Annually, nearly 7 million women and 5.5 million men experience some form of intimate partner violence, which has serious health impacts. IPV has also been shown to limit the impact of early childhood home visiting interventions. Given the positive impacts of home visiting, reducing IPV in that setting could alleviate the negative impacts of IPV and improve mother and child outcomes as well. The analysis performed are from data from a randomized trial of an intimate partner violence intervention that was embedded into the Nurse Family Partnership, an evidence-based home visiting program. The intervention focused on identifying IPV, and for women without severe IPV, improving relationship skills including communication patterns and conflict resolution. The goal of this analysis is to examine how changes in partner and history of IPV moderate the relationship skills outcomes. This study aims to fill the gap in knowledge regarding the relationship between a home visiting intervention and relationship skill outcomes in women enrolled in the home visiting program, the Nurse Family Partnership. The purpose of the study is to discover whether the relationship skills differ in participants with stable vs. unstable partnerships and with those who experienced IPV before the start of the study. Women were randomized to NFP as usual (n=105) or NFP+, which included NFP plus the IPV intervention (n=133). Participants were surveyed at baseline, and at one and two-year follow-up with 81% retention over 2 years. Standardized assessment tools assessed relationship quality, communication, problem solving, partner support, relationship decision making, and psychological maltreatment. Marginal modeling was conducted to examine whether the intervention accounted for any change in relationship variables and whether the impact is moderated by history of IPV and changes in partnership. Multilevel modeling of the outcome variables showed some main effects of time such that conflict resolution improves for the intervention group (p<0.05). There is one clinically significant three-way interaction showing reduced relationship danger in the intervention for women with a history of IPV (p<0.06). There were no significant interactions for the partnership change moderator.

Este estudo avaliou, in vitro, os níveis de microinfiltração em cavidades Classe II restauradas com três sistemas restauradores para dentes posteriores (P60/Single Bond-3M; Solitaire/Gluma One Bond-Kulzer e SureFil/Prime & Bond 2.1-Dentsply), com interposição de bases (uma resina de baixa viscosidade - Flow-It!/Jeneric Pentron; e um ionômero de vidro modificado por resina – Vitremer/3M); nos grupos controle nenhuma base foi utilizada. Em 90 dentes pré-molares humanos, extraídos por razões ortodônticas, foram confeccionadas cavidades de Classe II (MOD) padronizadas, com margens cervicais localizadas da seguinte forma: na caixa distal: 1mm aquém do limite amelo-cementário; na caixa mesial: 1mm além do limite amelo-cementário. Os dentes foram divididos em 9 grupos de 10 espécimes, como a seguir descritos: grupos I, II e III: receberam Flow-It! como base, nas paredes de fundo (axial e pulpar) e circundante (gengival) e foram restaurados com P60, Solitaire e SureFil, respectivamente; grupos IV, V e VI: foram apenas restaurados com as mesmas resinas (P60, Solitaire e SureFil), respectivamente: grupos VII, VIII e IX: receberam Vitremer como base e foram restaurados com P60, Solitaire e SureFil, respectivamente. As bases foram mantidas na parede gengival ao nível da junção amelo-dentinária, na caixa distal, e a 1mm do cavo-superficial, na caixa mesial. Passadas 24 horas da confecção das restaurações, estas foram submetidas a estresse mecânico (1-17kg, 10x a cada dia/7 dias). Após esse tempo, com as superfícies dentárias devidamente protegidas com esmalte para unhas, os espécimes foram armazenados em fuccina básica por 24 horas. Em seguida, foram lavados em água corrente, também por 24 horas. Foram incluídos em moldes de resina ortoftálica e seccionados, donde se obtiveram cortes de aproximadamente 0,8mm. Com um “scanner", foram tomadas imagens, previamente selecionadas com lupa (10x), da secção mais infiltrada de dente. A área de penetração do corante foi demarcada e calculada pelo programa ImageTool (UTHSCSA) e os resultados submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) a três critérios e à comparação individual de Tukey-Kramer. A análise dos resultados demonstrou que as margens em esmalte apresentaram menores áreas infiltradas, independentemente do material utilizado e das associações entre eles (p<0,05). A presença de base não resultou em redução da infiltração marginal significante para as resinas, P60 e SureFil, independente da margem avaliada (p>0,05). A resina Solitaire apresentou os maiores níveis de infiltração quando empregada sem a presença de base (p<0,05). Assim, concluise que a presença de base pode minimizar os níveis de infiltração, nas margens em esmalte e dentina, porém está na dependência do sistema restaurador empregado. / The purpose of this study was to determine the microleakage at cervical margins of class II (MOD) resin composite restorations using (P60/Single Bond©; Solitaire/Gluma One Bond6 e SureFil/Prime & Bond 2.1<), with and without Flow-It!J or Vitremer© bases. MOD cavity preparations were cut in 90 extracted, caries-free human premolars. One cervical margin was placed in enamel (1mm to the CEJ) and one in dentin (1mm below the CEJ). The teeth were randomly divided in 9 groups: groups I, II and III - a layer of a low viscosity resin composite (Flow It!) was placed on the pulpal, axial and gingival margins up to 1 mm before the cavosurface margin using their respective proprietary bonding agents and restored with P60, Solitaire or Surefil resin composite systems, respectively; groups IV, V and VI – were restored without placement of any base material with the mentioned restorative systems; groups VII, VIII and IX - a layer of a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (Vitremer) was applied as described for groups I, II and III. The restored teeth were stored in water at 37oC and subjected to load cycles (1-17Kg x10/7 days) before being immersed in 0.5% basic fucsin for 24 h. The teeth were then washed and serially sectioned in a mesio-distal direction to obtain slices of the gingival margin interface. The slice with the highest degree of leakage as judged by a 10X microscope was selected and scanned image was analyzed by a digital image software (ImageTool, UTHSCSA) to calculate the area of leakage. Multivariable ANOVA showed that the highest degrees of leakage occurred at dentin margins regardless of the presence of base or type of resin filling (p<0.05). The presence of a base did not result in significant differences in the degree of leakage for both Surefil and P60 (p>0.05). Solitaire presented the highest degree of leakage when placed without a base material (p<0.05). The presence of a base material may decrease the degree of leakage, but this is dependent on the filling material.

Este trabalho toma por objeto as mensagens sobre drogas nas letras de rap. Compreende que esse gênero musical é parte de um movimento cultural maior – o hip hop – que difunde uma visão social de mundo principalmente nas periferias das grandes cidades do país. Teve como objetivo analisar as mensagens sobre drogas das letras de rap de grupos com representatividade e influência entre os jovens da periferia de São Paulo. Por meio da metodologia de Análise de Discurso estudou-se onze letras de nove grupos de rap. O tema marcante nas letras é a vida na periferia que é retratada pelo tráfico e consumo de drogas, pela violência e discriminação enfrentados pelos jovens. O problema do consumo de drogas é compreendido por alguns grupos no âmbito estrutural - como conseqüência do modo de produção capitalista - e por outros no âmbito particular - pelas características individuais, pela influência da família e dos amigos. As propostas do rap para o enfrentamento e para a superação desses problemas estão voltadas ao fortalecimento e responsabilização do sujeito, que através de um esforço pessoal, não se envolveria com o tráfico e com o consumo de drogas consideradas perigosas e potencialmente destrutivas como o crack e a cocaína. O fortalecimento de laços familiares, de amizade e a educação são também elencados como saídas para os problemas advindos do envolvimento com as drogas. Assim as propostas apoiam-se fortemente no sujeito, invocando um discurso que além da denunciar a situação dos jovens de periferia propõe mecanismos de proteção para criar uma alternativa de “vida possível" - de convivência com a violência, com o tráfico e com o consumo de drogas. Tal tática identitária tem a finalidade de garantir a sobrevivência dos jovens na periferia / This work takes as object the messages about drugs in the rap lyrics. It understands that rap is a kind of music that is part of a bigger cultural movement – the hip hop – that diffuses a social vision of world mainly in the peripheries of the big cities of the country. It had as objective to analyze the messages about drugs of the rap lyrics from the representative and influential groups among the youths living in the periphery of São Paulo. The Discourse Analysis was used as a methodology. Eleven lyrics of nine groups of rap were taken as a sample. The outstanding theme in the lyrics is the life in the periphery that is portrayed by the traffic and the consume of drugs, by the violence and discrimination faced by the youths. The problem of the consumption of drugs is understood by some groups in the structural scope - as consequence of the capitalism - and by others in the private scope – by the individual characteristics, by family and friends influence. The proposals of the rap are to confront and to overcome those problems are to empower and to hold the subject responsible, that through a personal effort, would not be involved with traffic and consumption of drugs considered risky and potentially destructive as crack and cocaine. The empowerment of family, friends and education they are also listed as exits for the resulting problems of the drugs involvement. Therefore, the rap proposals rely strongly in the individual, invoking a discourse that beyond the denounce of the situation of the periphery youths, it proposes to develop protection mechanisms to create an alternative of “possible life" - of socialization with violence, traffic and drug consumption. Such identification tactics has the purpose of guarantee the survival of the youths in the periphery

No description available.

Com a finalidade de compreender a estrutura e a dinâmica da comunidade de algas perifíticas aderidas à Eichhornia azurea Kunt em lagoas marginais, um estudo foi realizado na zona de desembocadura do rio Paranapanema na represa de Jurumirim, em dois locais distintos (região de entrada e região lêntica) de duas lagoas marginais. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente, no período de um ano (março/01 a março/02) e características climatológicas e hidrodinâmicas, os aspectos físicos e químicos da água, bem como as variáveis biológicas do perifíton, também foram realizadas. As variáveis que apresentaram correlações mais significativas foram: a precipitação, a temperatura da água, o nível da água, a profundidade, a transparência, o pH, a condutividade, a alcalinidade, o CO2 total, CO livre, o material em suspensão total e o inorgânico. De acordo com os índices de classificação, a comunidade perifítica apresentou predominância de biomassa baixa, conteúdo de material inorgânico-orgânico e heterotrofia. Considerando-se as duas lagoas com suas estações de amostragens, foram encontrados 408 táxons. A lagoa do Coqueiral apresentou uma maior riqueza (394 táxons), sendo que a classe Zygnemaphyceae teve o maior número de táxons, (118) e a lagoa do Camargo apresentou 353 táxons, onde também a classe Zygnemaphyceae teve o maior número de táxons, (114). Nas duas estações da lagoa do Camargo e na estação 1 da lagoa do Coqueiral a classe que apresentou maior densidade durante todo o período foi a classe Bacillariophyceae (com dominância da espécie Achnanthidium minutissimum) e na estação 2 da lagoa do Coqueiral nos meses de abril e maio de 2001 a classe Oedogoniophyceae teve uma maior densidade e em novembro a classe Cyanophyceae teve uma contribuição de 63,4% na densidade total. Os valores de diversidade de Shannon-Weaner foram maiores na entrada da lagoa do Coqueiral variando de 2,37 bits/ind.(ago/01) a 5,20 bits/ind. (mar/02). Os táxons que tiveram 100% de freqüência relativa foram: Achnanthidium minutissimum, Cymbella minuta, Eunotia sp, Fragilaria capucina, Cosmarium margaritatum, Cosmarium regnellii, Cosmarium sp, Bulbochaete sp e Oedogonium sp. A lagoa do Coqueiral, com maior conectividade com o rio, apresentou maior diversidade e riqueza enquanto que na lagoa do Camargo, ocorreu maior densidade. / Aiming to understand structure and dynamics of periphytic algae attached to Eichhornia azurea Kunt in marginal lakes, a study was undertaken at the mouth zone of Paranapanema river in Jurumirim reservoir, at two distinct locations (entrance region and lentic region) of two marginal lakes. Samplings were taken monthly, during one year (March/01 to March/02), climatological and hydrodynamic characteristics, physical and chemical aspects, as well as periphyton biological variables, were also studied. The variables with more meaningful correlations were: precipitation, water temperature, water level, depth, transparency, pH, conductivity, alkalinity, total CO2, free CO, total and inorganic suspended matter. According to the classification indexes, periphytic community presented a low biomass predominance, inorganic-organic matter content and heterotrophy. Considering the two lakes with its sampling stations, 408 taxa were found. Coqueiral lake presented greater richness (394 taxa), and the class Zygnemaphyceae had more taxa than the others (118), and Camargo lake presented 353 taxa, where the class Zygnemaphyceae also had more taxa (114). In both sampling stations from Camargo lake, and in station 1 from Coqueiral lake, the class with higher density during the whole period was Bacillariophyceae (with the dominance of the species Achnanthidium minutissimum), and in station 2 from Coqueiral lake in the months of April and May, 2001 the class Oedogoniophyceae hadgreater density and in November the class Cyanophyceae contributed in 63,4% of total density. Shannon-Weaner diversity values were higher at the entrance/mouth of Coqueiral lake, varying from 2.37 bits/ind (August/01) to 5.20 bits/ind (March/02). The taxa that had 100% of relative frequency were: Achnanthidium minutissimum, Cymbella minuta, Eunotia sp, Fragilaria capucina, Cosmarium margaritatum, Cosmarium regnellii, Cosmarium sp, Bulbochaete sp and Oedogonium sp. Coqueiral lake, with more connectivity to the river, presented higher diversity, while in Camargo lake density was higher.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do hidróxido de cálcio e do EDTA na marcação da infiltração marginal de corante azul de metileno a 2% em canais radiculares obturados pela técnica da condensação lateral, foram empregados 188 dentes incisivos centrais superiores humanos extraídos. Após serem instrumentados e impermeabilizados, foram divididos em 3 grupos de 60 elementos cada, sendo que outros 8 dentes foram utilizados como controle. Cada grupo foi dividido em 2 subgrupos, os quais, foram subdivididos em dois, totalizando 12 subgrupos com 15 elementos cada, dessa forma descritos: Grupo I – obturação imediata; em 30 dentes foi aplicado EDTA por 3 minutos antes da obturação; em 30 dentes a obturação foi feita sem a aplicação do EDTA; 30 dentes foram obturados com cimento de óxido de zinco e eugenol e 30 obturados com pasta de hidróxido de cálcio; Grupo II – aplicação de EDTA por 3 minutos e preenchimento de todos os canais com pasta de hidróxido de cálcio (curativo); em 30 dentes o EDTA foi reaplicado após a remoção do curativo, e nos outros 30 dentes não; 30 dentes foram obturados com cimento de óxido de zinco e eugenol e 30 obturados com pasta de hidróxido de cálcio; Grupo III – após a instrumentação, os canais foram preenchidos com pasta de hidróxido de cálcio (curativo) sem a aplicação prévia do EDTA; após a remoção do curativo, em 30 dentes o EDTA foi aplicado e em outros 30 não; 30 dentes foram obturados com cimento de óxido de zinco e eugenol e outros 30 com pasta de hidróxido de cálcio. Posteriormente à imersão em azul de metileno a 2% por 72 horas, os dentes foram seccionados longitudinalmente e as infiltrações mensuradas com o emprego de um microscópio óptico munido de uma ocular micrometrada. Após serem empregados os testes estatísticos pertinentes, foram obtidas as seguintes conclusões: - em relação ao hidróxido de cálcio: como curativo e pasta obturadora, interfere estatisticamente na marcação da infiltração, diminuindo a sua magnitude; em relação ao EDTA: o seu emprego prévio ao curativo de hidróxido de cálcio, melhora o selamento das obturações com óxido de zinco e eugenol; o emprego antes e após o curativo, promove um aumento da infiltração em canais obturados com óxido de zinco e eugenol; em canais obturados com pasta de hidróxido de cálcio, o seu emprego não promove interferências estatisticamente significantes nos resultados. / With the objective of evaluate the influence of calcium hydroxide and EDTA in marginal infiltration of metilen blue 2% in root canals obturated by the laterally condensed technique, were used 188 central superior incisor human teeth. After they were instrumented and impatented, the 188 teeth were divided in 3 groups of 60 teeth each. Each group was divided in 2 subgroups and these were divided again in 2, resulting 12 subgroups with 15 teeth each, this way discribed: Group I: immediate obturation; in 30 teeth was applied EDTA for 3 minutes before obturation; and in the other 30 the obturation was done without application of EDTA. 30 teeth were obturated with zinc oxide and eugenol ciment and 30 were obturated with calcium hydroxide paste; Group II: application of EDTA for 3 minutes and all root canals were filled with calcium hydroxide paste (bandage). In 30 teeth the EDTA was applied again after removing the bandage, but this was not done in the other 30; 30 teeth were obturated with calcium hydroxide paste; Group III: the root canals were filled with calcium hydroxide paste (bandage), without a previous application of EDTA, after they were instrumented. After removing the bandage, the EDTA was applied in 30 teeth one more time but not the other 30; 30 teeth were obturated with zinc oxide and eugenol ciment and the other 30 with calcium hydroxide paste. After the immersion in metilen blue 2% for 72 hours, all the 180 teeth were longitudinally sectionalized and the infiltrations were measured using a stereomicroscope and a micrometric ocular. Statistics tests were done and according with those, the following conclusions were obtained: - calcium hydroxide: As a bandage and as an obturation paste, interferes in the infiltration; its use as a bandage, before obturation, with zinc oxide and eugenol ciment, improves the sealer quality of this last one; - EDTA: Its use before the calcium hydroxide bandage, improves obturation sealings with zinc oxide and eugenol ciment. It use after and before the bandage promotis an infiltration increasing in obturated root canals with zinc oxide and eugenol ciment; in root canals obturated with calcium hydroxide paste, the use of EDTA does not promote significative interferences in the result.

Este trabalho examina o estilo da obra de Ozualdo Candeias, marcado pela ambiguidade, a partir dos contatos estabelecidos com o Cinema Marginal e com o cinema da Boca do Lixo. Três são os pontos de partida, para a análise dos filmes realizados entre os anos 1967-83. No primeiro capítulo, pensa-se numa perambulação específica, que não se limita a uma mera atividade física. No segundo, são questionadas as disjunções entre sons e imagens, a partir da idéia de um cinema emudecido. No terceiro capítulo, está em pauta uma sexualidade tangencial, que se aproxima do modelo da comédia erótica mas, por outro lado, opõe-se à abordagem machista própria ao gênero. / Ce travail examine le style de l\'oeuvre de Ozualdo Candeias, determinée par l\'ambiguïté, dont les rapports avec le Cinéma Marginal et de la Boca do Lixo sont au premier plan. Trois sont les points de départ pour l\'analyse des films réalisés pendant les anées 1967-83. Dans le premier chapitre, nous examinons une idée elargie de deambulation, qui ne se limite pas a une pure activité physique. Dans le second, nous nous interrogeons sur les disjonctions entre les sons et les images, d\'apprès l\'idée de cinéma mutique. Le troisième chapitre est a própos d\'une sexualité tangentielle, qui se rapproche de la comédie érotique, mais d\'autre part s\'oppose à l\'approche macho, tipique au genre cinematographique.

Orientador: Carlos Augusto Pavanelli / Banca: Leonardo Buso / Banca: Marco Antonio Bottino / Resumo: Este estudo avaliou a discrepância marginal (DM) e interna (DI) de coroas totais cerâmicas fabricadas pelo sistema CAD/CAM Cerec inLab, frente a três diferentes términos cervicais. A hipótese nula foi que o tipo de término não influencia a DM e DI das coroas. A partir de três troquéis metálicos com distintos términos cervicais, foram fresadas trinta coroas cerâmicas (ProCad/Ivoclar Vivadent) (n=10): CI) chanfro inclinado; CL) chanfro largo e O) ombro arredondado. Para análise da DM, mensurou-se, em 50 pontos, a distância entre a margem externa de cada coroa à margem do término cervical do respectivo troquel metálico. Utilizando a técnica da réplica, avaliou-se a DI de cada coroa em 12 pontos igualmente distribuídos por regiões: término (T), axial (A) e oclusal (Ocl). As mensurações foram realizadas em microscópio óptico (250x). Os dados obtidos ('mü'm) foram submetidos aos testes estatísticos ANOVA e de Tukey (5%). Os resultados demonstraram que grupo O (28,24'mais ou menos'11,42'mü'm) gerou valores de DM significativamente inferiores (p=0,001) aos dos grupos CI (99,92'mais ou menos'18,32'mü'm) e CL (64,71'mais ou menos'25,64'mü'm), os quais diferiram estatisticamente entre si. A análise da DI demonstrou que o grupo CL (183,01'mais ou menos'62,82'mü"m) apresentou valores inferiores (p=0,0014) aos demais grupos: CI (216,26'mais ou menos'83,23 'mü'm) e O (219,12'mais ou menos'87,24'mü'm), os quais foram semelhantes entre si. Observou-se também que a DI variou entre as regiões mensuradas (p=0,0001). A hipótese nula foi rejeitada. Baseado nos resultados pôde-se concluir que, apesar das diferenças estatísticas observadas entre os grupos, os três términos cervicais geraram coroas com valores de DM e DI aceitáveis clinicamente. / Abstract: This study evaluated the marginal discrepancy (MD) and internal (ID) of ceramic crowns manufactured by the CAD/CAM system Cerec inLab, varying the finish line. The null hypothesis was that the preparations won't influence the MD and ID of the crowns. From three metallic dies with different finish lines, thirty ceramic crowns (ProCad/Ivoclar Vivadent) were machined (n=10): TC) tilted chamfer; LC) large chamfer and RS) rounded shoulder. For MD analysis, were measured, in 50 points, the distance between each crown extern edge to the edge of the cervical preparation on the respective metallic die. Using the replica technique, it was evaluated the ID of each crown at 12 points equally distributed between the regions: end (E), axial (A) and oclusal (Ocl). The mensurations were done in optical microscope (250x). The data obtained ('mü'm) were submitted to the statistical tests ANOVA and Tukey (5 %). The results demonstrated that the group RS (28,24 'mais ou menos'11,42'mü'm) produced MD values smaller (p=0,001) than the groups TC (99,92'mais ou menos'18,32'mü'm) and LC (64,71'mais ou menos'25,64 'mu'm), which, between them, differed statistically. The analysis of ID demonstrated that the group LC (183,01'mais ou menos'62,82 'mü'm) presented values lower (p=0,0014) than TC (216,26'mais ou menos'83,23'mü'm) and RS (219,12'mais ou menos'87,24 'mü'm), which were similar between them. It was also noticed that ID varied between the measured regions (p=0.0001). The null hypothesis was rejected. It was concluded that, in spite of the statistical differences observed between the groups, the three cervical finish lines produced crowns with MD and ID values clinically acceptance. / Mestre

Groups of closely spaced minor moraines allow for observations of moraine formation and ice-marginal fluctuations on short timescales, helping to better understand glacier retreat and predict its geomorphological effects. Some minor moraines can be classified as annual moraines given sufficient chronological control, which implies a seasonal climatic driver of ice-marginal fluctuations. This leads to moraines being utilised as very specific, short-term records of glacier fluctuations and climate change. This research is common in lowland, maritime settings, but remains sparse in high-mountain settings. This study presents the detailed geomorphological and sedimentological results of minor moraines at two high-mountain settings in the European Alps. Geomorphological investigations included mapping and measurements through field observations and remotely-sensed imagery. Detailed sedimentological investigations followed excavation of moraines and include multiple scales of observation and measurements to support interpretations of sediment transport and deposition. Additionally, ground-penetrating radar data were collected in one foreland. Minor moraines at Schwarzensteinkees, Austria, formed as push or combined push and freeze-on moraines in two groups between approximately 1850 and 1930. The existence of a former proglacial lake appears to have exerted a strong control on moraine formation. Modern minor moraines at Silvrettagletscher, Switzerland, exist primarily on reverse bedrock slopes and have formed since approximately 1850 through push, freeze-on, and controlled moraine mechanisms. The presence of these bedrock slopes, and in some areas englacial debris septa, appear to exert the primary controls on moraine formation. The foreland of Gornergletscher, Switzerland, has been revisited using aerial imagery to assess if moraines are still forming annually, and this has been confirmed. These findings show a range of mechanisms responsible for moraine formation, which are then compared to previously published research on minor moraines to elucidate any common drivers of minor and annual moraine formation globally. This includes a global database of forelands where minor moraines have been studied, created as part of this research and presented as a table and Google Earth file, both easily accessible and freely available online, for use by other researchers when exploring similar topics.

Five long-run average cost curves were derived from questionnaire and interview data by connecting points corresponding to the per unit production costs and levels of beef output for four cattle ranch sizes (50, 150, 300, and 500 head of breeding cows). Analysis of the long-run average cost curves in combination with the 1968 weighted Utah beef price revealed that all four ranch sizes studied are capable of meeting cash costs. If the goal of the ranch operator is to meet both cash costs and depreciation, a cattle ranch supporting 105 breeding cows is the minimum size necessary. If provision is made to cover cash costs and depreciation in addition to receiving a fair return for operator and family labor, the ranch must support at least 360 breeding cows. None of the four ranch sizes studied were capable of meeting all production costs including five per cent interest on investment. The minimum ranch size necessary to cover all production costs including 1 . 4 per cent interest on investment is 500 head of breeding cows. Farmer questionnaires and the machine capacity technique provided data from which five long-run average cost curves were derived by connecting points representing average production costs and levels of wheat output for four sizes of wheat farms (500, 1000, 2000, and 3000 acres). The long-run average cost curves were analyzed in combination with the 1968 Utah wheat price. All four wheat farm sizes studied are capable of meeting cash costs. In order to cover both cash costs and depreciation a wheat farm of at least 940 acres is required. The minimum wheat farm size necessary to meet cash costs and depreciation as well as provide a fair return to operator and family labor is 2430 acres. None of the four sizes of wheat farms studied was large enough to cover all costs including interest on investment at five per cent. In order to cover all production costs including 0,64 per cent interest on investment a wheat farm of at least 3000 acres is required, Costs and returns to five management alternatives for marginal Utah cropland ( (1) wheat production by owner-operator, (2) leasing crop.. land to tenants for dryland wheat production, (3) leasing forage on an AUM basis, (4) leasing of forage on a livestock gain basis, and (5) stocker cattle production by the land owner) were compared in the shortrun, in the long-run assuming that all inputs were variable, and in the long-run assuming that land and operator and family labor were fixed, For the marginal cropland owner who also owns wheat production factors, wheat production on an owner-operator basis is the most favorable short-run alternative. Wheat production on a tenant basis is the only short-run alternative open to cropland owners who own neither wheat production factors nor the improvements necessary for grazing enterprises. Leasing forage on a livestock gain basis is the most favorable short-run alternative for cropland owners whose holdings are equipped with grazing improvements. For the long-run situation in which all inputs were considered variable, all five management alternatives yielded negative returns. Under such conditions a rational land owner would refuse to choose from among the five alternatives studied and would instead liquidate his land holdings. When operator and family labor and land were considered fixed, leasing cropland to tenants for dryland wheat production proved to be the most favorable long-run management alternative. Showing the second highest internal rate of return was leasing forage on a livestock gain basis followed ~ stocker cattle production by the land owner. Wheat production ~ the land owner and leasing forage on an AUM basis proved to be the least favorable long-run management alternatives on marginal cropland.