Diese Doktorarbeit befasst sich mit der Untersuchung einer Göttin mit dem sumerischen Namen Ninegal und dem entsprechenden akkadischen Namen Belet-ekallim, die 'Herrin des Palastes'. Diese ursprünglich in Sumer beheimatete Göttin wurde nicht nur in Mesopotamien verehrt, sondern ihr Kult fand auch in Syrien-Palästina und in Kleinasien Verbreitung. Als 'Herrin des Palastes' wurde sie in Tempeln und im königlichen Palast selbst verehrt. Sie tritt als 'Beschützerin der königlichen Dynastie' auf. Ihr Kult kann durch Texte untersucht werden, die viele Opfergaben, Kultpersonal, eine eigene Verwaltung, Verehrung bei besonderen Festen und die Einführung ihres Namens als Monatsname vermelden. Die 'Herrin des Palastes' konnte als selbständige Göttin auftreten; ebenso wurde ihr Name als Titel oder Epitheton einer anderen Göttin zugewiesen. Die Verwendung des Namens als Epitheton kommt in sumerischen literarischen Texten vor, in denen u.a. Ischtar häufig als 'Herrin des Palastes' bezeichnet wird. Weil Ninegal/Belet-ekallim in den schriftlichen Quellen des 3. und 2. Jt. v. Chr. gut belegt ist, wurde die Untersuchung auf diese Zeit beschränkt. Vollständigkeitshalber wurden am Ende dieser Dissertation auch die hethitischen Belegstellen, sowie Belegstellen des 1. Jt. v. Chr. aufgelistet; eine detaillierte Untersuchung dieses Materials steht jedoch noch aus. / This dissertation concentrates on the examination of a goddess called Ninegal in Sumerian, Belet-ekallim in Akkadian. Her name can be translated as ‘Lady/Mistress of the Palace’. This goddess who originates in Sumer was not only worshipped in Ancient Mesopotamia; her cult expanded to Ancient Syria, Palestine and even to Ancient Anatolia. As the ‘Lady/Mistress of the Palace’ Ninegal/Belet-ekallim was honoured in temples and even in the royal palace where she fulfilled the role of ‘Protectress of the Royal Dynasty’. Her cult can be examined through texts listing numerous sacrifices, cult participants, an own administration, worship during particular festivals/festive events and the introduction of her name as a month name. The ‘Lady/Mistress of the Palace’ functioned as a goddess on her own but her name was also used as a title for other goddesses. The specific use of her name as a title is testified by Sumerian literary texts, where a.o. Ishtar is called ‘Lady/Mistress of the Palace’. As most of the text sources mentioning Ninegal/Belet-ekallim are dated 3rd and 2nd Mill. BC, the research was restricted to this period. To offer a complete overview of all the texts revealing information about the goddess, also the occurrences in Hittite texts as well as in texts dating from the 1st Mill. BC are listed at the end of the dissertation; a detailed research of these texts is still outstanding.

The focus of the current study was to investigate dephosphorization of ferromanganese to produce a low P containing alloy that could effectively be used for the production of AHSS. The study involved conducting laboratory scale testwork to investigate dephosphorization of of FeMn (HCFeMn and MCFeMn) alloys by CaO-based slag systems. Addition of Na2O, BaO, and CaF2 to MnO-CaO-SiO2 slag was investigated to study the influence on dephosphorization. The effect of MnO-BaO-BaF2 slag system without CaO was also investigated in a preliminary way. The testwork was carried out in a 25 kVA induction furnace at temperatures of 1350°C, 1400°C, and 1450°C at different retention times of 5 minutes, 30 minutes and 60 minutes. The analytical results of the product samples were used to evaluate the P-partition ratio. In general, analysing the low P contents of the slags and alloys proved to be a challenge and at the lowest concentrations the uncertainty was large. The analytical results of the slags generally reported higher MnO-contents than was anticipated. This resulted in dilution of the other major slag components, i.e. SiO2 and CaO. Low P2O5 contents were found in the slags, suggesting that the removal of P from the alloys was minimal. The alloy results reported C-pickup after the tests due to the dissolution of the graphite from the crucible. Loss of Mn from the alloys was also observed. The P-content of the alloys were generally higher than in the feed alloy. The results generally showed the 〖 L〗_p remained small at <1 which is an indication that dephosphorization had not been achieved. The baseline slag comprising of 40%CaO-40%SiO2-20%MnO reported relatively higher 〖 L〗_p values. Addition of Na2O and CaF2 did not show any added benefit. Substituting half of CaO by BaO, resulted in similar L_p values to those of the baseline slag under a few conditions, namely 1350°C and 1450°C at 30 minutes. The baseline slag was however not outperformed by the BaO-bearing slag under any of the other conditions. Increasing the temperature generally resulted in lower 〖 L〗_p values. This may be attributed to the exothermic nature of the phosphorus removal reaction which should be favourable at lower temperatures. Increasing the basicity (%CaO/%SiO2 ratio) of the baseline slag showed an initial increase in 〖 L〗_p value for basicities of 0.7 to 0.9, thereafter a slight reduction in the 〖 L〗_p value was obtained. The latter results were not expected as higher basicity is anticipated to improve the P capacity of the slag. Increasing the basicity resulted in increased slag liquidus temperature of about 1500°C which negatively affected dephosphorization. In summary, based on the 〖 L〗_p obtained, the conditions investigated with the CaO-based slags appeared to have been unfavourable for dephosphorization of FeMn alloys, as most of this impurity element remained in the alloy. The BaO-BaF2-MnO slag showed potential to dephosphorise HCFeMn alloy, however the slag posed numerous challenges and the slag should be investigated further / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Mintek / Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering / MEng / Unrestricted

The message that climate change response should be central to municipal planning is clearly communicated in policy, science, and practice; and given that municipal planning is the core function of local government, the task of climate change response mainstreaming lies with them. There is however limited guidance offered to municipalities on how to go about mainstreaming climate response into planning. This study explores how climate change response, with a specific focus on adaptation, can be mainstreamed into South African local government planning instruments and processes. The study is largely framed in critical pragmatism in that it looks into real-world situations and appreciates context-specific complexity to make recommendations relevant to practice. Using a comparative case study design, two cases where mainstreaming has been undertaken were explored. Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality in the Western Cape Province and Thulamela Local Municipality in the Limpopo Province were selected as atypical cases with core similarities and contextual differences, which are able to offer information on the phenomenon of mainstreaming. A qualitative content analysis was undertaken of their latest Integrated Development Plans and Spatial Development Frameworks for both the cases, and the Built Environment Performance Plan in the case of Cape Town. Individual interviews were done in one case and a group interview in the other. Participants included spatial planners, environmental practitioners, and an infrastructure planner, all of whom have been involved in planning, climate change response and resilience. Similar themes with different findings emerged from the two cases, indicating that planning processes and experiences are very context-specific. The themes or factors that emerged can contribute to success in one case and cause significant challenges in another. These factors are a) champions, leadership and momentum, b) networks, mobilisation and organisation, c) information gathering, use and sharing, d) capacity, resources and skills, e) institutional support and coordination, and f) intergovernmental relations and mandate. The study contributes to the fields of local government, municipal planning, climate change adaptation mainstreaming, and the intersection between these fields. Insights are provided into the factors and conditions that can either support or hinder effective mainstreaming of climate change adaptation into local municipal planning instruments and processes, and recommendations are provided to support more effective mainstreaming in local government. / Dissertation (MTRP)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), International Development Research Centre (IDRC) / Town and Regional Planning / MTRP / Unrestricted

Therapeutic recombinant proteins such as antibodies, hormones, enzymes, and anticoagulants can be used in medicine, for food production, agriculture and bioengineering industries. Recombinant proteins are currently being produced by mammalian, plant, insect and microbial culture systems but microalgae, when used as an expression vector, would offer many benefits over existing methods. These advantages include, lower production costs, faster growth rates, easier culturing, simpler transgenic manipulation as well as modified abilities of transcription and translation. South Africa boasts one of the most bio-diverse regions globally, with tremendous species richness in freshwater eco-systems with the potential of commercially desired, novel microalgae species. To investigate the feasibility of establishing microalgal biotechnology in South Africa, the model green microalgae species, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was transformed under available conditions. Furthermore, five hundred microalgal isolates previously collected across South Africa and recorded as part of the Microalgae Culture Collection held at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), were bio-prospected for their growth potential. First a gene encoding the Chlamydomonas codon optimised green fluorescent protein (CrGFP) was cloned into a pChlamy4 vector under the control of the chimeric Hsp70A-rbcS2 promoter and selected for with a bleomycin resistant gene, she ble. The verified plasmid was then electro-transformed into the nuclear region of two C. reinhardtii strains CC-125 and CC-400. The microalgae transformants were assessed at the DNA level by PCR and further at the CrGFP protein production level by fluorescence spectrophotometry. From the Microalgae Culture Collection Database, forty isolates were chosen microscopically based on whether they are unicellular, non-colonial, with large or many chloroplasts and a thin cell wall. The isolates underwent a growth curve analysis and those with the best growth rates were then directly compared to C. reinhardtii spp. under phototrophic and mixotrophic growth conditions. These isolates were then identified by Sanger sequencing of the 18S rRNA region. Results indicated successful insertion of the Crgfp transgene with detectable levels of CrGFP fluorescence above autofluorescence for all transformed C. reinhardtii colonies. In order of the greatest growth potential, microalgae with high growth rates were identified as C. sorokiniana, Chlorella sp., C. vulgaris, T. obliquus, T. dimorphus and R. subcapitata species. In this study, the South African Chlorella spp. isolates had a greater growth rate in both phototrophic and mixotrophic medium than the C. reinhardtii controls. In this study a foundation was laid for microalgae biotechnology research at the CSIR in South Africa, with C. reinhardtii as the reference organism; as well as considering the potential nuclear transformation in select indigenous species, such as Chlorella sp. for future microalgae protein expression systems. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / NRF DST Innovation and Priority Research Areas Masters Scholarship / Plant Production and Soil Science / MSc / Unrestricted

Die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellte Kompositionsmethode beschäftigt sich damit, bestimmte Aufgabenstellungen aus dem Bereich der Berechnung von Graphenkenngrößen und Grapheninvarianten in endlichen ungerichteten Graphen und Hypergraphen in ein einheitliches Schema einzuordnen und so die Umsetzung in Algorithmen zu erleichtern. Dabei werden zwei Hauptziele verfolgt. Zum einen soll die Menge der mit der Methode lösbaren Aufgaben möglichst groß sein, und zum anderen sollen die entstandenen Algorithmen tatsächliche Berechnungen in einigen Netzen praxisrelevanter Größe ermöglichen. Die Kompositionsmethode belegt mit ihren Zielen somit den Bereich zwischen zwei Extremen der Algorithmenentwicklung: Auf der einen Seite steht die Erzeugung von Spezialalgorithmen, die oft so stark an bestimmte Eigenschaften der zu berechnenden Größen gekoppelt sind, dass eine Anpassung an leicht veränderte Aufgabenstellungen nur schwer möglich ist bzw. unter Umständen der Entwicklung eines völlig neuen Algorithmus gleichkommt; auf der anderen Seite stehen die allgemeingültigen Ansätze, deren Umsetzung häufig zu Algorithmen führt, die bereits für sehr kleine Netze nicht mehr praktisch durchführbar sind. Die gestellten Ziele werden durch eine Formalisierung der Aufgabenstellungen erreicht, deren Ergebnisse direkt in Algorithmen umgesetzt werden können. Dabei müssen jeweils nur wenige aufgabenspezifische Details formuliert werden, die anschließend in einen von der konkreten Aufgabe unabhängigen Rahmenalgorithmus eingebunden werden. Ein solches Verfahren ist aus Sicht eines Anwenders aus der Praxis besonders interessant, da der Rahmenalgorithmus nur ein einziges Mal implementiert werden muss und somit bei wiederholter Verwendung der Methode der Entwicklungsaufwand für die erzeugten Kompositionsalgorithmen erheblich sinkt. Bislang wurden mit Hilfe der Kompositionsmethode zirka dreißig Problemstellungen von der Berechnung chromatischer Invarianten über das Zählen von Hamiltonkreisen bis hin zur Bestimmung von Zuverlässigkeitskenngrößen von stochastischen Netzen bearbeitet. Die von der Methode erzeugten Algorithmen sind dabei in aller Regel nicht optimal in Bezug auf Laufzeit und Speicherbedarf. Dieser Nachteil wird allerdings durch den extrem geringen Entwicklungsaufwand und durch die Anwendbarkeit der Methode auf neue Aufgabenstellungen, für die noch keine Spezialalgorithmen existieren, kompensiert. Besonders bei der Berechnung bestimmter Zuverlässigkeitskenngrößen sowie bei der Lösung von #P-vollständigen Abzählproblemen können die Kompositionsalgorithmen aber auch aktuelle Spezialalgorithmen übertreffen.

The leach solution obtained by leaching of zinc containing ores typically has to be highly purified before it can be used as electrolyte for the electrowinning of zinc. Cobalt is a troublesome impurity in the sense that not only has it even at relatively low concentrations a very significant negative impact on the zinc electrowinning process, but that is also difficult to remove by the zinc cementation process typically used for this purpose. The aim with the present work was to better understand the arsenic activated cementation of cobalt using zinc powder to enable the optimization of an industrial purification plant. Thermodynamic based calculations confirmed that the role of arsenic in the process is to allow for the precipitation of the cobalt at more positive potentials as cobalt arsenide and that it should be possible to remove the cobalt to very low concentrations with zinc cementation. The kinetics of cobalt cementation was studied using batch cementation experiments using different sizes and quantities of zinc dust and by varying the temperature. The nature of the cementation products was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. It was found that the cobalt cementation could be described by a first order rate equation but with a faster initial stage with an activation energy of 43 kJ/mol followed by a much slower temperature insensitive second stage. Activating species such as copper, cadmium and arsenic cemented faster than the cobalt on the zinc. The rate of cobalt cementation was increased by using the same mass of finer zinc, increasing the temperature and recirculation of some of the cemented cobalt. It was shown that the zinc dust consumption and/or the minimum temperature required to achieve the required cobalt removal could be reduced by recirculation of the cobalt cement from the early stages of a train of backmix reactors or by using zinc dust with a finer size distribution. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering / unrestricted

The present study discusses money and conflicts and anxiety over money in late Ming vernacular stories and contextualizes these stories in the contemporary society of economic prosperity and rapid changes. The high monetization and extensive use of silver and copper cash as currency brought both wealth and conflicts in various aspects of society. Eleven vernacular stories from several collections are adopted as source materials for the close examination, including Jingshi tongyan (Stories to Caution the World, 1624) and Xingshi hengyan (Stories to Awaken the World, 1627) by Feng Menglong (1574-1646) and the two Pai’an jingqi (Slapping the Table in Amazement, 1628 and 1632) collections by Ling Mengchu (1580-1644), etc. The analysis then focuses on the relationship between money and four topics, the late Ming context, social relations, gender ideals, and religion. Multiple voices and various viewpoints in these narratives show human beings’ struggles in taming and dominating money, the increasingly familiar and essential object in everyday life. Generally, when people cannot control money properly, there is a fear of its detrimental power to humans and social relations within and beyond families. On the contrary, characters, who are able to control money, are praised. / Die vorliegende Studie befasst sich mit Geld und Konflikten sowie der Angst vor Geld in den volkstümlichen Erzählungen der späten Ming-Zeit und kontextualisiert diese Erzählungen in der zeitgenössischen Gesellschaft, die von wirtschaftlichem Wohlstand und schnellen Veränderungen geprägt war. Die starke Monetarisierung und die umfassende Verwendung von Silber- und Kupfergeld als Währung brachten sowohl Reichtum als auch Konflikte in verschiedenen Bereichen der Gesellschaft mit sich. Elf volkstümliche Geschichten aus verschiedenen Sammlungen werden als Quellenmaterial für die eingehende Untersuchung herangezogen, darunter Jingshi tongyan (Geschichten zur Vorsicht der Welt, 1624) und Xingshi hengyan (Geschichten zum Erwachen der Welt, 1627) von Feng Menglong (1574-1646) und die beiden Sammlungen Pai'an jingqi (Auf den Tisch schlagen vor Staunen über das Ungewöhnliche, 1628 und 1632) von Ling Mengchu (1580-1644) usw. Die Analyse konzentriert sich dann auf die Beziehung zwischen Geld und vier Themen, dem späten Ming-Kontext, den sozialen Beziehungen, den Geschlechteridealen und der Religion. In diesen Erzählungen wird mit mehreren Stimmen und aus verschiedenen Blickwinkeln der Kampf der Menschen um die Zähmung und Beherrschung des Geldes, des zunehmend vertrauten und unverzichtbaren Objekts des täglichen Lebens, dargestellt. Wenn Menschen das Geld nicht richtig kontrollieren können, fürchten sie im Allgemeinen seine schädliche Wirkung auf die Menschen und die sozialen Beziehungen innerhalb und außerhalb der Familie. Im Gegensatz dazu werden Personen, die in der Lage sind, Geld zu kontrollieren, gelobt.

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