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Dans un environnement en pleine mutation, la gestion de l’information et de la connaissance est un immense défi pour l’organisation pour la création de la valeur, le maintien et le développement d’un avantage compétitif soutenable. Cependant, les rapides changements de l’environnement, des technologies et des règles de la concurrence ont aggravé les problèmes de l’organisation face à la réalisation de ces objectifs. Ainsi, face au rôle important joué par le concept de l’information et de la connaissance, des nombreuses entreprises se sont vu obligées, durant ces vingt dernières années, d'abandonner les vieux modèles et d'adopter de nouvelles démarches capables d’absorber les informations et les connaissances dispersées. Le processus d’absorption de l’information interne et externe est devenu un élément essentiel de la performance pour les firmes qui veulent s’adapter aux changements dans un environnement concurrentiel. En dépit de l’abondance de la littérature sur la capacité d’absorption, une lacune méthodologique et une ambiguïté théorique sur la spécification de sa définition et sa « dimensialisation » perdurent dans la plupart des études. L'objectif de cette recherche est de contribuer à la littérature sur la capacité d'absorption à travers la création et la validation de nouvelles perspectives ou mesures, justifié par une analyse approfondie de la littérature à travers l’intelligence économique et le knowledge management. A partir d’un modèle conceptuel nous vérifions les propriétés psychométriques de nos construits sur des données de 54 entreprises françaises. Les résultats de l’étude confirment la validité des échelles proposées. Ils soutiennent ainsi que leur consolidation comme un instrument utilisable permettant la mesure de la capacité d’absorption. / In a changing environment, management of information and knowledge is a huge challenge for the organization to value creation, maintenance and development of a sustainable competitive advantage. However, rapid changes in the environment, technology and competition rules have exacerbated the problems facing the organization to achieve these goals. Thus, given the important role played by the concept of information and knowledge, many companies have been forced, over the past twenty years, to abandon old models and adopt new approaches able to absorb information and knowledge scattered. The absorption process of internal and external information has become an essential part of the performance for firms that want to adapt to changes in the competitive environment. Despite the abundance of literature on absorptive capacity, a methodological lack and theoretical ambiguity about specifying its definition and "dimensialisation" persist in most studies. The objective of this research is to contribute to the literature on absorptive capacity through the creation and validation of new perspectives or measures, supported by a thorough analysis of the literature through business intelligence and knowledge management. From a conceptual model we test the psychometric properties of our constructed on data from 54 French companies. The results of the study confirm the validity of the proposed scales. So, they argue their consolidation and used as an instrument for measuring the absorption capacity.

A la différence de nombreux travaux sur l’imitation, cette recherche propose une approche de l’imitationpar les capacités. L’objet de notre recherche est d’identifier les capacités qu’une organisation peutdévelopper pour réussir un processus d’imitation sur les marchés concurrentiels. Pour réaliser cetterecherche, nous avons défini et distingué différents types d’imitation et mobilisé l’approche par lescapacités dynamiques qui nous semble pertinente pour expliquer la mobilisation et la reconfiguration desressources et compétences d’une organisation pour réagir sur un marché. Empiriquement, nous avonschoisi d’étudier les décisions d’imitation prises sur le marché des cartes bancaires marocaines pouridentifier les capacités. Nous avons mis en place une méthodologie de recherche qualitative -l’étude decas multiples-, basée sur une approche abductive. Les résultats de l’étude montrent que les banquesmarocaines développent des capacités d’imitation (capacité d’absorption, capacités d’apprendre parobservation des concurrents, capacité de collecte d’informations et capacité de R&D imitative) enfonction du type d’imitation visée. Le type d’imitation dépend également de la taille d’une banque.Certaines de ces capacités sont considérées comme des capacités dynamiques. Ces résultats viennentenrichir les connaissances sur l’imitation et les capacités dynamiques. Cependant, ce travail présentecertaines limites inhérentes à la méthodologie choisie et propose des perspectives d’amélioration étantdonnée la jeunesse de l’approche par les capacités dynamiques. / Contrary to past studies on imitation, this research proposes an approach from a capabilities perspective.Our objective is to identify the capabilities that an organization can develop in order for its imitationprocess to be successful in competitive markets. We identify, define and distinguish different types ofimitations using the concept of “dynamic capabilities” due to its potential to explain the organization’sreaction to the market through the mobilization and reconfiguration of its resources and competencies.To identify such capabilities, we investigate the decisions to imitate with respect to the banking cardsmarket using a qualitative research strategy with multiple case studies and an abductive approach. Theresults show that Moroccan retail banks develop imitation capabilities (absorptive capacities, learningcapabilities through the observation of competitotrs, capabilities to collect information, and R&Dimitative capacities) according to the sought type of imitation which depends to an extent on the size ofthe bank. Some of the developed capabilities are considered to be dynamic. These results contribute tothe current body of knowledge on imitation and dynamic capabilities. However, this research presentscertain limitations inherent to the adopted methodology; hence it suggests some improvements given thestate of infancy of the approach to imitation by the concept of dynamic capabilities.

La mise en place d’une cellule d’Intelligence économique en Côte d’Ivoire, Cas du secteur touristique. Cette thèse porte sur la mise en place d’une cellule d’Intelligence économique en Côte d’Ivoire compte tenu des spécificités culturelles et organisationnelles de ce pays, notamment en matière d’informations. Elle s’intéresse particulièrement au secteur de l’industrie touristique de la Côte d’Ivoire. L'IE fait aujourd'hui partie intégrante de l'économie mondiale fondée sur l'économie du savoir, elle fait de l'information le maillon central de la chaine et permet aux organisations de déceler les opportunités de croissance tout en se protégeant d'éventuelles menaces. Le concept, né au sein de grands groupes issus des pays développés, ne peut souvent pas être appliqué tel quel aux petites et moyennes organisations et encore moins à celles des pays du tiers monde. La Côte d'ivoire peinant à sortir de la crise ainsi que des importants désordres structurels et organisationnels qui minent son économie, a du mal à trouver sa place au sein de cette « nouvelle » culture collective de l'information. Notre démarche consistera, sur la base d'entretiens préalables à toute analyse, à établir un modèle méso économique de cellule d'IE viable en Côte d'ivoire. Sur un plan méthodologique, cette thèse s’articule après une revue de la littérature, à la sélection d’un échantillon de 10 entreprises de l’industrie touristique ivoirienne dans une démarche qualitative reposant sur des entretiens semi-directifs. Elle se décompose en six chapitres, proposant l’aller du général au particulier. Ainsi, le chapitre premier de cette étude propose de comprendre les fondements de l’intelligence. Tandis que le chapitre II s’intéresse à l’IE dans son approche fonctionnelle et que le chapitre III s’intéresse aux PME ainsi qu’à leur pratique de l’IE notamment dans le contexte du sous développement. Dans un second temps, les chapitre 4, 5 et 6 proposent d’approfondir notre étude en effectuant l’état des lieux de l’économie de la connaissance au sein du contexte particulier d’un pays tel que la Côte d’Ivoire mais également du secteur particulier de notre étude, à savoir, l’industrie touristique ivoirienne. S’ensuit la mise en exergue de facteurs clés de succès de l’IE au sein de l’entreprise ivoirienne appuyée par le cas pratique portant sur l’échantillon sélectionné. Ces travaux permettent la mise en relief les attentes et les besoins des acteurs d’un secteur donné en matière d’IE et d’aboutir à une série d’actions à réaliser pour la pratique de l’IE dans le contexte ivoirien, au sein de l’activité choisie. Dans une logique réplicative, ce plan de mise en œuvre pourra être appliqué à l’ensemble des secteurs sur la base des attentes des acteurs de ceux-ci. / This thesis focuses on the establishment of an economic Intelligence in Côte d'Ivoire given cell specificities cultural and organizational of this country, particularly with regard to information. It is particularly interested in the sector of the tourism industry in Côte d'Ivoire. Business Intelligence is today part integral of the world economy based on the knowledge economy, it is the central link in the chain information and enables organizations to identify growth opportunities while protecting any threats. The concept, born within large groups of developed countries, often cannot be applied as to small and medium-sized organizations and even less to those of the countries of the third world. Côte d'Ivoire struggling to get out of the crisis and important organizational and structural disorders that undermine its economy, has difficulties to find its place in this 'new' collective culture of the information era. Our approach will be based on prior interviews to any analysis, to establish a model meso economic IE cell viable in Côte d'Ivoire. On a methodological level, this thesis is structured after a review of the literature, to the selection of a sample of 10 companies of the Ivorian tourism industry in a qualitative approach based on semi-structured interviews. It breaks down into six chapters, offering the go from the general to the particular. These work highlighted the expectations and needs of the actors in a given area in Business Intelligence and lead to a series of actions to achieve for the practice of Business Intelligence in the Ivorian context, within the chosen activity. In replicative logic, this implementation plan can be applied to all the sectors on the basis of the expectations of the actors.

As with many new technology implementations before, Business Intelligence (BI) implementations have come under scrutiny in terms of the value added to organisations. The latest academic research uses various different ‘traditional financial methods’ such as the Return on Investment (ROI) calculations to determine the value of investments. In some instances customized measurement tools are proposed as a result of empirical studies conducted. The main objective of this study is to perform qualitative investigation on the theoretical value of BI implementations in organisations. If it is assumed that BI does add value to organisations, the primary research question aims to investigate how this value is added. A balanced scorecard second generation approach is used as theoretical framework in order to address the question. This approach is also known as strategy mapping. The research process starts with an extensive literature review on the topic of BI value evaluations and BI related balanced scorecards and strategy maps. As a result, various theoretical and practical research contributions are produced. One of the theoretical contributions includes an inventory of previous academic literature on the topic of BI value evaluations. This inventory is also presented diagrammatically. A preliminary version of the BI balanced scorecard is developed and used as foundation for a semi-structured interview template to investigate the value of BI in organisations.\ The semi-structured interview template was used as primary data generation instrument to gather data for this multiple-case study project. Four organisations participated in the study. The data obtained from the study was analysed and presented using an updated version of the theoretical framework of the study and was labelled as the intermediate version of the scorecard. The intermediate version of the BI balanced scorecard provided valuable input towards investigating how value was achieved as a result of BI implementations. These results were verified as part of a final verification process through a consultation process with the same study participants. A final version of the BI balanced scorecard is presented and included in a complete BI value solution. This version of the balanced scorecard is also a valuable practical contribution of the study. The verified results of the investigation indicated the following:- (1) BI adds value to organisations in all four perspectives of the organisation, namely the business value perspective, user orientation perspective, operational excellence perspective as well as the future orientation perspective. (2) Furthermore, the study confirmed that BI adds value to organisations through a number of benefits including an increase in sales and compliance to regulatory requirements (to name a few). (3) However, the study also indicated that value-related studies must adopt a holistic approach in an attempt to cater for the many facets of the topic. (4) Despite the challenge of implementing BI in organisations, the perceived value of BI implementations amongst senior management remained positive. This was supported by the continuous implementation of new BI projects in organisations. (5) There was a definite relationship between BI implementations and organisational performance. This is evident through the positive impact on sales figures, risk and compliance management and operational management. The study contributes to the broader field of Information Systems (IS) in numerous ways. Firstly the research discovers gaps in existing research, then proposes a method to investigate the research question as a result of the gaps identified, and -iiiuses this method as a tool to investigate the problem. The main contribution of the study is to contribute to the body of knowledge by investigating the value of business intelligence to organisations. / College of Engineering, Science & Technology / D. Litt et. Phil. (Information Systems)

Les réseaux sociaux d’entreprise (RSE) ont révolutionné la collaboration entre les organisations professionnelles. Grâce aux RSEs, les contraintes classiques de mobilité, de procédures compliquées d’échange de services et de manque de flexibilité et de communication en matière de cercles collaboratifs ne sont plus d’actualité. Dans cette thèse, nous avons travaillé sur le projet OpenPaaS RSE. Principalement nous nous sommes focalisés sur la partie gestion du contrôle d’accès, qui nous a conduit vers d’autres besoins, à savoir la gestion des identités numériques et leurs supervisions. Nous avons travaillé en premier lieu sur la gestion de l’authentification des identités numériques au sein de communautés de collaboration regroupant des entreprises hétérogènes en matière de gestion de l’authentification. Pour cela, nous avons proposé une architecture de fédération interopérable en matière de gestion de l’authentification, permettant ainsi à chaque entreprise de préserver son mécanisme d’authentification (propre) et aux acteurs de procéder à une authentification unique. Nous nous sommes ensuite concentrés sur la gestion des accréditations des identités numériques (i.e. contrôle d’accès). Sur cet aspect, nous avons proposé un mécanisme flexible de contrôle d’accès basé sur un ensemble d’attributs identitaires, que nous avons conçu sur la base d’un langage formel fondé sur la logique temporelle Event-Calculus. Nous sommes ainsi en mesure de rendre le partage de ressources fluide et agile, et par ailleurs capables de gérer des autorisations temporaires (i.e. les délégations). La fluidité et l’agilité du partage sont dues au fait que nous avons modélisé notre mécanisme de contrôle d’accès de telle sorte que le partage soit basé principalement sur les acteurs de collaboration (i.e. user-centric), et ce de la manière la plus simple possible. En outre, le formalisme logique nous a permis de vérifier automatiquement la cohérence des politiques notamment celles liées au partage de ressources. Notre système de contrôle d’accès donne aux entreprises le pouvoir de contrôler de manière abstraite les politiques de partage de ressources définies à l’échelle des acteurs, et ce grâce à des politiques fondées sur un mécanisme de gestion du risque qui émane des requêtes externes de demande d’accès. Les politiques basées sur le risque sont combinées avec les politiques de partage. Dans notre mécanisme de gestion du risque, nous nous sommes basés sur les standards liés au risque (définis par le NIST) que nous avons alignés avec des paramètres pertinents pour le contrôle d’accès dans le contexte RSE. Notre gestion dynamique du risque inclut en effet les paramètres suivants : l’importante de chaque ressource collaborative, les vulnérabilités des systèmes d’authentification utilisés pour authentifier les acteurs au sein d’une communauté et la confiance reflétée à travers le comportement de chaque acteur de collaboration. Sur ce dernier aspect de confiance, nous avons procédé à une évaluation de la confiance numérique à travers le cumul de réputations basé sur l’historique d’interactions collaboratives de chaque sujet. Enfin, nous avons développé ces différents modules de sécurité orientés pour le contrôle d’accès dans les environnements collaboratifs socioprofessionnels, et nous les avons intégrés au prototype du RSE OpenPaaS / Enterprise social networks (ESN) have revolutionized collaboration between professional organizations. By means of an ESN, conventional mobility constraints, complex procedures for services exchange and the lack of flexibility and communication are no longer concerns. In this thesis we have worked on the project OpenPaaS ESN. Mainly we focused on the management of the access control, which led us to other needs, namely the management of digital identities and their monitoring. We worked primarily on managing the authentication of digital identities within collaborative communities made of heterogeneous enterprises regarding authentication management systems. For this, we have proposed an interoperable architecture for managing federated authentication, allowing thus each enterprise to preserve its (own) authentication mechanism and each principal to perform a single sign on authentication regarding different enterprises. Further, we focused on the management of digital identities accreditations, i.e. Access Control. On this aspect, we have proposed a flexible access control model based on a set of identity attributes. We developed this model on the basis of a formal language based on temporal logic, namely the Event-Calculus logic. We were thus able to make the sharing of resources fluid and agile, and also able to handle temporary authorizations, i.e. delegations. The fluidity and agility of the shares is due to the user-centric resources’ sharing in a straightforward manner. In addition, the logical formalism has allowed us to automatically check the access control policies consistency. For enterprises, our access control system gives them the ability to control the user-centric sharing policies through policies based on a risk management mechanism, which make our access control mechanism dynamic. The risk mechanism is based on the NIST’s risk definition with an alignment with a set of parameters that include access control in the ESN context. More precisely, the dynamic risk management includes, the collaborative resource’s importance, the authentication system’s vulnerabilities and trust level reflected through the behavior of each collaborative actor. On this latter aspect of trust, we made an evaluation of trust through the computation of reputation scores based on the history of collaborative interactions of each subject of collaboration. Finally, we have implemented all those security modules and integrate them as a prototype into OpenPaaS ESN.

As with many new technology implementations before, Business Intelligence (BI) implementations have come under scrutiny in terms of the value added to organisations. The latest academic research uses various different ‘traditional financial methods’ such as the Return on Investment (ROI) calculations to determine the value of investments. In some instances customized measurement tools are proposed as a result of empirical studies conducted. The main objective of this study is to perform qualitative investigation on the theoretical value of BI implementations in organisations. If it is assumed that BI does add value to organisations, the primary research question aims to investigate how this value is added. A balanced scorecard second generation approach is used as theoretical framework in order to address the question. This approach is also known as strategy mapping. The research process starts with an extensive literature review on the topic of BI value evaluations and BI related balanced scorecards and strategy maps. As a result, various theoretical and practical research contributions are produced. One of the theoretical contributions includes an inventory of previous academic literature on the topic of BI value evaluations. This inventory is also presented diagrammatically. A preliminary version of the BI balanced scorecard is developed and used as foundation for a semi-structured interview template to investigate the value of BI in organisations.\ The semi-structured interview template was used as primary data generation instrument to gather data for this multiple-case study project. Four organisations participated in the study. The data obtained from the study was analysed and presented using an updated version of the theoretical framework of the study and was labelled as the intermediate version of the scorecard. The intermediate version of the BI balanced scorecard provided valuable input towards investigating how value was achieved as a result of BI implementations. These results were verified as part of a final verification process through a consultation process with the same study participants. A final version of the BI balanced scorecard is presented and included in a complete BI value solution. This version of the balanced scorecard is also a valuable practical contribution of the study. The verified results of the investigation indicated the following:- (1) BI adds value to organisations in all four perspectives of the organisation, namely the business value perspective, user orientation perspective, operational excellence perspective as well as the future orientation perspective. (2) Furthermore, the study confirmed that BI adds value to organisations through a number of benefits including an increase in sales and compliance to regulatory requirements (to name a few). (3) However, the study also indicated that value-related studies must adopt a holistic approach in an attempt to cater for the many facets of the topic. (4) Despite the challenge of implementing BI in organisations, the perceived value of BI implementations amongst senior management remained positive. This was supported by the continuous implementation of new BI projects in organisations. (5) There was a definite relationship between BI implementations and organisational performance. This is evident through the positive impact on sales figures, risk and compliance management and operational management. The study contributes to the broader field of Information Systems (IS) in numerous ways. Firstly the research discovers gaps in existing research, then proposes a method to investigate the research question as a result of the gaps identified, and -iiiuses this method as a tool to investigate the problem. The main contribution of the study is to contribute to the body of knowledge by investigating the value of business intelligence to organisations. / College of Engineering, Science and Technology / D. Litt et. Phil. (Information Systems)

La BI et le cloud computing sont deux grands sujets de recherche en informatique et en système d’information en particulier. Une recherche combinant ces deux concepts est d'un intérêt double : D’une part, dans les entreprises, la BI devient de plus en plus une partie importante du système d'information qui nécessite des investissements en termes de performances de calcul et des volumes de données. D’autre part, le cloud computing offre de nouvelles opportunités pour gérer les données à des fins d’analyse.Etant donné les possibilités de cloud, la question de la migration de l'ensemble du système d’information y compris la BI est d'un grand intérêt. En particulier, les chercheurs doivent fournir aux professionnels des modèles et des méthodes qui puissent les aider à migrer vers le cloud.Que faire pour que la BI puisse fournir aux managers un service de mise à disposition de données d’analyse au travers du cloud ? La question de recherche est : Comment aider les organisations à migrer leur BI vers le cloud ?Dans cette thèse, nous répondons à cette question en utilisant l'approche science de conception (design science). Nous mettons en place une aide à la décision de la migration de la BI vers le cloud qui s'appuie sur les taxonomies. Nous proposons un modèle de guidage opérationnel qui est instancié par une taxonomie de la BI dans le cloud et dont découlent les règles pour la migration de la BI vers le cloud. / BI and cloud computing are two major areas of computer science research and in particular in information system. A research combining these two concepts has a double interest : On the one hand, in business, the BI becomes increasingly an important part of the information system which requires investment in terms of computing performance and data volumes. On the other hand, cloud computing offers new opportunities to manage data for analysis.Given the possibilities of cloud, migration question of the information system including BI is of great interest. In particular, researchers must provide models and methods to help professional in BI migration to the cloud.The research question is : how to migrate BI to the cloud?In this thesis, we address this issue using design science research approach. We implement a decision-making help for BI migration to the cloud based on taxonomies. We provide an operational guidance model that is instantiated by a BI taxonomy in the cloud and from that rules for BI migration to the cloud are arised.

Changes and challenges that have occurred in the past two decades have forced a radical shift in the basic foundations of how business is conducted. Internal, as well as external forces have forced organisations to constantly monitor their surrounding environment in order to create an awareness of opportunities and threats to allow them to survive in their competitive environment. Organisations need to gather all the information at their disposal, and turn the raw data into intelligence through a process of analysis and an exercise of human judgement. By utilising the potential offered by information systems in the process of generating intelligence and creating a corporate knowledge base to be used in strategic decision-making will lead to competitive advantage and constant innovation. Strategic Intelligence has information as its foundation. This research proposes that through its ability to absorb sources of information, the synergy of Business Intelligence, Competitive Intelligence, and Knowledge Management combined to form Strategic Intelligence, will allow organisations to incorporate all of their information and intellectual capital into a single database or system which will meet the intelligence requirements of management. The purpose of this study is to identify the current use of Strategic Intelligence in the Long-term Insurance Industry in the South African environment, and through the use of a survey questioned the benefits or problems experienced by executive management who have not yet implemented and used Strategic Intelligence as an input to the Strategic Management process, and identified the perceived value Strategic Intelligence could add in the decision-making process. The research study shows that organisations have not yet fully embraced a model for a cooperative global internal corporate Strategic Intelligence System or Portal that will incorporate all aspects of Strategic Intelligence into a single, easily manageable resource for management’s strategic planning and decision-making process, even though it could enhance their ability to withstand the onslaught of global competitors and expand their business into new markets, protect their local market or identify potential merger or acquisition targets, and increase innovation within the organisations. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management