As trends in broadband wireless communications applications demand faster development cycles, smaller sizes, lower costs, and ever increasing data rates, engineers continually seek new ways to harness evolving technology. The zero intermediate frequency receiver architecture has now become popular as it has both economic and size advantages over the traditional superheterodyne architecture.<p> Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a popular multi-carrier modulation technique with the ability to provide high data rates over echo ladened channels. It has excellent robustness to impairments caused by multipath, which includes frequency selective fading. Unfortunately, OFDM is very sensitive to the carrier frequency offset (CFO) that is introduced by the downconversion process. The objective of this thesis is to develop and to analyze an algorithm for blind CFO recovery suitable for use with a practical zero-Intermediate Frequency (zero-IF) OFDM telecommunications system.<p> A blind CFO recovery algorithm based upon characteristics of the received signal's power spectrum is proposed. The algorithm's error performance is mathematically analyzed, and the theoretical results are verified with simulations. Simulation shows that the performance of the proposed algorithm agrees with the mathematical analysis.<p> A number of other CFO recovery techniques are compared to the proposed algorithm. The proposed algorithm performs well in comparison and does not suffer from many of the disadvantages of existing blind CFO recovery techniques. Most notably, its performance is not significantly degraded by noisy, frequency selective channels.

As trends in broadband wireless communications applications demand faster development cycles, smaller sizes, lower costs, and ever increasing data rates, engineers continually seek new ways to harness evolving technology. The zero intermediate frequency receiver architecture has now become popular as it has both economic and size advantages over the traditional superheterodyne architecture.<p> Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a popular multi-carrier modulation technique with the ability to provide high data rates over echo ladened channels. It has excellent robustness to impairments caused by multipath, which includes frequency selective fading. Unfortunately, OFDM is very sensitive to the carrier frequency offset (CFO) that is introduced by the downconversion process. The objective of this thesis is to develop and to analyze an algorithm for blind CFO recovery suitable for use with a practical zero-Intermediate Frequency (zero-IF) OFDM telecommunications system.<p> A blind CFO recovery algorithm based upon characteristics of the received signal's power spectrum is proposed. The algorithm's error performance is mathematically analyzed, and the theoretical results are verified with simulations. Simulation shows that the performance of the proposed algorithm agrees with the mathematical analysis.<p> A number of other CFO recovery techniques are compared to the proposed algorithm. The proposed algorithm performs well in comparison and does not suffer from many of the disadvantages of existing blind CFO recovery techniques. Most notably, its performance is not significantly degraded by noisy, frequency selective channels.

本論文對IEEE 802.16 協調分散式之網狀網路提出一允入控制之演算法。在此類網路中，控制子訊框交換各站台之排程訊息，並預留資料子訊框之時槽作為實際資料傳輸之用。我們利用令牌桶機制來控制網路訊流之流量特徵，如此可簡單的估計各訊流所需之頻寬。我們使用了所提出的頻寬估計方法，並一起考慮各訊流之跳接數與延遲時間之需求，提出的允入控制演算法能夠保證即時性串流之延遲時間需求，且可避免低等級訊流發生飢餓情形。模擬結果顯示，所提出的允入控制方法可以有效的把超過延遲時間需求之即時性訊流封包數目降低，並且低等級訊流在網路負載大時仍然可以存取頻道。 / We propose a routing metric (SWEB: Shortest-Widest Efficient Bandwidth) and an admission control (TAC: Token bucket-based Admission Control) algorithm under IEEE 802.16 coordinated, distributed mesh networks. In such network architectures, all scheduling messages are exchanged in the control subframes to reserve the timeslots in data subframes for the actual data transmissions. The token bucket mechanism is utilized to control the traffic pattern for easily estimating the bandwidth of a connection. We apply the bandwidth estimation and take the hop count and delay requirements into consideration. TAC is designed to guarantee the delay requirements of the real-time traffic flows, and avoid the starvation of the low priority ones. Simulation results show that TAC algorithm can effectively reduce the number of real-time packets that exceed the delay requirements and low priority flows still can access the channel when the network is heavily-loaded.

The IEEE 802.16 standard popularly known as WiMAX is at the forefront of the technological drive. Achieving high system throughput in these networks is challenging due to interference which limits concurrent transmissions. In this thesis, we study routing and link scheduling inWiMAX mesh networks. We present simple joint routing and link scheduling algorithms that have outperformed most of the existing proposals in our experiments. Our session based routing and links scheduling produced results approximately 90% of a trivial lower bound. We also study the problem of quality of service (QoS) provisioning in WiMAX mesh networks. QoS has become an attractive area of study driven by the increasing demand for multimedia content delivered wirelessly. To accommodate the different applications, the IEEE 802.16 standard defines four classes of service. In this dissertation, we propose a comprehensive scheme consisting of routing, link scheduling, call admission control (CAC) and channel assignment that considers all classes of service. Much of the work in the literature considers each of these problems in isolation. Our routing schemes use a metric that combines interference and traffic load to compute routes for requests while our link scheduling ensures that the QoS requirements of admitted requests are strictly met. Results from our simulation indicate that our routing and link scheduling schemes significantly improve network performance when the network is congested. / ix, 77 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm

Thesis (M.Eng.(Electronic Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Summaries in Afrikaans and English. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [92]-99).

Redes sem fio devem prover qualidade de serviço para aplicações de voz, video e dados. Um padrão definido para oferecer qualidade de serviço nessas redes é o documento IEEE 802.16. Com o objetivo de melhorar a qualidade de transmissão, este padrão utiliza dois principais mecanismos físicos: (i) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access como interface física e (ii) a possibilidade de ajustar a robustez da transmissão em relação as imperfeições físicas que podem comprometer a transmissão. Além disso, o padrão define um conjunto de componentes na estação base, tal como alocadores, escalonadores e controles de admissões que devem ser modelados para prover uma arquitetura que garanta qualidade de serviço. Entretanto, o padrão não define nem os algoritmos de cada componente, nem a integração entre estes componentes. Investigações objetivando prover qualidade de serviço tem sido propostas no contexto de redes IEEE 802.16. A literatura sobre redes IEEE 802.16 móveis mostra que as atuais pesquisas estão focadas em soluções específicas para cada componente, ou em soluções com integrações parciais. O foco destas soluções é prover a melhor alternativa para problemas individuais para um componente particular. Entretanto, em todos os estudos realizadas nesta tese, não encontrou-se nenhuma pesquisa endereçando propostas sobre a qualidade de serviço global considerando a diversidade dos requisitos de tráfegos das aplicações e as condições de propagação do canal de rádio frequência. Neste contexto, essa tese propõe uma nova arquitetura para garantir qualidade de serviço em uma estão base que deve ser modelada usando uma infraestrutura entre camada para adaptar-se aos requisitos dinâmicos do tráfego, bem como as condições do canal de rádio frequência. O objetivo é integrar os componentes definidos pelo padrão com os mecanismos físicos. Outro objetivo é analisar a arquitetura proposta, através de uma metodologia de avaliação que é baseada segundo a especificação do sistema de avaliação do fórum Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. Assim, a análise da nova arquitetura adaptativa entre camadas é realizada e os resultados mostram a eficiência na alocação dos dados, bem como o mínimo atraso e jitter gerado nas aplicações de tempo real. / Wireless networks must provide quality of service to voice, video and data applications. A standard defined to offer quality of service in these networks is the IEEE 802.16 document. In order to improve the quality of transmission, this standard uses two main physical mechanisms: (i) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access as physical interface and (ii) the possibility of adjusting the transmission robustness to face the physical impairments that may compromise the transmission. Moreover, the standard defines a set of components in the base station, such as allocators, schedulers, and connection admission controllers that must be modeled to provide an architecture that guarantees quality of service. However, the standard does not define either the algorithm running inside each one of the components nor the integration among them. Investigations aiming to provide quality of service have been proposed in the context of IEEE 802.16 networks. The literature on mobile IEEE 802.16 networks shows that the current research is focused on specific solutions for each component or in solutions with partial integration. The focus of those solutions is to provide the best alternative for individual problems of a particular component. However, to the best of our knowledge, no research addressing the overall quality of service architecture considering both the diversity of applications traffic requirements and the propagation conditions of the radio frequency channel has been proposed so far. In this context, this thesis proposes a new architecture to guarantee quality of service in the base station that must be modeled using a cross-layer infrastructure able to adapt to the dynamics of traffic requirements as well as to the radio frequency channel conditions. The aim is to integrate the components defined by the standard with the physical mechanisms. Another objective is to evaluate the proposed architecture, through an evaluation methodology that is defined following the specification of the system evaluation of the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access forum. Therefore, the analysis on the new cross-layer adaptive architecture is performed and the results show efficient data allocation as well as a minimal delay and jitter for real-time applications.

Redes sem fio devem prover qualidade de serviço para aplicações de voz, video e dados. Um padrão definido para oferecer qualidade de serviço nessas redes é o documento IEEE 802.16. Com o objetivo de melhorar a qualidade de transmissão, este padrão utiliza dois principais mecanismos físicos: (i) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access como interface física e (ii) a possibilidade de ajustar a robustez da transmissão em relação as imperfeições físicas que podem comprometer a transmissão. Além disso, o padrão define um conjunto de componentes na estação base, tal como alocadores, escalonadores e controles de admissões que devem ser modelados para prover uma arquitetura que garanta qualidade de serviço. Entretanto, o padrão não define nem os algoritmos de cada componente, nem a integração entre estes componentes. Investigações objetivando prover qualidade de serviço tem sido propostas no contexto de redes IEEE 802.16. A literatura sobre redes IEEE 802.16 móveis mostra que as atuais pesquisas estão focadas em soluções específicas para cada componente, ou em soluções com integrações parciais. O foco destas soluções é prover a melhor alternativa para problemas individuais para um componente particular. Entretanto, em todos os estudos realizadas nesta tese, não encontrou-se nenhuma pesquisa endereçando propostas sobre a qualidade de serviço global considerando a diversidade dos requisitos de tráfegos das aplicações e as condições de propagação do canal de rádio frequência. Neste contexto, essa tese propõe uma nova arquitetura para garantir qualidade de serviço em uma estão base que deve ser modelada usando uma infraestrutura entre camada para adaptar-se aos requisitos dinâmicos do tráfego, bem como as condições do canal de rádio frequência. O objetivo é integrar os componentes definidos pelo padrão com os mecanismos físicos. Outro objetivo é analisar a arquitetura proposta, através de uma metodologia de avaliação que é baseada segundo a especificação do sistema de avaliação do fórum Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. Assim, a análise da nova arquitetura adaptativa entre camadas é realizada e os resultados mostram a eficiência na alocação dos dados, bem como o mínimo atraso e jitter gerado nas aplicações de tempo real. / Wireless networks must provide quality of service to voice, video and data applications. A standard defined to offer quality of service in these networks is the IEEE 802.16 document. In order to improve the quality of transmission, this standard uses two main physical mechanisms: (i) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access as physical interface and (ii) the possibility of adjusting the transmission robustness to face the physical impairments that may compromise the transmission. Moreover, the standard defines a set of components in the base station, such as allocators, schedulers, and connection admission controllers that must be modeled to provide an architecture that guarantees quality of service. However, the standard does not define either the algorithm running inside each one of the components nor the integration among them. Investigations aiming to provide quality of service have been proposed in the context of IEEE 802.16 networks. The literature on mobile IEEE 802.16 networks shows that the current research is focused on specific solutions for each component or in solutions with partial integration. The focus of those solutions is to provide the best alternative for individual problems of a particular component. However, to the best of our knowledge, no research addressing the overall quality of service architecture considering both the diversity of applications traffic requirements and the propagation conditions of the radio frequency channel has been proposed so far. In this context, this thesis proposes a new architecture to guarantee quality of service in the base station that must be modeled using a cross-layer infrastructure able to adapt to the dynamics of traffic requirements as well as to the radio frequency channel conditions. The aim is to integrate the components defined by the standard with the physical mechanisms. Another objective is to evaluate the proposed architecture, through an evaluation methodology that is defined following the specification of the system evaluation of the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access forum. Therefore, the analysis on the new cross-layer adaptive architecture is performed and the results show efficient data allocation as well as a minimal delay and jitter for real-time applications.

M.Ing. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

El presente proyecto de tesis consiste en desarrollar un análisis de los diferentes factores que intervienen en el diseño de una red de acceso empleando la tecnología WIMAX móvil. El lugar elegido para el despliegue de dicha red es Trujillo metropolitano debido a que presenta interesantes características de desarrollo que motivan al estudio de este mercado para futuras implementaciones. Como todo proyecto de Telecomunicaciones, se realiza un estudio previo de los principales operadores en dicha localidad para después fijar un mercado meta acorde con la realidad del mercado actual. A lo largo de la tesis se plantean varias inquietudes que finalmente serán resueltas en el capítulo más importante del presente trabajo, en el cual se presenta toda la ingeniería del proyecto aplicando los conceptos básicos de planificación de redes de Telecomunicaciones. En la parte final de la tesis se propone un interesante caso de negocio para un escenario como el de Trujillo metropolitano.

Given the current developments and advances in the scientific and technological aspects of human knowledge and introducing new approaches in various fields of telecommunication technologies and industries, there has been an increasing growth in its players' plans and a positive change in their outlooks in order to achieve the target of "anywhere and anytime access". Recent developments of WiMAX (Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access) networks, as a sign of increasing needs and demands for new telecommunication services and capabilities, have led to revolutions in global telecommunication which should be perceived properly in terms of the commercial and technical aspects in order to enjoy the new opportunities. Most experts believe that WiMAX technology is a preliminary step to develop Fourth Generation networks known as 4G technologies. It has not only succeeded in the utilization of several of the latest telecommunication techniques in the form of unique practical standards, but also paved the way for the quantitative and qualitative developments of high-speed broadband access. IEEE 802.16 Standard introduces several advantages, and one of them is the support for Quality of Services (QoS) at the Media Access Control (MAC) level. For these purposes, the standard defines several scheduling classes at MAC layer to treat service flow in a different way, depending on QoS requirements. In this thesis, we have proposed a new QoS framework for Point-to-Multi Point (PMP) 802.16 systems operating in Time Division Duplexing (TDD) mode over a WirelessMAN-OFDM physical layer. The proposed framework consists of a Call Admission Control (CAC) module and a scheduling scheme for the uplink traffic as well as a simple frame allocation scheme. The proposed CAC module interacts with the uplink scheduler status and it makes its decision based on the scheduler queue status; on the other hand, the proposed scheduling scheme for the uplink traffic aims to support realtime flows and adapts the frame-by-frame allocations to the current needs of the connections, with respect to the grants boundaries fixed by the CAC module. Extensive OPNET simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed architecture.