This dissertation seeks to contribute to research in the philosophy of social science. The study focuses upon select epistemological and ontological aspects of Hannah Arendt’s work from which methodological implications are drawn pertaining to sociology. Arendt, although critical of the sociology of her time, has become increasingly cited and influential for emerging sociological research and this study seeks to contribute to this by focusing upon the problem of novelty. The aim is to explore the philosophical and methodological implications of novelty for social science by working through three case studies that are theoretically pivotal for social science—action, the ‘social’, and the self—in terms of novelty as expressed in Arendt’s writing. Arendt is critical of methodology and epistemology, aiming to draw her readers to ontological concerns outlined from her preoccupation with the 'world' and social reality. In this aim, Arendt seeks to distance herself from social sciences that she claims ignore human novelty in favour of reading social regularities, tendencies and similarities. Despite her disdain for method, Arendt suggests a anti-methodological 'method' (outlined in an overlooked footnote) for keeping trained upon and for dealing with novel, anomalous events. In the seed of this method lies a unique opportunity for social science to reassess and extend its methods, addressing this oversight and in so doing bring to light the novel social object as a legitimate subject of social research.

This thesis develops a reading of Montaillou, un village occitan de 1294 à 1324 (1975) by Emmanuel LeRoy Ladurie in parallel with a theory of possibilities in history. It is argued that possibilities are fundamentally involved in the semantics of sociological concepts, in the nature of historical judgements, and in the way actions feature in historiography. The thesis addresses a variety of literature in historiography, sociological theory, the philosophy of social science, and the philosophy of history. The thesis is split into a Preface and 5 parts containing between them 24 chapters of varying lengths. The Preface defines the topic in relation to the work of Max Weber. Part 1 is the Introduction, and approaches the topic of possibilities in history through classical texts in sociology and the philosophy of history. Part 2 is an extended commentary on Montaillou and raises puzzles about how it works as a text. Part 3 analyses sociological concepts and historical judgements in terms of possibilities. Part 4 analyses action in history in terms of possibilities. Part 5 brings the theoretical apparatus developed in parts 3 and 4 back to Montaillou to offer commentaries which solve the puzzles raised in part 2. The strategy of the thesis is to grasp the role of possibilities in history by giving equal weight to theoretical analysis and historiographical commentary.

Development of a broadly cross-protective capsular group B meningococcal (MenB) vaccine has been hampered by poor capsular immunogenicity and often diverse and poorly cross-protective subcapsular antigens. The MenB MC58 strain genome has facilitated the discovery of novel, relatively conserved vaccine candidates. The four-component MenB (4CMenB) investigational vaccine contains factor H-binding protein (fHbp; variant 1), neisserial heparin-binding antigen (NHBA), Neisserial adhesin A (NadA) and PorA P1.4-containing outer membrane vesicles. The latter are known to elicit protection against homologous strains. Clinical trials have demonstrated protective responses in infants and adults against isolates expressing homologous PorA or fHbp (subvariant 1.P1), or heterologous NadA (variant 2). Cross-protective responses have also been demonstrated in adults and, to a lesser extent, infants, against isolates expressing heterologous fHbp variant 1 subvariants. The contribution of NHBA is still poorly understood. MenB currently accounts for 87% of invasive meningococcal disease in England and Wales. The proportion of disease due to the ST-269 clonal complex (cc269) peaked at 45.6% in 2006 and is currently approximately 24.2%. The aims of this study were (i) to genotypically assess potential 4CMenB coverage against recent English and Welsh invasive disease isolates and, specifically, cc269 isolates from England and Wales and other countries, (ii) to compare phenotypic expression levels of the 4CMenB antigens (excluding PorA) among typical cc269 isolates, and (iii) to assess 4CMenB responses against typical cc269 isolates among healthy adults administered 4CMenB.Full length alleles for fHbp variant 1, NHBA and NadA variants 1, 2 and 3 were present in 64.6%, >99% and 7.1%, respectively, of English and Welsh invasive disease isolates from 2007/8. Between 67.5% and >99% (adults) or 25.7% and 43.5% (infants) of the isolates were predicted to be covered by 4CMenB. cc269 comprised two antigenically distinct lineages (clusters) centred around ST-269 and ST-275, respectively. These accounted for 57% and 40% of cc269 in 2007/8. Both clusters effectively lacked nadA and PorA P1.4. The predominant fHbp;NHBA profiles represented by the respective clusters were 1.P15;P0021 and (1.P13 or 2.P19);P0017. Between 77.4% and 100% (adults) or 2.2% and 27.1% (infants) of cc269 isolates from 2007/8 were predicted to be covered by 4CMenB. Estimates for infants were conservative due to e.g. the exclusion of NHBA. Serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) analyses targeting typical fHbp variant 1-expressing cc269 strains, indicated high levels of coverage among adults administered 4CMenB. Notable differences among genotypically matched isolates e.g. in terms of SBA geometric mean titres, were not reflected in the relative fHbp and NHBA expression levels. Such differences may lead to conflicting estimates of coverage in infant populations. Whilst these are investigated further it seems prudent to use typical isolates giving mid-range responses when assessing SBA, and therefore protection, among infants. Potential 4CMenB coverage of cc269 and the broader meningococcal population in England and Wales was high among adults and encouraging among infants when compared to that of existing MenB vaccines.

This narrative critically reviews my contribution to the development and maturation of a sociology of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Through the application of qualitative methodologies, my work has documented the emergence of a ‘new’ medical pluralism, focussing on the professional development of CAM as practiced by non-medically qualified practitioners and nurses and midwives, and has provided an understanding for the groundswell of appeal of CAM to both users and practitioners. With reference to neo-Weberian, Foucauldian and feminist theories of occupational formation, the research has provided insight into CAM ‘professional projects’, detailing the attempts to secure market share, broker trust relations, and discipline work conduct. My work has also revealed the enduring capacity of (patriarchal) biomedicine to shape CAM practice and health care delivery. As a consequence, CAM is described as being situated in a position of ‘mainstream marginality’ – popular, but peripherally located in state-sanctioned health care, with an appeal to groups of users and practitioners who themselves feel marginalised. As such, my work has contributed to an appreciation of the attractions of CAM and its empowering potentials, and the dynamics of biomedical power, professionalisation and professionalism in relation to jurisdictional battles for market share. Through critical reflection on my work, however, I note there is space for further exploration into: the opportunities for affective change and collaboration that can be fostered in integrated/integrative clinics; the ways in which biomedical dominance might be mutating; the different ways in which wellbeing, efficacy and evidence might be conceptualised; the possibility of integrating post-colonial theory and anthropology with sociology to produce a globalised analysis of medical pluralisms.

Christian teachers of Personal social health education (PSHE) can be conflicted when confronted with sensitive and controversial issues in their professional practice. Concerns include unprofessional conduct, exercising undue influence of their personal values and beliefs on students and being untrue to their faith. These can lead to uncertainty in negotiating areas of conscience and controversy. This life history study situated within the south east of England was used to illuminate the complexities which abound when operating within a wider milieu of perceived marginalisation of the Christian faith through advancing secularisation and liberalism. These tensions are reflected in the curriculum, policy frameworks and legal documents and have implications for teachers’ personal values, Christian faith and professional practice. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to 13 PSHE teachers and analysed for emergent themes, borrowing language from thematic, ethical and theological analysis. The research illuminates insights into a wider context of faith in professional life. It demonstrates the way teachers are in transition in these conflicts, yet understanding faith as a holistic quality. Findings show that the approaches that teachers adopt to the interpretation and application of faith in personal life influence how faith is integrated professionally. The conflicts confronted, reflect responses of resilience, compliance and rebellion, while some teachers remain unchanged in their positions. Analysis of the data suggested that discreetly integrating faith in practice is a coping strategy some teachers employ. My study suggests that silence can be a price to pay for faith, balancing courageous restraint with conflicting compromises and professional hypocrisy. The research captures teachers in transition located in professional practice obligations, ethical and theological positions as they negotiate and navigate the place of their Christian faith and personal values with students’ rights, freedoms and autonomy.

Talents play a central role in the way that we live our lives, and it is widely assumed that identifying and developing one’s talents is valuable, both for oneself and for others. Despite this, the philosophical literature is seriously lacking in its discussion of the nature and value of talent; the objective goodness of talent and its development is often assumed without an analysis of what a talent is, and the value that we place on it. This dissertation aims to provide such an analysis, offering a philosophical account of the nature and value of talent, and an account of why we value its development. In doing so, I demonstrate how this can inform and help us assess the debates and arguments that are made in the existing philosophical literature on talent. I do not aim to provide an exhaustive overview of all the philosophical issues that could be raised in relation to the value of talent and talent development, but instead I focus on three central issues that arise when analysing the nature of talents and the role that they play in our lives. The first issue is the nature of talent itself. Here I offer an account of talent, understood as a high level of potential for a particular skill which is expressed and manifested in the excellent acquisition of that skill. The second issue is whether or not we have good prudential reasons or a moral obligation to develop our talents. I begin by objecting to Kant’s claim that there is a moral duty to develop one’s talents; I will argue that if there is such a duty, it will not be generated by the commitments of Kant’s moral theory. I then argue that whether or not talent development is morally required, or prudentially good, is conditional on one’s endorsement of the commitments that are required to bring about the development of one’s talent. Finally, I turn my focus to the relationship between talents and equality. Given the fact that some people are more talented than others, and the way in which this disrupts levels of social equality, I examine how we ought to counteract the injustice caused by unequal levels of talent. I argue that we ought to adopt the luck egalitarian neutralisation approach, as this most plausibly frames the way in which unequal talents disrupt levels of equality, and why any arising inequalities count as unjust.

Deng Xue-Long. / "January 2003." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 196-230). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

In this thesis, I use the work of Friedrich Nietzsche to offer a detailed account of existential sin. I show that existential sin as a form of self-understanding is deeply embedded in the Christian theological tradition, and that Nietzsche’s account of existential sin should be understood as part of this same tradition. In my reading of On the Genealogy of Morality I show that we need to place sin in close relation to bad conscience, guilt and the genealogical method itself. However, despite being grounded in Christian thought and dependent upon the figure of the Christian God in its origin and emergence, I follow Nietzsche in positing that existential sin continues to exist after the death of God. It is by considering sin as not only a form of self-understanding, but also as a cultural memory, that we can make sense of this claim. For Nietzsche existential sin is at its root a mistaken understanding of human nature that has taken hold of us through Christianity. However, I argue that we need to consider existential sin as a socio-historical answer to the ontological problem of meaningless suffering. Existential sin responds to a fundamental experience of the human condition. With this in mind, in the final chapter of the thesis I examine possible avenues of redemption from post-Christian sin. What options are open to the person suffering from post-Christian sin-consciousness if she cannot turn to religious narratives? I argue that Nietzsche’s redemptive method of genealogy is not sufficient, and that life-affirmation is too demanding. However, a weaker version of life-affirmation in which meaningless suffering is affirmed as necessary, but not desired, does provide a promising alternative answer to the problem of meaningless suffering.

Bacteria can quickly adapt to changing environmental conditions by activating alternative sigma factors. It has been shown previously that single cell approaches can reveal hidden dynamics in sigma factor activation. Here, we investigate the single cell response dynamics of the B. subtilis extracytoplasmic function sigma factors, which are an important part of the cell envelope stress response, under their specific stresses. To do this we use transcriptional reporters of sigma factors, quantitative single cell snapshots, time-lapse microscopy, and microfluidics. By developing an improved microfluidics setup for single cell time-lapse microscopy, as well as improved single cell analysis code, we are able to observe new sigma factor dynamics. First, we observe heterogeneous entry into a higher $\sigma^{V}$ activity state in response to lysozyme, which displays a memory, as the heterogeneity is lost on removal and reapplication of the stress. Next, we observe a pulse amplitude and duration modulated sigma factor response of $\sigma^{M}$ to bacitracin. Finally, for $\sigma^{M}$ under ethanol and acidic stress, and for $\sigma^{Y}$ under ethanol stress, we observe a noisy increase in activity to a new steady state level, where the degree of variability between cells depends on the stress condition. This thesis also discusses efforts on building a single cell microfluidic device based on the ”mother machine” design, for the rod-shaped cyanobacterium, S. elongatus, which forces the cells to grow in a straight line. Growing this organism in a traditional mother machine device has, so far, proved challenging. To adapt the mother machine for cyanobacteria we modify the channel geometry using electron beam lithography, and improve the loading protocol. The research presented here reveals the range of regulatory dynamics possible for ECF sigma factors in B. subtilis, and provides improved microfluidics and analysis code that will enable easier quantification of bacterial gene circuits at the single cell level in the future.

The purpose of this thesis is to establish a conversation between Bruno Latour and the work of contemporary philosophers and critical theorists in order to develop their respective approaches to articulate a critical theory about technology. To analyse these different perspectives, the thesis follows a conceptual framework based on what Latour calls the “principle of symmetry” between human and non-humans actants that take part in the constitution of what we call society. Through focusing on different “thing theories,” the thesis works to recuperate some of these concepts and practices to enrich my own conceptual toolbox. Each chapter focuses on a particular case study – the revolving door, the Automated Public Toilet, barbed wire and the smartphone – that gives me the ground where I put at test these different perspectives to see if they can be good theoretical allies to give more space in critical theory for what Latour calls its 'missing masses'.