[pt] A pesquisa recorda as três maiores pandemias da Era Cristã: a Peste Justiniana, no século VI, a Peste Negra, no século XIV e a Gripe Espanhola, no século XX. Investiga-se em cada moléstia a natureza da doença, sua origem, sintomas, percursos e impactos. Enfatiza-se a maneira como a Igreja atravessou cada período pandêmico, revelando suas crenças e interpretações para as pragas, a forma como tentava afastar o mal e a assistência que fornecia aos enfermos e enlutados. A pesquisa revela ainda se os cristãos amadureceram suas respostas às crises, se aspectos litúrgicos foram adaptados e se interpretações escatológicas sofreram alguma alteração. Seguindo a ordem cronológica em que as pestilências se sucederam, dedica-se o primeiro capítulo ao estudo da Peste Justiniana, revelando, por exemplo, como o contexto geográfico e social da época contribuía para a disseminação de doenças. A pesquisa avança até a Baixa Idade Média, quando Europa, Ásia e África são assoladas pela Peste Negra, e mostra, entre outras coisas, as frustrantes tentativas médicas e religiosas de lidar com a praga. Finalmente, o último capítulo explora a maior pandemia da história, a Gripe Espanhola, dissertando sobre sua alta letalidade e a maneira diversa como os cristãos oriundos de diferentes denominações reagiram. / [en] The research recalls the three greatest pandemics of the Christian Era: the Jus-tinian Plague, in the 6th century, the Black Death, in the 14th century and the Spanish Flu, in the 20th century. The nature of the disease, its origin, symptoms, routes and impacts are investigated in each sickness. It emphasizes how the Church went through each pandemic period, revealing its beliefs and interpretations for the plagues, the way it tried to ward off evil and the assistance it provided to the sick and mourning. The survey also reveals whether Christians have matured their responses to crises, whether liturgical aspects have been adapted and whether eschatological interpretations have undergone any changes. Following the chronological order in which the pestilences followed one another, the first chapter is devoted to the study of the Justinian Plague, revealing, for example, how the geographic and social context of the time contributed to the spread of diseases. The research advances to the Late Middle Ages, when Europe, Asia and Africa were ravaged by the Black Death, and shows, among other things, the frustrating medical and religious attempts to deal with the plague. Finally, the last chapter explores the greatest pandemic in history, the Spanish Flu, discussing its high lethality and the diverse way in which Christians from different denominations reacted.

Master of Science / Department of Clinical Sciences / David S. Hodgson / Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an economically important and highly contagious disease of sheep and goats. It is characterized by enteritis, stomatitis, pneumonia, and discharge from the nose and eyes. This report contains a review of PPR and its epidemiology in Afghanistan and other PPR- endemic countries followed by recommendations for dealing disease in Afghanistan. Studies showed that PPR is still endemic in Afghanistan’s neighboring countries including Pakistan, Iran, Tajikistan, and China. From January of 2009 to January of 2010, 852 outbreaks of PPR were reported to the OIE from 24 different countries. However, this study focuses on Afghanistan and some neighboring countries (Iran, Tajikistan). Animal clinics and Veterinary Field Units (VFUs) reported 7,741 cases of PPR from 2008 to 2009 in different parts of Afghanistan. A study by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 2009 showed that PPR is endemic in various parts of Afghanistan. Seroprevalence of PPR varied from 0% in Kapisa to 48% in Herat province of Afghanistan. The last chapter of this report includes recommendations and guidelines regarding prevention and eradication of PPR from Afghanistan. These recommendations could help improve animal health and the economy of Afghanistan in the future.

L’émergence et la diffusion de la résistance aux antibiotiques au sein des bactéries à Gram négatif (BGN) sont aujourd’hui des enjeux de Santé Publique nationaux et internationaux. La multi-résistance aux antibiotiques concerne non seulement des espèces fréquemment responsables d’infections nosocomiales mais aussi des espèces hautement virulentes comme Yersinia pestis, agent de la peste et du bioterrorisme. Dans ce contexte, la mise au point de nouvelles molécules actives sur d’autres cibles bactériennes est primordiale. La métallo-enzyme LpxC catalyse la première étape irréversible de la biosynthèse du lipide A, constituant majeur de la membrane externe des bactéries à Gram négatif. Des inhibiteurs de LpxC sont ainsi développés depuis une vingtaine d’années mais leur spectre sur les BGN était initialement limité aux entérobactéries et leur activité partielle sur P. aeruginosa. Dans ce travail nous avons participé à l’optimisation de la structure chimique de ces molécules grâce à une approche dynamique des interactions enzymes/inhibiteurs utilisant la résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN). Cette technique a permis l’élaboration d’un nouvel inhibiteur de LpxC, le LPC-058, caractérisé par une forte affinité pour l’enzyme (Ki = 3,5 ± 0,2 pM). Nous avons évalué in vitro l’activité antibiotique du LPC-058 et de trois autres composés (CHIR-090, LPC-011 et LPC-087) vis-à-vis de 369 souches cliniques responsables d’infections nosocomiales aux profils de résistance variés. Le LPC-058 présentait le plus large spectre d’activité en particulier sur A. baumannii et les valeurs de CMI les plus basses (CMI90 = 0,12 mg/L pour les entérobactéries et 0,5 mg/L pour P. aeruginosa). Il était bactéricide vis-à-vis de souches multi-résistantes et son action était synergique avec les C3G, l’imipénème, l’amikacine et la ciprofloxacine vis-à-vis de souches de K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa et A. baumannii productrice de carbapénémases, respectivement KPC-2, VIM-1 et OXA-23. Le LPC-058 présentait néanmoins une forte fixation protéique et, in vivo, son volume de distribution était limité au compartiment sanguin (Vd = 1,1 L/kg). Nous avons évalué son activité in vivo dans un modèle murin de peste bubonique car il s’agit de l’une des infections les plus virulentes pour l’homme. Nous avons obtenu une survie de 87 % après 5 jours de traitement à la posologie de 10 mg/kg q8h par voie veineuse. Le LPC-058 occasionnant des diarrhées chez le rongeur, nous avons évalué un de ses dérivés, le LPC-B, caractérisé par une moindre fixation protéique, un plus grand volume de distribution et l’absence d’effets secondaires chez la souris, même à fortes doses. Nous avons démontré qu’à la posologie de 200 mg/kg par voie veineuse, cet antibiotique était aussi efficace que la doxycycline (traitement de référence de la peste). L’ensemble de ces travaux souligne le rôle potentiel des inhibiteurs de LpxC dans la prise en charge des infections par des bactéries multi-résistantes ou hautement virulentes. / Antimicrobial resistance among Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) has become a national and international public health concern. Resistant strains are involved in nosocomial diseases and in highly virulent infections, such as plague caused by Yersinia pestis, a potential biological terrorism agent. In this context the development of new antimicrobial compounds efficient on new bacterial targets is critical. LpxC metallo-enzyme catalyzes the first commitment step of the lipid A biosynthesis, a major component of the Gram negative cell wall. LpxC inhibitors have been developed for twenty years but their activity was restricted to enterobacteria and weak against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this study, we have collaborated in the chemical optimization of the compounds thanks to a dynamic approach of enzyme/inhibitor interactions brought by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). This technology enabled the development of LPC-058, a new inhibitor, showing a high potency against LpxC (Ki = 3.5 ± 0.2 pM). We studied the in vitro efficacy of LPC-058 and three other compounds (CHIR-090, LPC-011 and LPC-087) against 369 clinical strains responsible for nosocomial infections with various antibiotic resistance profiles. In this part, LPC-058 displayed the broadest spectrum of efficacy, even on Acinetobacter baumannii with the lowest MIC values (MIC90 = 0.12 mg/L against enterobacteria and 0.5 mg/L against P. aeruginosa). It showed bactericidal activity against multi-resistant strains and synergistic activity in association with third generation cephalosporins, imipenem, amikacin and ciprofloxacin against carbapenemase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa et A. baumannii strains (respectively KPC-2, VIM-1 and OXA-23). However, LPC-058 was constrained by strong protein interactions and a small volume of distribution (Vd = 1.1 L/kg). In vivo efficacy was studied in a murine model of bubonic plague. A 87% survival rate was obtained after five days of 10 mg/kg q8h intravenous administration. As LPC-058 treatment was associated to diarrheas in mice, we evaluated another derivate, LPC-B, characterized by a larger volume of distribution, minor protein fixation and less side effects, even for a high dose posology. We demonstrated a comparable efficacy between 200 mg/kg LPC-B treatment and doxycyclin administration (recommended in plague treatment). This work highlights the potential use of LpxC inhibitors in the management of infections caused by multi-resistant or highly virulent Gram-negative bacteria.

La Peste Porcina Clásica es la enfermedad transfronteriza más importante que afecta el comercio internacional de porcinos, carne de cerdo y sus productos derivados. Está presente en varios países de América Latina y produce cada año importantes pérdidas para los productores, poniendo en riesgo la seguridad alimentaria de su población. Por ese motivo, es importante que todos los países logren la erradicación de la enfermedad en sus territorios. En Colombia, la zona centro occidente es la zona de mayor productividad porcina. Allí está el 70% de la producción tecnificada y el núcleo más importante de alta genética. Esta zona está rodeada por altas montañas del sistema montañoso andino, que permitió separarla del resto del país, en una estrategia de zonificación. El objetivo principal de este estudio es demostrar la ausencia de actividad del virus de la Peste Porcina Clásica en la zona centro occidente y documentar todas las acciones sanitarias y de vigilancia epidemiológica que soportan esta ausencia de actividad viral. La recopilación de información sobre las acciones sanitarias y la vigilancia epidemiológica desde 2011 hasta 2015, demostró que fueron eficientes para detener la transmisión de la enfermedad y permite inferir que no hay circulación viral en la zona. Con el objetivo de confirmar si las acciones sanitarias y la vigilancia epidemiológica fueron suficientes y eficientes, se realizó un estudio epidemiológico para demostrar la ausencia de actividad viral en la zona centro occidente de Colombia. Para este propósito, se realizaron actividades de vigilancia epidemiológica, que permitiera detectar hasta un nivel de prevalencia del 1%, (con un nivel de confianza del 95% y una sensibilidad del 95%). Se muestrearon 668 granjas y 7.736 animales. El diseño estadístico para el muestreo contemplaba dos estratos, productores de traspatio y productores intensivos y el tamaño del muestreo se distribuyó de manera proporcional al tamaño de la población en cada departamento de la zona centro occidente de Colombia. Todos los resultados del estudio epidemiológico fueron negativos a las pruebas diagnósticas utilizadas y a la investiación epidemiológica complementaria que se adelantó en dos predios con resultados positvos en las pruebas serológicas, los cuales fueron descartados por la sensibilidad de las pruebas y por una vacunación de animales contra la Peste Porcina Clásica no reportada. Los resultados del estudio epidemiologico para determinar ausencia de actividad viral permiten asegurar que en la zona centro occidente de Colombia no hay actividad del virus de la Peste Porcina Clásica, con un nivel de confianza del 95%, si la prevalencia de la enfermedad es igual o superior al 1%. Las acciones sanitarias y de vigilancia epidemiológica realizadas entre el 2011 y 2015, han sido adecuadas y permitieron detener la circulación del virus de Peste Porcina Clásica en la zona centro occidente de Colombia, lo que ha sido demostrado con el presente estudio / The Classical Swine Fever is the most important transboundary disease, that affect the international trades for swine, pork meat and products. It is present in Latin American countries and produce every year a lot of loses for the producers and put in risk the food safety of its people. For that reasons, it’s important for all the countries to get the eradication of the disease in their territories. In Colombia, the central west zone it’s the most important pork productive zone. There be in there the 70% of the intensive production of Colombia and the most important nucleus of high genetics. This zone is surrounded by high mountains from the Andean Mountain system, that allowed to separate it from the rest of the country. The mainly objective of this study is the demonstration of absence for the activity of the Classical Swine Fever virus in the zone and the record of all the sanitary actions and the epidemiological surveillance that support this absence. The compilation of the information about the sanitary actions and epidemiological surveillance since 2011 to 2015, was demonstrate that all the actions was efficient in order to stop the transmission of the disease and let’s infer that there is not viral circulation in the zone. In order to confirm if the sanitary action and epidemiological surveillance was enough and efficient, was made and Epidemiological study to demonstrate absence of viral activity in the Colombia´s central west zone. For this purpose, the sampling size was calculate using an assumed prevalence of 1%, level of reliability of 95%, and sensibility of 95%. With these parameters the sampling size was 668 farms and 7.736 animals. The statistical design for sampling was contemplate two stratums, backyard producers and intensive producers, and the sampling size was distributed in proportional way to the size of population in each department of the Colombia´s central west zone. The epidemiological study results were negative to the serological tests and to the Complementary Epidemiological Investigation, carried out in two farms with positive results, which were ruled out by the sensitivity of the test and by an undeclared vaccination against Classical Swine Fever. The results of the epidemiological study for determinate the absence viral activity allow to ensure that in the Colombia´s central west zone there is not viral activity with a reliability level of 95% if at least the prevalence of the disease is 1% or higher than that. The sanitary actions and the epidemiological surveillance carried out between 2011 and 2016, were adequate and allow to stop the Classical Swine Fever viral circulation in the Colombia´s central west zone, which was demonstrate in this study

La laringotraqueítis infecciosa aviar (LT) es una enfermedad que actualmente afecta a muchas granjas avícolas en nuestro país y produce pérdidas económicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las pérdidas económicas causadas por LT en una granja de ponedoras comerciales, en el departamento de Lima. Se realizó en una granja localizada en el distrito de Chilca, de la provincia de Cañete, departamento de Lima, la cual contaba con una población de 14415 gallinas y fue afectada por la LT. Se elaboró una encuesta y se realizaron visitas para la recolección de datos de bioseguridad de la granja, de la producción y costos de producción de una campaña afectada con LT y de otra campaña sin LT. Se evaluaron los parámetros productivos y el impacto económico causado por LT mediante la comparación de costos y pérdidas económicas entre ambas campañas usando un modelo de distribución estocástica con el programa para análisis de riesgo @RISK 5.1®. Se obtuvo que el costo por Kg. de huevo en la campaña con LT se incrementó en 34.07%, respecto de una campaña sin la enfermedad. En la campaña con LT la producción de huevos disminuyó en 16% y la mortalidad se incrementó en 18%, al compararlo con la campaña sin LT. Los ingresos económicos fueron similares en ambas campañas, debido al incremento de precios de venta de huevos y de gallinas durante la campaña con LT. Sino se hubiera perdido 16% de los ingresos por la venta de huevos y 25% de los ingresos por la venta de gallinas, más los costos por las medidas tomadas ante el brote de LT. La LT causó un impacto económico negativo en la granja evaluada, produciéndole importantes pérdidas productivas y económicas. Palabras claves: Laringotraqueitis infecciosa aviar, impacto económico, pérdidas productivas, granja de ponedoras. / Avian infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a disease that currently affects many poultry farms in our country and produces economic losses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the economic losses caused by ILT in a commercial layer farm in the department of Lima. It was performed in a farm located in the district of Chilca, Province of Cañete, Department of Lima, which had a population of 14415 hens stage and was affected by the ILT. A survey was made and visits to the farm were done to collect biosafety data, production data and production costs of a campaign with ILT and a campaign without ILT. Productive parameters were evaluated and the economic impact caused by ILT was measured by comparing costs and lost productivity from both campaigns using a stochastic distribution model with the risk analysis program @ RISK 5.1 ®. It was found that the cost per kg of egg on the campaigns with ILT increased by 34.07%, with respect a campaign without the disease. In the campaign with ILT egg production declined by 16% and mortality increased by 18% when compared with the campaign without ILT. The economic returns were similar in both campaigns, due to the increase of selling prices of eggs and chickens during the campaign with ILT. Otherwise 16% of the proceeds from the sale of eggs and 25% revenue from the sale of hens would had lost, plus costs for the measures taken by the outbreak of ILT. ILT had a negative economic impact on the tested farm, causing significant production losses and economic losses. Keywords: Avian infectious laryngotracheitis, economic impact, production losses, layer farm.

Texte révisé de: Thèse--Marseille--Université de la Méditerranée, 1998. / Bibliogr. p. 151-156.

Texte remanié de: Tesi di laurea--Filologia italiana--Trieste--Università degli studi, 2002. Titre de soutenance : La relazione della peste (1682) di Gio. Maria Marusig. / Bibliogr. p. 41-47. Index.

Master's Thesis is dedicated to risk management in company engaged in the production of heating systems. The main goal of this Master's Thesis is the formulation and quantification of suitable recommendations. Through a detailed study of specialized literature and expert articles is explained risk management, the process of risk management, methods of risk identification and risk reduction methods. The acquired knowledge are applied to elaborate the practical part. Risks are identified at the macro environments and analysis of internal and external environments of the company. The probability of occurrence for these risks are determined subsequently for these risks, the size of the intended business impact is determined and the significance of the individual risks are established. Then for each risk is determined recommendations for risk management at Korado a.s.

86f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-05-17T12:49:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ana Bicalho.pdf: 371392 bytes, checksum: e0826192558e6c312e59b2bd26e5452a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alda Lima da Silva(sivalda@ufba.br) on 2013-05-27T21:33:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ana Bicalho.pdf: 371392 bytes, checksum: e0826192558e6c312e59b2bd26e5452a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-27T21:33:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ana Bicalho.pdf: 371392 bytes, checksum: e0826192558e6c312e59b2bd26e5452a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Este trabalho se insere nos Estudos de Tradução e propõe-se a investigar o processo de (re)criação dos tradutores do romance La Peste de Albert Camus, a saber, Graciliano Ramos e Valérie Rumjanek, a partir de uma perspectiva sistêmica e funcional. A base teórica e metodológica adotada é a Teoria do Polissistemas desenvolvida por Itamar Even-Zohar e os fundamentos dos Estudos Descritivos de Tradução que têm como principais representantes Gideon Toury, André Lefevere, José Lambert e Hendrik van Gorp. Foram discutidas, durante a análise, questões referentes ao cânone literário, à fidelidade e originalidade e à relação entre autor e tradutor destacando que um dos tradutores envolvidos é um autor já consagrado na língua de chegada. Em seguida, foi feita uma análise macro e micro-estrutural das traduções envolvidas e, por fim, o levantamento e análise dos aspectos semânticos e sintáticos das traduções encontradas, estabelecendo uma relação crítica com o texto de partida. A análise demonstrou as diferenças entre as traduções e como o contexto e a cultura influenciam no processo de (re)criação, além de apontar as principais opções tradutórias de Graciliano Ramos e Valerie Rumjanek que caracterizam seu estilo como tradutores. / Salvador

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