Die vorliegende Studie untersucht mittels eines Diodenlaser (808 nm) zur axillären Epilation, inwieweit eine Reduktion der applizierten Einzelenergie mit angepasster Pulsdauer und repetitiver Pulszahl (Low-Fluence) eine Verträglichkeitssteigerung, bei gleichzeitigem Erhalt der Epilationseffektivität, wie er von traditionelle High-Fluence Applikationen bekannt ist, bewirken kann. Es wurden die Axillae von 21 Patienten des Hauttyps eins bis drei nach zwei unterschiedlichen Protokollen im vierwöchigen Intervall behandelt. Auf der linken Seite erfolgte die Therapie sechsmalig mittels Low-Fluence, wohingegen auf der rechten Seite eine Kombination von dreimalig Low-Fluence- und dreimalig High-Fluence-Modus appliziert wurde. Es konnte hinsichtlich der Effektivität kein statistisch signifikanter Unterschied zwischen beiden Behandlungsmethoden nachgewiesen werden. Die Reduktion zeigte sich konstant und lag am Ende der 24-monatigen Gesamtstudiendauer im Mittel bei 45%. Die Ergebnisse stellen sich damit schlechter dar, als bei konventionellen Studien im High-Fluence-Bereich oder anderen Low-Fluence-Konzepten. Als Ursache ist am ehesten eine unzureichende Einzelimpulsdauer und eine zu gering gewählte Pulswiederholungsanzahl zu sehen. Andererseits ergab sich eine deutliche Verträglichkeitssteigerung, vor allem hinsichtlich des Schmerzempfindens und im Auftreten von Pigmentierungsstörungen zu Gunsten der Low-Fluence-Therapie.

German academic writing most commonly ignores not only the reader but also the author, which leads to a rather extravagant stylistic tone. The personal essay, as Lopate describes it and as it has been practiced from Montaigne on, still doesn’t enjoy the status it deserves in German academic writing. It shows a way of dealing with one’s authorship that opens up numerous subject-related values of (not only) literary writing.

Editorial

Schwerpunk: Schreiben in den Geisteswissenschaften (I)

This thesis examines the crucial diagnostic and productive roles that the concepts of minor and major practice, two interrelated modes of cultural production set out by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari in Kafka: toward a Minor Literature (1975), have to play in the present era of ubiquitous digital technology and informatics that Deleuze himself has influentially described as the control society. In first establishing the conditions of majority and majority, Deleuze and Guattari's historical focus in Kafka is the early twentieth century period of Franz Kafka's writing, a period which, for Deleuze, marks the start of a transition between two types of society – the disciplinary society described by Michel Foucault in Discipline and Punish and the control society that is set apart by its distribution, indifferent technical processes and the replacement of the individual with the dividual in social and political thought. Because of their unique conceptual location, at the transition between societies, the concepts of majority and minority present an essential framework for understanding the impact of ubiquitous digital technology and informatics on cultural production in the twentieth century and beyond. In order to determine the conditions of contemporary major and minor practice across the transition from disciplinary to control societies, the thesis is comprised of two interconnecting threads corresponding to majority and minority respectively. Drawing on the theoretical work of Deleuze and Guattari, Friedrich Kittler and Fredric Jameson alongside pioneering figures in the historical development of computation and informatics (Alan Turing, Claude Shannon and others), material observation on the technical function of digital machines, and the close examination of emblematic cultural forms, I determine the specific conditions of majority that emerge through the development of the contemporary control era. Alongside this delineation of the conditions of majority I examine the prospective tactics, corresponding to the characteristics of minority set out by Deleuze and Guattari in Kafka, which emerge as a contemporary counter-practice within the control-era. This is carried out through the close observation of key examples of cultural production in the fields of literature, film, video, television and the videogame that manifest prospective tactics for a control-era minor practice within the overarching technical characteristics of the control-era major. Through an examination of these interrelated threads the thesis presents a framework for both addressing the significant political and cultural changes that ubiquitous computation effects in constituting the contemporary control society and determining the ways in which these changes can be addressed and countered through cultural production.

This thesis argues that Cassius Dio used his speeches of his Late Republican and Augustan narratives as a means of historical explanation. I suggest that the interpretative framework which the historian applied to the causes and success of constitutional change can be most clearly identified in the speeches. The discussion is divided into eight chapters over two sections. Chapter 1 (Introduction) sets out the historical, paideutic, and compositional issues which have traditionally served as a basis for rejecting the explanatory and interpretative value of the speeches in Dio’s work and for criticising his Roman History more generally. Section 1 consists of three methodological chapters which respond to these issues. In Chapter 2 (Speeches and Sources) I argue that Dio’s prosopopoeiai approximate more closely with the political oratory of that period than has traditionally been recognised. Chapter 3 (Dio and the Sophistic) argues that Cassius Dio viewed the artifice of rhetoric as a particular danger in his own time. I demonstrate that this preoccupation informed, credibly, his presentation of political oratory in the Late Republic and of its destructive consequences. Chapter 4 (Dio and the Progymnasmata) argues that although the texts of the progymnasmata in which Dio will have been educated clearly encouraged invention with a strongly moralising focus, it is precisely his reliance on these aspects of rhetorical education which would have rendered his interpretations persuasive to a contemporary audience. Section 2 is formed of three case-studies. In Chapter 5 (The Defence of the Republic) I explore how Dio placed speeches-in-character at three Republican constitutional crises to set out an imagined case for the preservation of that system. This case, I argue, is deliberately unconvincing: the historian uses these to elaborate the problems of the distribution of power and the noxious influence of φθόνος and φιλοτιμία. Chapter 6 (The Enemies of the Republic) examines the explanatory role of Dio’s speeches from the opposite perspective. It investigates Dio’s placement of dishonest speech into the mouths of military figures to make his own distinctive argument about the role of imperialism in the fragmentation of the res publica. Chapter 7 (Speech after the Settlement) argues that Cassius Dio used his three speeches of the Augustan age to demonstrate how a distinctive combination of Augustan virtues directly counteracted the negative aspects of Republican political and rhetorical culture which the previous two case-studies had explored. Indeed, in Dio’s account of Augustus the failures of the res publica are reinvented as positive forces which work in concert with Augustan ἀρετή to secure beneficial constitutional change.

Die vorliegende Studie untersucht mittels eines Diodenlaser (808 nm) zur axillären Epilation, inwieweit eine Reduktion der applizierten Einzelenergie mit angepasster Pulsdauer und repetitiver Pulszahl (Low-Fluence) eine Verträglichkeitssteigerung, bei gleichzeitigem Erhalt der Epilationseffektivität, wie er von traditionelle High-Fluence Applikationen bekannt ist, bewirken kann. Es wurden die Axillae von 21 Patienten des Hauttyps eins bis drei nach zwei unterschiedlichen Protokollen im vierwöchigen Intervall behandelt. Auf der linken Seite erfolgte die Therapie sechsmalig mittels Low-Fluence, wohingegen auf der rechten Seite eine Kombination von dreimalig Low-Fluence- und dreimalig High-Fluence-Modus appliziert wurde. Es konnte hinsichtlich der Effektivität kein statistisch signifikanter Unterschied zwischen beiden Behandlungsmethoden nachgewiesen werden. Die Reduktion zeigte sich konstant und lag am Ende der 24-monatigen Gesamtstudiendauer im Mittel bei 45%. Die Ergebnisse stellen sich damit schlechter dar, als bei konventionellen Studien im High-Fluence-Bereich oder anderen Low-Fluence-Konzepten. Als Ursache ist am ehesten eine unzureichende Einzelimpulsdauer und eine zu gering gewählte Pulswiederholungsanzahl zu sehen. Andererseits ergab sich eine deutliche Verträglichkeitssteigerung, vor allem hinsichtlich des Schmerzempfindens und im Auftreten von Pigmentierungsstörungen zu Gunsten der Low-Fluence-Therapie.

No description available.

In the late 1990s, the donor community espoused a new metanorm, poverty reduction. Against this backdrop, Lionel Jospin, elected French Prime Minister in 1997, promised a shift in French aid policy away from a paternalistic and interest-driven approach towards a more needs-focused, empowering strategy. This thesis asks, with reference to the 1997-2015 period and to the Cameroonianian case, how far, how and why France’s aid discourse on poverty reduction and empowerment has been translated into practice. Our introduction sets out this research question. Our literature review demonstrates that there have been no detailed studies of French aid to Cameroon and looks more broadly at research on French coopération, empowerment and African agency. Chapter three identifies our methodological and theoretical framework, focusing particularly on neo-classical realism and a template of hard, soft and smart power. Chapter 4 shows how French aid sructures and instruments were neo-colonial in the early post-colonial decades. It then highlights reforms under Jospin and President Jacques Chirac’s second term, paying particular attention to the aid instruments deployed in Cameroon and their ‘fitness for the purpose’. Chapter 5 sets out the aid promises of French Presidents Nicolas Sarkozy and François Hollande, identifying the reformist pressures they faced. Chapter 6 explains why important but ultimately limited changes took place in the French assistance programme to Cameroon. Drawing on a neoclassical realist framework, it shows how the French policy-making establishment was divided between the conservative old guard resisting and modernisers promoting aid conditionalities. Chapter 7 addresses weaknesses in the NCR framework, notably its crude definition of power and failure to include African agency. It shows how francophone Cameroonian elites facilitate or constrain the implementation of French aid. Our conclusion summarises our findings, identifies future aid trends and explores the wider significance of this research.

Cette thèse étudie un corpus de quinze romans italiens pour jeunes lecteurs, qui ont été publiés entre1900 et 1925 et racontent un voyage fantastique. Il s'agit aussi bien d'ouvrages qui s'adressent aux enfants que d'oeuvres plus prolixes, dont les destinataires pourraient être des adolescents. Pour l'analyse de ce corpus, nous avons associé une approche narratologique à une approche sociologique. Premièrement, nous avons reconstitué la manière d'envisager le jeune âge dans la culture italienne entre le XIXe et le XXe siècles, et nous avons abordé la question de l'influence des éducateurs et du marché éditorial sur le livre pour enfants. Deuxièmement, nous avons étudié la présence du thème du voyage dans la littérature de jeunesse, ainsi que les contenus idéologiques et la dimension littéraire de nos quinze textes. L'union de ces deux approches nous a permis de comprendre le fonctionnement narratif des oeuvres, tout en les replaçant dans le contexte de leur première diffusion. / This thesis studies fifteen Italian novels for young readers, published between 1900 and 1925, and narrating fantasy journeys. Some of these works were addressed to children and others, given their prolix content, could have been addressed more to teenagers. In our analysis of these works, we have associated a narratological approach to a sociological approach. First, we have reconstructed how the Italian culture between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries considered youthfulness, and additionally, we took into consideration the influence of the educators and the editorial markets of that time on children’s literature. Secondly, we studied the presence of the theme of voyage in this type of literature, the ideological contents and the literal dimension of our fifteen texts. The combination of these approaches allowed us to understand the narrative functioning of those works, while placing them in their first historical context upon publication.