The years after 1763 were vital to the special position of the West Indian islands within the British Empire. Yet no integrated study has been made of the economic and political issues raised in the West Indies during the period of the confrontation between the American colonies and Britain. This thesis is intended to fill this gap. The first chapter, which outlines West Indian commercial connections from 1770 to 1775, shows that during these years the production of West Indian staples was increasing in most islands, especially in Jamaica and the ceded islands where new plantations were being developed. The War of American Independence therefore raised the question of the future of the islands as profitable commodity producing areas, given their dependence on the American colonies for lumber and provisions, as well as a market for their excess products. Chapters II to V look at the War's effect on the islands' economy, and examine the various measures adopted by Parliament and the local legislatures to avert any lasting recession. The other aspect of the Revolution was the political impact on the Caribbean colonists. In the islands, as in America, many constitutional questions were raised. The idea, held by the Americans, that Parliament was not sovereign, and could not legislate for the colonies in internal affairs, or when British interests conflicted with theirs, was also widely discussed. Chapters VI to VII assess politics in the colonies, showing that there was widespread opposition to individual governors in most of the islands, and an erosion of much of the executive power.

Indigenous knowledge of Traditional Health Practitioners (THPs) in the Management of rigoni is of paramount importance for the indigenous practitioners by exploring, describing and documenting their practices. There was limited evidence of the indigenous knowledge of Traditional Health Practitioners in the management of rigoni. The indigenous knowledge healing of rigoni is not documented by the THPs and IKHs, as a result there is limited literature on illnesses that are managed by THPs and IKHs. The main aim of the study was to develop a substantive theory that explains and describes childhood illnesses that are categorised by THPs and IKHs and not documented, thus remain unknown in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province of South Africa. The study was conducted in three sections. The first section dealt with the understanding and meaning of rigoni, the second section focused on exploration and description of the indigenous knowledge of THPs and IKHs in the Management of rigoni and the third section dealt with analysis of the concept “indigenous knowledge (IK) healing of rigoni” with the purpose of developing a substantive grounded theory. Data collection and analysis were concurrently done, where individual, face-to-face interviews were conducted with THPs and IKHs. The findings obtained during the initial and focused coding did not bring out clearly the concepts, thus the concept analysis was sought to assist in the development of the theory. Concept analysis of the concept “Indigenous knowledge healing of rigoni” confirmed the healing practices of rigoni by THPs and IKHs. Traditional health practitioners and indigenous knowledge holders narrated the healing process of rigoni amongst infants and their mothers, though there was lack of written evidence on the indigenous practices, using tacit knowledge as their work is not documented, but shared orally from generation to generation. Due to the undocumented indigenous knowledge of THPs and IKHs, Western medical practitioners label illness such as rigoni as “unknown or ill-defined”, as their laboratory tests and autopsy fail to display the results. Traditional health practitioners and indigenous knowledge holders confirmed that they use various herbal and animal products to comprehensively heal rigoni. The findings also revealed that biomedical practice and indigenous practice does not collaborate for patient care, as the work of THPs and IKHs are considered unscientific by some biomedical health professionals. From the concept analysis, a theoretical definition of “Indigenous knowledge healing of rigoni” was formulated from the concepts which linked together, and ultimately developed a theory. Further studies need to be conducted to facilitate the laboratory testing of the tissue which THPs and IKHs excise from the maternal vaginal wall as a way of treating rigoni. The healing process of rigoni as performed by THPs and IKHs need to be documented. An Indigenous Knowledge System on the healing of illness need to be included in the training of health care professionals, and collaboration between the two health care settings to be fast tracked, as the practise of THPs and IKHs is regulated by Traditional Health Practitioners Act (Act no.22 of 2007). The developed grounded theory will be documented for utilisation in the healthcare institutions, nursing colleges and universities curriculum to assist during the teaching of health care professionals on the diverse care of patients from diverse cultures. / Thesis (PhD)-University of Pretoria, 2017. / University-Based Nursing Education (UNEDSA) University of Pretoria / National Research Foundation (NRF) / University of Pretoria / Nursing Science / PhD / Unestricted

Magnetochemistry is a multidisciplinary research field that is at the frontier of the development of Quantum Age materials. The purposeful design of materials originates from a fundamental understanding of the factors that affect the desired properties. To this end, magnetochemists have meticulously mapped thousands of compounds with the aim of understanding the factors which affect the magnetic behaviour of a wide variety of materials. When Cu(II) ions are coordinated to organic ligands and are bridged by halide ligands, the resulting halide-bridged polymers typically exhibit a wide variety of interesting magnetic properties. Here we show that the organic ligands in organic-inorganic hybrids both directly and indirectly affect the magnetic exchange of low-dimensional magnetic materials. This was done by taking two model systems, namely, 1D trans-edge-shared polymers, which are simple structures and 1D magnets, and 1D stacked-dimers, which are significantly more complex (structurally and magnetically) 1D halide-bridged polymers. For each system, the organic ligands were varied, which produced two families of structures. By doing this, an extensive comparison of these structures was performed from both an experimental and theoretical perspective. The 1D trans-edge-shared polymers were used to develop the methodology and validate computational results which were then applied to the more complex stacked-dimer halide-bridged polymers. It is also demonstrated that the magnetic exchange between Cu(II) ions in halide-bridged polymers is directly affected by peripheral/terminal organic ligands. Previously it was thought that the inorganic ligands in molecular-based magnets determine the type and strength of exchange between the paramagnetic metals with only colloquial evidence available that organic peripheral/terminal organic ligands affect magnetic exchange. Only recent evidence,0F[i] similar to what will be presented in this thesis, demonstrated that organic ligands contribute to the magnetic exchange in dimeric Cu(II) acetate adducts. By the use of First-Principles computational methods in this thesis, it is demonstrated that the organic ligands directly affect the magnetic exchange in halide-bridged polymers which was linked to the π-donor/acceptor ability and the orientation of the organic ligand in addition to the colloquially known effect of the σ-donation/accepting ability of terminal ligands on the overall magnetic exchange between Cu(II) ions in halide-bridged polymers. Peripheral organic ligands, such as O-coordinating amides, that have significant π-donation, are shown in this thesis to increase the magnetic exchange between halide bridged Cu(II) ions, compared to N- donor ligands. The organic ligand identity, as well as it’s orientation, is shown to affect the type and strength of exchange in halide-bridged polymers. Therefore, organic peripheral ligands are highlighted here as excellent choices in creating magnetic materials that may have potential application in molecular spintronics. / Thesis (PhD (Chemistry))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / NRF 81614 / Sasol / Chemistry / PhD (Chemistry) / Restricted

This study of resistance in the Pacific Islands is an attempt to achieve both a wider and deeper understanding of colonization as it impinged on the Pacific peoples and as it was perceived by their German rulers. The thesis is by no means another imperial history. The major focus is on the Pacific Islander himself, the processes of change in local socirty under the impact of European expansion and a western cash economy, and on the way the colonial relationship functioned at the level of the individual island administration. It emphasizes the power and ability of the Pacific Islanders to make their own adjustments - of interest and ideology - to the new culture and its demands and does so through the comparison of three cultural regions within the one historical dimension, a method which Pacific historians have barely exploited at all. It represents the first intensive history of German Ponape in particular, using original documentation, while it opens up totally unexplored areas of that 'forgotten imperialism' which was such a critical phase in the modern histories of the new states of Samoa and New Guinea. The thesis is divided into two parts. Part One consists of three 'case studies' of colonial contact and interaction. In each case the pre-German period has been examined for a broader historical background. The modes of adaptation achieved in this earlier period largely determined the pattern of Pacific Island response under German rule. For more than two decades before 1900, Europeans and Samoans had been engaged in a constantly fluctuating struggle for the right to control the group's economic and political destiny. The Samoan district factions often encouraged this conflict in an effort to have their various candidates recognized as the paramount chief of the Samoan Islands, but they were also capable of offering solid opposition when Europeans interfered in their political affairs above certain limits. The history of Samoan response to German rule after 1899 details the struggle between the older chiefly elites and the Governor, tfilhelm Solf. The chiefs, under the orator Lauaki, campaigned shrewdly to have their traditional political authority and prerogatives institutionalized as part of the German system of colonial rule. Though Golf, whose objectives were diametrically opposed to the traditional political dynamics of the group, was at first forced to compromise with the chiefs, he thwarted their campaign in the end by exploiting inherent weaknesses in the political structure and relying on his growing paternal authority with the mass of the people.

Thesis advisor: Donald Fishman / The purpose of this thesis is two-fold: to analyze the corporate responses of three major airplane crashes that occurred in the 1990s, and to examine how the strategies that each airline used and the nature of the crisis environments both served to help, and hurt, the companies’ futures. ValuJet Flight 592, Trans World Airlines Flight 800 and EgyptAir Flight 990 will be analyzed through the lens of two prominent crisis communication theories, Fink’s stage analysis theory and Benoit’s image restoration strategies, in order to provide a comprehensive assessment of each crisis. I will then give insight as to the effectiveness of each airline in response to its crash, keeping in mind the unique environment that surrounded each situation. ValuJet made poor crisis management decisions that, when combined with its lack of satisfactory safety standards both before and after the crash of Flight 592, irreparably damaged the airline’s public image. TWA, like ValuJet, made errors in its strategy choices after the crash of Flight 800, but was able to escape blame and restore public confidence because of the heavy media focus on the unsuccessful criminal investigation. EgyptAir made appropriate crisis management choices after the crash of Flight 990, and also took advantage of the tense political situation in which no obvious regulating presence exerted authority, and thus successfully evaded responsibility for its crash. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Communication Honors Program. / Discipline: College Honors Program. / Discipline: Communication.

Definitionen av ett projekt är att det måste gå att mäta om ett projekt nått sitt mål eller inte. Ett projekt skall också ha en klar och tydligt fastställd slutpunkt, där projektgruppen upplöses och projektet avslutas. De metoder som valts att användas för datainsamling är intervjuer med projektledarna och kunderna. Även litteraturstudier har använts för att kartlägga redan existerande kunskap inom området samt för att bygga upp en teoretisk referensram. I denna studie beskrivs arbetsgången hos två projekt. Vid jämförande och analys av arbetsgången vid de båda projekten visade det sig att det fanns både likheter och skillnader. I resultatet redovisas de båda projektens arbetsgång, samt vad projektledarna och kunderna har för åsikter om respektive projekts genomförande och slutresultat. Slutsatsen som man kan dra av jämförandet av Projekt A och B med den teoretiska projektgången är att i många fall oberoende på storleken på ett projekt så genomförs kundorderprojekt på samma sätt. / The definition of a project is that the goal must be able to be measured after the project is finished. A project must have a clear ending point where the project group is dissolved. The methods that have been chosen for collecting material are interviews with the project managers and the customers. Litterature has also been studied for a theoretical view. In this study two projects are analyzed. At comparison between the projects, it shows that there are both similarities and differences between the way to work in a project. In the result it is described how the two projects where carried out and also what the project managers and the customers thought of the realization and end result. The conclusion that you can draw is that in many cases the realization are not depending of size of the project. The projects are carried out the same way independent of the projects size.

<p>Definitionen av ett projekt är att det måste gå att mäta om ett projekt nått sitt mål eller inte. Ett projekt skall också ha en klar och tydligt fastställd slutpunkt, där projektgruppen upplöses och projektet avslutas.</p><p>De metoder som valts att användas för datainsamling är intervjuer med projektledarna och kunderna. Även litteraturstudier har använts för att kartlägga redan existerande kunskap inom området samt för att bygga upp en teoretisk referensram.</p><p>I denna studie beskrivs arbetsgången hos två projekt. Vid jämförande och analys av arbetsgången vid de båda projekten visade det sig att det fanns både likheter och skillnader. I resultatet redovisas de båda projektens arbetsgång, samt vad projektledarna och kunderna har för åsikter om respektive projekts genomförande och slutresultat. Slutsatsen som man kan dra av jämförandet av Projekt A och B med den teoretiska projektgången är att i många fall oberoende på storleken på ett projekt så genomförs kundorderprojekt på samma sätt.</p> / <p>The definition of a project is that the goal must be able to be measured after the project is finished. A project must have a clear ending point where the project group is dissolved. The methods that have been chosen for collecting material are interviews with the project managers and the customers. Litterature has also been studied for a theoretical view.</p><p>In this study two projects are analyzed. At comparison between the projects, it shows that there are both similarities and differences between the way to work in a project. In the result it is described how the two projects where carried out and also what the project managers and the customers thought of the realization and end result. The conclusion that you can draw is that in many cases the realization are not depending of size of the project. The projects are carried out the same way independent of the projects size.</p>

This thesis explores the textualizing of the South Atlantic island of St Helena (a British Overseas Territory) through an analysis of the relationship between colonizing practices and the changing representations of the island and its inhabitants in a range of colonial 'texts', including historiography, travel writing, government papers, creative writing, and the fine arts. Part I situates this thesis within a critical engagement with post-colonial theory and colonial discourse analysis primarily, as well as with the recent 'linguistic turn' in anthropology and history. In place of post-colonialism's rather monolithic approach to colonial experiences, I argue for a localised approach to colonisation, which takes greater account of colonial praxis and of the continuous re-negotiation and re-constitution of particular colonial situations. Part II focuses on a number of literary issues by reviewing St Helena's historiography and literature, and by investigating the range of narrative tropes employed (largely by travellers) in the textualizing of St Helena, in particular with respect to recurrent imaginings of the island in terms of an earthly Eden. Part III examines the nature of colonial 'possession' by tracing the island's gradual appropriation by the Portuguese, Dutch and English in the sixteenth and early seventeenth century and the settlement policies pursued by the English East India Company in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century. Part IV provides an account of the changing perceptions, by visitors and colonial officials alike, of the character of the island's inhabitants (from the late eighteenth to the early twentieth century) and assesses the influence that these perceptions have had on the administration of the island and the political status of its inhabitants (in the mid- to late twentieth century). Part V, the conclusion, reviews the principal arguments of my thesis by addressing the political implications of post-colonial theory and of my own research, while also indicating avenues for further research. A localised and detailed exploration of colonial discourse over a period of nearly five hundred years, and a close analysis of a consequently wide range of colonial 'texts', has confirmed that although colonising practices and representations are far from monolithic, in the case of St Helena their continuities are of as much significance as their discontinuities.

This thesis is a study of assigned male convict labour in rural Van Diemen’s Land in the period 1820-40. Throughout this period agriculture and pastoralism were centxal to the colonial economy, and this sector was the largest private employer of convict labour, yet there has been no prior sustained investigation of the nature and experience of rural convict employment in Van Diemen’s Land. Research has involved use of records of convict transportation, the records of the convict department, colonial court records, and the correspondence of the colonial secretary’s office. Extensive use has also been made of the colonial press, published contemporary accounts, and unpublished journals of colonists. The thesis begins with a discussion of two oppositional representations of rural convict labour: John Glover’s painting ‘My Harvest Home’, and the ballad ‘Van Diemen’s Land’. These representations demonstrate the polarised debate on the nature of convict labour. Rural convicts have been largely neglected in the recent historiography of convict transportation; this thesis argues that this neglect is unwarranted, and that rural convict labour resists reductionist understanding of convict labour. Chapter 1 examines farming in the colony, demonstrating the importance and vitality of this sector of the economy. Chapters 2-4 discuss convict assignment, management, and convict responses. It is argued that assignment effectively placed those with experience of farm work with rural employers. Convicts’ skills are seen to have been relevant and useful to the rural economy. The management of convict servants operated both formally at the level of the Convict Department regulations and the magistrates bench, and informally on individual properties. Informal management best utilised incentives rather than force. Thus convicts were able to negotiate the authority of their employers through various means, including resistance. Chapters 5-7 discuss the convict experience of rural labour. Material conditions of diet, housing and clothing are examined in chapter 5. Convict recreational culture is investigated in chapter 6; it is argued that convicts created an important site of autonomy in this form. The intimate lives of convict men are discussed in chapter 7. Often seen as brutal and brutalising, it is argued that these relationships were important and meaningful sites in male convict experience.

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