Silva (elizabete.silva@ufes.br) on 2015-10-02T19:09:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) DIFERENÇA ENTRE CARACTERÍSTICAS NA FORMAÇÃO DO.pdf: 1116186 bytes, checksum: e5c1078958392906df1ca0d990bebee1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Morgana Andrade (morgana.andrade@ufes.br) on 2016-02-02T12:57:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) DIFERENÇA ENTRE CARACTERÍSTICAS NA FORMAÇÃO DO.pdf: 1116186 bytes, checksum: e5c1078958392906df1ca0d990bebee1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-02T12:57:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) DIFERENÇA ENTRE CARACTERÍSTICAS NA FORMAÇÃO DO.pdf: 1116186 bytes, checksum: e5c1078958392906df1ca0d990bebee1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Essa dissertação estuda as características relevantes na formação do preço de venda e aluguel, analisando também as diferenças entre esses atributos para apartamentos na cidade de Vitória/ES, preenchendo uma lacuna ainda não desenvolvida, tendo em vista a possibilidade de comparação entre preços de aluguel e venda. O constructo teórico teve como fundamento abordagem de preços hedônicos, aplicada em estudos de Waugh (1928) e Court (1939), mas formalmente desenvolvida teoricamente por Lancaster (1966) e Rosen (1974), e aplicadas e discutidas por Palmquist (1984) e Sheppard (1999). A revisão de literatura mostra que existe impactos tanto em relação aos aspectos físicos dos imóveis, como características externas, como violência, facilidade de acesso, ou presença de estações de trens ou mercados no entorno, dentre outras. A amostra partiu de uma listagem de oferta de imóveis no site da Netimóveis durante os meses de maio e junho de 2014, contando com um número de 563 observações para venda e 185 para locação. Além dessas duas amostras, foram elaboradas análises com relação a subamostras que possuíam a variável valor do condomínio, buscando ampliar as variáveis explicativas coletadas. A análise dos resultados foi feita com utilização da estatística descritiva, correlação entre variáveis e regressão múltipla, sendo essa última aplicada nos 6 modelos propostos para cada amostra, posteriormente propondo um modelo final para venda e aluguel. No que tange as hipóteses utilizadas e aplicadas nos modelos, parte delas foram utilizadas tendo em base estudos prévios, e outras, como o sol da manhã, por exemplo, foram apresentadas como propostas. Dos resultados encontrados, muitos corroboraram com estudos anteriores, confirmando que variáveis como área, vagas na garagem, varanda, anda e posição de frente da unidade, piscina e localização em bairros nobres impactam positivamente no preço dos imóveis, independente se venda ou aluguel. Como diferenças, foi possível identificar que as variáveis presença de elevador, playground e valor do condomínio participam positivamente da explicação do preço de venda, enquanto, presença de quadra, mobília e sol da manhã explicam positivamente o valor do aluguel na amostra. / This dissertation studies the relevant features in the formation of sale and rental price, also analyzing the differences between these attributes for apartments in the city of Vitória/ES, filling a gap not yet developed, considering the possibility to compare rental and sale prices. The theoretical construct was based in the hedonic pricing approach, applied in studies of Waugh (1928) and Court (1939), but formally theoretically developed by Lancaster (1966) and Rosen (1974), and applied and discussed by Palmquist (1984) and Sheppard (1999). The literature review shows that there impacts related with physical aspects of the property, such as another’s related with external features, such as violence, easy access, or the presence of railway stations or markets nearby, among others. The sample came from a real estate supply list in the Netimóveis site during the months of May and June 2014, with a number of 563 observations for sale and 185 for rent. Besides these two samples, analyzes were prepared with respect to sub-samples that had the variable value of the condominium, seeking to expand the explanatory variables collected. The analysis was made using descriptive statistics, correlation between variables and multiple regressions, the latter being applied to the six proposed models for each sample, then proposing a final model for sale and rent. Regarding the assumptions used and applied in the models, some of which were used with a base previous study, and others, like the morning sun, for example, they were presented as proposals. About the results founded, many corroborated with previous studies, confirming that variables such as area, parking spaces, balcony, walk and drive forward position, swimming pool and located in affluent neighborhoods positively impact the price of real estate, regardless of whether sale or rent. How different it was possible to identify the variables presence of a lift, playground and value of the condominium participate positively the selling price of explanation, while the presence of court, furniture and morning sun positively explain the rent in the sample.