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The social impact of arts festivals : a case of the ABSA Klein Karoo National Arts Festival / M.D.B. MotaleMotale, Matebello Dieketseng Bethsheba January 2008 (has links)
Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.
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The social impact of arts festivals : a case of the ABSA Klein Karoo National Arts Festival / M.D.B. MotaleMotale, Matebello Dieketseng Bethsheba January 2008 (has links)
The primary objective of this study was to determine the social impact of arts festivals with reference to the ABSA KKNK. This goal was achieved by firstly analysing the social impact phenomena and the role thereof in events tourism. Secondly, a literature study was conducted in order to examine events as tourism products. Thirdly the results of the empirical research were discussed. Lastly conclusions were drawn from the research and recommendations were made with regard to the social impact of events as well as further research.
From the literature, social impact was defined as the changes in the norms and values of society that are more apparent in the short-term. It was noted that when tourists vacate to a specific destination, visible impacts are noticed. Events can however provide employment opportunities, promote international peace and pride, as well as promote educational and cultural experiences but it can also lead to increased levels of irritation, crime, drug and alcohol abuse and cultural change.
These positive and negative impacts were measured in the questionnaire, as adapted from Fredline and it was therefore the objective of the questionnaire to measure whether the community is positive or negative towards the festival, and whether there were any differences in the social impact when comparing the results of 2006 and 2007. The questionnaires were distributed in the community of Oudtshoorn based on a stratified sampling method followed by a random sampling method. A total of 444 questionnaires were completed, 179 in 2006 and 265 in 2007.
On a positive note respondents agreed on the following aspects in 2006 and 2007: the public money spent on the ABSA KKNK would be better spent on other things, media coverage of the ABSA KKNK promotes development in Oudtshoorn and the basic skill base for event management in Oudtshoorn has increased. On a negative note respondents agreed on the following aspects in 2006 and 2007: ordinary residents get no say in the planning and
management of the festival and traffic congestion is a problem. The positive impact has increased from 2006 to 2007.
Two factor analyses were performed to determine the social impact factors in order to determine differences in the social impact of 2006 and 2007. The first analysis resulted in nine factors which accounted for 56.85% of the total variance and were labeled as: community issues, damage to the environment, community activities, local business and community opportunities, pricing, public facilities, traffic, disturbances and visitors. The second analysis resulted in three factors that accounted for 44.22% of the total variance and were labelled according to similar characteristics which included: community opportunities, community problems and community image.
Means and standards deviations were determined after which the effect sizes were determined to explore the differences between the social impact for 2006 and 2007 on the dimensions of the various factors as determined in the factor analysis. It is clear that a small effect (0.2-0.4) exists between 2006 and 2007 concerning local business opportunities (0.25), pricing of goods (0.24), community activities (0.35), public facilities (0.39) and community activities (0.48). There were therefore no huge differences in the social impact between 2006 and 2007. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.
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The social impact of arts festivals : a case of the ABSA Klein Karoo National Arts Festival / M.D.B. MotaleMotale, Matebello Dieketseng Bethsheba January 2008 (has links)
The primary objective of this study was to determine the social impact of arts festivals with reference to the ABSA KKNK. This goal was achieved by firstly analysing the social impact phenomena and the role thereof in events tourism. Secondly, a literature study was conducted in order to examine events as tourism products. Thirdly the results of the empirical research were discussed. Lastly conclusions were drawn from the research and recommendations were made with regard to the social impact of events as well as further research.
From the literature, social impact was defined as the changes in the norms and values of society that are more apparent in the short-term. It was noted that when tourists vacate to a specific destination, visible impacts are noticed. Events can however provide employment opportunities, promote international peace and pride, as well as promote educational and cultural experiences but it can also lead to increased levels of irritation, crime, drug and alcohol abuse and cultural change.
These positive and negative impacts were measured in the questionnaire, as adapted from Fredline and it was therefore the objective of the questionnaire to measure whether the community is positive or negative towards the festival, and whether there were any differences in the social impact when comparing the results of 2006 and 2007. The questionnaires were distributed in the community of Oudtshoorn based on a stratified sampling method followed by a random sampling method. A total of 444 questionnaires were completed, 179 in 2006 and 265 in 2007.
On a positive note respondents agreed on the following aspects in 2006 and 2007: the public money spent on the ABSA KKNK would be better spent on other things, media coverage of the ABSA KKNK promotes development in Oudtshoorn and the basic skill base for event management in Oudtshoorn has increased. On a negative note respondents agreed on the following aspects in 2006 and 2007: ordinary residents get no say in the planning and
management of the festival and traffic congestion is a problem. The positive impact has increased from 2006 to 2007.
Two factor analyses were performed to determine the social impact factors in order to determine differences in the social impact of 2006 and 2007. The first analysis resulted in nine factors which accounted for 56.85% of the total variance and were labeled as: community issues, damage to the environment, community activities, local business and community opportunities, pricing, public facilities, traffic, disturbances and visitors. The second analysis resulted in three factors that accounted for 44.22% of the total variance and were labelled according to similar characteristics which included: community opportunities, community problems and community image.
Means and standards deviations were determined after which the effect sizes were determined to explore the differences between the social impact for 2006 and 2007 on the dimensions of the various factors as determined in the factor analysis. It is clear that a small effect (0.2-0.4) exists between 2006 and 2007 concerning local business opportunities (0.25), pricing of goods (0.24), community activities (0.35), public facilities (0.39) and community activities (0.48). There were therefore no huge differences in the social impact between 2006 and 2007. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.
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Critical assessment of economic impact analyses at selected national festivals / Lukas Johannes Meyer van WykVan Wyk, Lukas Johannes Meyer January 2011 (has links)
Festivals have become a global phenomenon and now serve as a platform to promote the
leisure and tourism industry within a nation. These events have an undisputed economic effect
– not only on the hosting community – but also on the global community. Despite the
encouraging community support and the socio-economic impact and spin-offs that are
generated by means of such events, the financing of art festivals remains an intricate issue. The
fact remains that not all festivals are financially self-sustainable and so require extensive
sponsorship in order to ensure the continuation of the event. Limited government funding
available due to budget constraints curbs the financial support forthcoming from municipalities
and so forces event organisers to seek alternative funding to ensure the survival and feasibility
of events. This responsibility places an additional burden on event organisers and so
necessitates the use of assessment tools in order to convince private and public institutions or
individuals to invest in such events through sponsorships.
During an extensive literature study, it became apparent that the need exists to re-assess fully
the economic impact analysis of events. The literature revealed that varying models are used to
conduct economic impact analyses. In order to establish a concise framework within which to
conduct an economic assessment, it was decided to select only the most-used models –
Computable General Equilibrium (CGE), Input-Output (I-O) and Social Accounting Matrix
(SAM). The dilemma facing tourism economists is to determine which economic assessment
approach is most effective as every methodology has its own advantages and disadvantages. In
addition, the type and size of an event also plays a fundamental role when selecting an
appropriate measuring tool. This research was further motivated because of the existing gap
that exists in the South African context for no study has yet been conducted where the various
models that assess economic impact have been applied to the collated data of the same event.
This study thus aims to provide an overview and a comparison of competing and supplementing
methodologies for modelling the regional economic dynamics and the impacts of events. It
further investigates the manner in which regional CGE, I-O and SAM based (multiplier) models
operate towards capturing the region-specific, inter-regional and multi-regional production,
consumption and factor market patterns as result of expenditures incurred during events. An
analysis of the virtues and the limitations of these economic assessment methodologies
suggests that it may be the considerations such as the data collection/compilation, expected
output, research objectives and costs involved that ultimately determine the choice of a specific
modelling framework.
While addressing the problem stated above, this study produced the following three articles that
are now embodied in the work:
* Article 1 - “Critical assessment of economic impact analyses of the ABSA Klein Karoo
National Arts Festival”, and
* Article 2 - “Critical assessment of economic impact analyses of the Aardklop National
Arts Festival”.
Article 2 investigated and compared the economic assessment results when applying specific
constructed models, being the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) and Computable General
Equilibrium (CGE) for the appropriate provinces, to the available data obtained from previous
surveys conducted at the 2010 ABSA Klein Karoo National Arts Festival and from the Aardklop
National Arts Festival. The two articles indicated that when different models of assessment are
applied to the same data set of an event, the economic impact results might differ significantly.
This may serve as a warning to economic assessors, academics and researchers that economic
impact results can be misleading and therefore the application thereof should be handled with
the utmost care in order to avoid misinterpretations and misconceptions.
* Article 3, “Assessing the economic impact of the Aardklop National Arts Festival: a feast
of models to opt for – or not?”
In this article, data from a visitor and business survey conducted at the 2010 Aardklop National
Arts Festival was used in the analyses made by applying SAM, CGE and I-O regional models
constructed for South Africa’s Northwest Province. Results from these analyses were then
compared in order to give researchers and practitioners a better insight and clarity regarding
which approach works best for the economic assessment of an arts festival. This article
highlighted the fact that the measured economic impact results differ when various models that
are applied to the same event. It also became evident that the most conservative economic
impact was measured by an I-O model, followed with a higher SAM measurement, while CGE
revealed the highest economic assessment.
The most significant contribution of this study is embedded in the fact that within the South
African context – and even globally – it is the first study of its kind that aimed to determine the
economic impact by means of applying more than one assessment model to the data set of a
single event. Further, this study provides guidelines for event organisers, academics and
economic advisors to follow in conjunction with the existing body of knowledge and practical
implementation structures when assessing the economic impact of events. / Thesis (PhD (Tourism Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012
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Critical assessment of economic impact analyses at selected national festivals / Lukas Johannes Meyer van WykVan Wyk, Lukas Johannes Meyer January 2011 (has links)
Festivals have become a global phenomenon and now serve as a platform to promote the
leisure and tourism industry within a nation. These events have an undisputed economic effect
– not only on the hosting community – but also on the global community. Despite the
encouraging community support and the socio-economic impact and spin-offs that are
generated by means of such events, the financing of art festivals remains an intricate issue. The
fact remains that not all festivals are financially self-sustainable and so require extensive
sponsorship in order to ensure the continuation of the event. Limited government funding
available due to budget constraints curbs the financial support forthcoming from municipalities
and so forces event organisers to seek alternative funding to ensure the survival and feasibility
of events. This responsibility places an additional burden on event organisers and so
necessitates the use of assessment tools in order to convince private and public institutions or
individuals to invest in such events through sponsorships.
During an extensive literature study, it became apparent that the need exists to re-assess fully
the economic impact analysis of events. The literature revealed that varying models are used to
conduct economic impact analyses. In order to establish a concise framework within which to
conduct an economic assessment, it was decided to select only the most-used models –
Computable General Equilibrium (CGE), Input-Output (I-O) and Social Accounting Matrix
(SAM). The dilemma facing tourism economists is to determine which economic assessment
approach is most effective as every methodology has its own advantages and disadvantages. In
addition, the type and size of an event also plays a fundamental role when selecting an
appropriate measuring tool. This research was further motivated because of the existing gap
that exists in the South African context for no study has yet been conducted where the various
models that assess economic impact have been applied to the collated data of the same event.
This study thus aims to provide an overview and a comparison of competing and supplementing
methodologies for modelling the regional economic dynamics and the impacts of events. It
further investigates the manner in which regional CGE, I-O and SAM based (multiplier) models
operate towards capturing the region-specific, inter-regional and multi-regional production,
consumption and factor market patterns as result of expenditures incurred during events. An
analysis of the virtues and the limitations of these economic assessment methodologies
suggests that it may be the considerations such as the data collection/compilation, expected
output, research objectives and costs involved that ultimately determine the choice of a specific
modelling framework.
While addressing the problem stated above, this study produced the following three articles that
are now embodied in the work:
* Article 1 - “Critical assessment of economic impact analyses of the ABSA Klein Karoo
National Arts Festival”, and
* Article 2 - “Critical assessment of economic impact analyses of the Aardklop National
Arts Festival”.
Article 2 investigated and compared the economic assessment results when applying specific
constructed models, being the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) and Computable General
Equilibrium (CGE) for the appropriate provinces, to the available data obtained from previous
surveys conducted at the 2010 ABSA Klein Karoo National Arts Festival and from the Aardklop
National Arts Festival. The two articles indicated that when different models of assessment are
applied to the same data set of an event, the economic impact results might differ significantly.
This may serve as a warning to economic assessors, academics and researchers that economic
impact results can be misleading and therefore the application thereof should be handled with
the utmost care in order to avoid misinterpretations and misconceptions.
* Article 3, “Assessing the economic impact of the Aardklop National Arts Festival: a feast
of models to opt for – or not?”
In this article, data from a visitor and business survey conducted at the 2010 Aardklop National
Arts Festival was used in the analyses made by applying SAM, CGE and I-O regional models
constructed for South Africa’s Northwest Province. Results from these analyses were then
compared in order to give researchers and practitioners a better insight and clarity regarding
which approach works best for the economic assessment of an arts festival. This article
highlighted the fact that the measured economic impact results differ when various models that
are applied to the same event. It also became evident that the most conservative economic
impact was measured by an I-O model, followed with a higher SAM measurement, while CGE
revealed the highest economic assessment.
The most significant contribution of this study is embedded in the fact that within the South
African context – and even globally – it is the first study of its kind that aimed to determine the
economic impact by means of applying more than one assessment model to the data set of a
single event. Further, this study provides guidelines for event organisers, academics and
economic advisors to follow in conjunction with the existing body of knowledge and practical
implementation structures when assessing the economic impact of events. / Thesis (PhD (Tourism Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012
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Communication efficacy of South African arts festivals : the case of Klein Karoo National Arts Festival / J.A. KrielKriel, Jaun Antonie January 2010 (has links)
The primary objective of this study was to determine the communication efficacy at arts
festivals with specific reference to the Klein Karoo Nasionale Kunstefees (KKNK). This goal
was achieved by firstly discussing the concept of communication. Secondly, a literature study
was conducted in order to examine the links between communication and events. Thirdly, the
results of the empirical research were discussed, and finally conclusions were drawn from
the research and recommendations were made with regard to the communication efficacy of
events, as well as for further research.
From the literature, communication between the event organisers and the local community
was defined. It was noted that communication plays an integral part in the success of an
event. The host community plays an integral part in events as role players. By establishing
and implementing an effective communication strategy to and from the organisers, the KKNK
will harvest the fruits of a successful cultural event.
Participation, decision making and informing the stakeholders using different types of media
was the means by which the KKNK organisers communicated with the host community.
Positive and negative impacts were measured in a questionnaire. The questionnaire that
sought to measure whether there were significant differences between the two host
communities of Oudtshoorn, and whether there were any differences in the results of the
communication strategy of the organisers when comparing the opinions of the white and of
the coloured communities. The questionnaires were distributed among the community
members of Oudtshoorn, using on a stratified sampling method, and by using a random
sampling method. A total of 258 questionnaires were completed, 110 from the white
community and 148 from the coloured community.
Means and standards deviations were determined following the affected sizes to explore the
differences between the importance of participation and communication in the two
communities, based on the dimensions of the various factors as determined in the factor
analysis. It became clear that there is a small effect (0.2-0.5) on the opinions of the two
communities regarding their being informed, community participation and the communication
from KKNK to the Oudtshoorn community in general. Decision-making and participation
opinions resulted in medium effects. It is the major significance of these effect sizes that the white and coloured communities do not believe they have equal decision making
opportunities and participation.
The chi-square test of significance revealed a small significance (0.1 - 0.3) in the following
areas: overall communication, information received and sought for through different types of
media and importance of the KKNK to Oudtshoorn. A medium significance (0.3 - 0.5) was
measured, and recommendations were made that programs meeting the needs of host
communities, decision making and having the community become active in festival programs
should be initiated.
This study contributes to the limited amount of literature available on the communication
efficacy of events to their host communities. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Communication efficacy of South African arts festivals : the case of Klein Karoo National Arts Festival / J.A. KrielKriel, Jaun Antonie January 2010 (has links)
The primary objective of this study was to determine the communication efficacy at arts
festivals with specific reference to the Klein Karoo Nasionale Kunstefees (KKNK). This goal
was achieved by firstly discussing the concept of communication. Secondly, a literature study
was conducted in order to examine the links between communication and events. Thirdly, the
results of the empirical research were discussed, and finally conclusions were drawn from
the research and recommendations were made with regard to the communication efficacy of
events, as well as for further research.
From the literature, communication between the event organisers and the local community
was defined. It was noted that communication plays an integral part in the success of an
event. The host community plays an integral part in events as role players. By establishing
and implementing an effective communication strategy to and from the organisers, the KKNK
will harvest the fruits of a successful cultural event.
Participation, decision making and informing the stakeholders using different types of media
was the means by which the KKNK organisers communicated with the host community.
Positive and negative impacts were measured in a questionnaire. The questionnaire that
sought to measure whether there were significant differences between the two host
communities of Oudtshoorn, and whether there were any differences in the results of the
communication strategy of the organisers when comparing the opinions of the white and of
the coloured communities. The questionnaires were distributed among the community
members of Oudtshoorn, using on a stratified sampling method, and by using a random
sampling method. A total of 258 questionnaires were completed, 110 from the white
community and 148 from the coloured community.
Means and standards deviations were determined following the affected sizes to explore the
differences between the importance of participation and communication in the two
communities, based on the dimensions of the various factors as determined in the factor
analysis. It became clear that there is a small effect (0.2-0.5) on the opinions of the two
communities regarding their being informed, community participation and the communication
from KKNK to the Oudtshoorn community in general. Decision-making and participation
opinions resulted in medium effects. It is the major significance of these effect sizes that the white and coloured communities do not believe they have equal decision making
opportunities and participation.
The chi-square test of significance revealed a small significance (0.1 - 0.3) in the following
areas: overall communication, information received and sought for through different types of
media and importance of the KKNK to Oudtshoorn. A medium significance (0.3 - 0.5) was
measured, and recommendations were made that programs meeting the needs of host
communities, decision making and having the community become active in festival programs
should be initiated.
This study contributes to the limited amount of literature available on the communication
efficacy of events to their host communities. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Social determinants of community support for the Klein Karoo National Arts Festival / I. LootsLoots, Ingemari January 2010 (has links)
The primary purpose of this study was to determine the social determinants of arts festivals with
reference to the ABSA KKNK. This goal was achieved by firstly analysing the event/festival
phenomenon and the role thereof in event/festival tourism. Secondly, a literature study was
conducted in order to examine the role of the community in supporting events/festivals. And
thirdly, the results of the empirical research were discussed. Lastly, conclusions were drawn
from the research and recommendations were made with regard to the social determinants of
events/festivals.
Literature indicated that events/festivals are central to daily living as perhaps never before and it
can also be said that events/festivals play certain social, economic, cultural and environmental
roles. Events/festivals can have various positive impacts on a community, such as job
opportunities, economical growth and upliftment of the community. However it can also create
various negative impacts such as crime, prostitution and damage to the environment. It is
important to increase the number of positive impacts and decrease the number of negative
impacts. This may improve the support of the community for the event/festival and improve the
sustainability of the event/festival. The support of the community is also influenced by aspects
such as community concern, ecocentric attitudes, community attachment.
These social support determinants were measured by means of a questionnaire, as adapted
from Gursoy and Kendall (2006) and it was therefore the objective of the questionnaire to
analyse the social determinants that that may improve community support. The survey was
distributed in the community of Oudtshoorn in 2007 and the determinants, as well as the
relationship between the determinants and support for the event/festival, were based on
structural equation modeling. A total of 279 questionnaires were completed during the festival.
Respondents were, in general, more positive about the festival than negative. The results of the
structural equation modelling suggest that community attachment and benefits and costs
perceived are the most important social determinants in gaining local support for the ABSA
KKNK. In the case of this study, ecocentric attitudes and issues of community concern did not
influence the level of support given to the event/festival. / Thesis (M.A. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Social determinants of community support for the Klein Karoo National Arts Festival / I. LootsLoots, Ingemari January 2010 (has links)
The primary purpose of this study was to determine the social determinants of arts festivals with
reference to the ABSA KKNK. This goal was achieved by firstly analysing the event/festival
phenomenon and the role thereof in event/festival tourism. Secondly, a literature study was
conducted in order to examine the role of the community in supporting events/festivals. And
thirdly, the results of the empirical research were discussed. Lastly, conclusions were drawn
from the research and recommendations were made with regard to the social determinants of
events/festivals.
Literature indicated that events/festivals are central to daily living as perhaps never before and it
can also be said that events/festivals play certain social, economic, cultural and environmental
roles. Events/festivals can have various positive impacts on a community, such as job
opportunities, economical growth and upliftment of the community. However it can also create
various negative impacts such as crime, prostitution and damage to the environment. It is
important to increase the number of positive impacts and decrease the number of negative
impacts. This may improve the support of the community for the event/festival and improve the
sustainability of the event/festival. The support of the community is also influenced by aspects
such as community concern, ecocentric attitudes, community attachment.
These social support determinants were measured by means of a questionnaire, as adapted
from Gursoy and Kendall (2006) and it was therefore the objective of the questionnaire to
analyse the social determinants that that may improve community support. The survey was
distributed in the community of Oudtshoorn in 2007 and the determinants, as well as the
relationship between the determinants and support for the event/festival, were based on
structural equation modeling. A total of 279 questionnaires were completed during the festival.
Respondents were, in general, more positive about the festival than negative. The results of the
structural equation modelling suggest that community attachment and benefits and costs
perceived are the most important social determinants in gaining local support for the ABSA
KKNK. In the case of this study, ecocentric attitudes and issues of community concern did not
influence the level of support given to the event/festival. / Thesis (M.A. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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