Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo apresentar uma investigação e uma metodologia de projeto, até o presente momento inédita, de uma topologia de um conversor ca-cc trifásico de comutação forçada. Através da análise desenvolvida neste trabalho, determina-se um modelo matemático do conversor ca-cc para os quatro modos que determinam o processo da comutação nesse circuito. Esse modelo resulta em sistemas de equações fundamentais na forma de equações diferenciais, que são resolvidos com a finalidade de determinar o comportamento do circuito do conversor durante o processo de comutação e de obter uma metodologia de projeto. Com o objetivo de validar a investigação e o método de projeto foi implementada simulação computacional, no programa Simmon, dos intervalos de comutação do conversor ca-cc de comutação forçada. Essa estrutura, que durante a sua operação emprega tanto a comutação forçada como a natural, quando comparada com os conversores de comutação natural apresenta várias vantagens, como um alto fator de potência e a eliminação dos harmônicos de baixa ordem na linha ca (utilização da comutação forçada com a técnica de modulação por largura de pulso PWM), como mostra vátios trabalhos publicados, que estão desctitos na parte de referências bibliográficas deste texto. / The main objective of this work is to present an investigation and a design method, which up to now is not available in the literature, of a three-phase force commutated ac-dc convetier. From the analysis developed in this work one obtains the mathematical model of the ac-dc converter for its four modes of commutation, which determine the commutation process in the converter circuit. The fundamental equations, which have been written in the form of differential equations, are solved to determine the behaviour of the converter circuit during commutation, and also to obtain a design method. To validate the analysis and the design procedure, computer simulation of the commutation intervals of the ac-dc converter was implemented using the program Simnon. The three-phase ac-dc converter, which uses both forced and line commutation, when compared with the conventional line commutated converter, presents several advantages as a high power factor and the elimination of lower harmonics of the ac line (utilization of the forced commutation and the pulse width modulation strategy), as it is shown in several published works, which can be found in the references of this work.

In this work, single stage power factor corrected AC/DC converters for LEDs / single stage Flyback converter having different configuration from the traditional Flyback and single stage SEPIC converter is investigated. The study involves analysis, circuit design, performance comparisons and implementation. The study covers LEDs / their developments, characteristics and state-of-art in this new technology. The circuits are investigated by means of computer simulations. Operating principles and operating modes are studied along with design calculations. After applying prototypes in laboratory, the simulation results and theoretical analyses are confirmed. The single stage Flyback converter has high voltage input (220-240 Vac), and the output feeds up to 216 HB-LEDs, with the ratings of 24 V, 3.25 A with 90 W. The single stage SEPIC converter with universal input (80-265 Vac) has an output that feeds 21 power LEDs, with 67 V, 0.30 and 20 W ratings.

In this thesis, a compact and light primary switched conversion system for AC-fed railway propulsion is investigated. It is characterized by soft switching of all converter stages and a source commutated primary converter comprising series connected valves. Both weight and volume of the conversion system are reduced significantly compared to a conventional system with a low frequency transformer. The conversion system is made up of N isolated AC/DC conversion cells, each comprising a cycloconverter and a voltage source converter (VSC) coupled by a medium frequency transformer. The cells are series connected on the AC side and connected to a common DC-link. Thus, 2N+1 voltage levels can be synthesized at the AC terminal and the voltage stress on the transformer and line filter is reduced compared to a one cell solution. Series connection of semiconductor valves allows independent choice of blocking voltage and number of converter cells. Choosing two converter cells is an attractive compromise. Five level output reduces the harmonic distortion and simplify transformer and line filter design while keeping the complexity of the conversion system low. The mutually commutated converter (MCC) allows a transformer frequency in the range of 4 to 8 kHz without derating the line side converter due to zero voltage switching of the VSC. Modern magnetic materials, like high silicon steel, amorphous and noncrystalline materials allow design of the transformer with high efficiency at elevated frequencies. In a 15 kV system, the peak voltage at the catenary is typically beyond 32 kV which is far beyond the voltage capability of currently available semiconductors. Therefore, several semiconductors are connected in series. Favourable commutation conditions and a new gate drive arrangement allow snubberless commutation of the primary converter stage. Thus, the primary converter can be highly integrated, reducing both weight and volume. The conversion system can be placed on the roof or in the underframe without compromising efficiency or vehicle performance. The feasibility of the conversion concept has been demonstrated by means of a down-scaled prototype. Snubberless commutation of series connected valves is demonstrated. / QC 20100723

Orientador: Falcondes Jose Mendes de Seixas / Banca: Carlos Alberto Canesin / Banca: Luiz Carlos Gomes de Freitas / Resumo: Este trabalho propõe um novo conversor CA-CC trifásico de múltiplos pulsos com estágios CC-CC elevadores de tensão controlados pela técnica de histerese constante. Nesta proposta não são empregados indutores de interfase. A finalidade deste conversor é a de possibilitar um barramento CC regulado para aplicações embarcadas, acionamentos elétricos e afins, sempre com preocupações relacionadas aos aspectos de Qualidade de Energia Elétrica. Assim, a proposta deve apresentar elevado fator de potência, baixa distorção harmônica total de corrente drenada da rede elétrica. Ampla revisão bibliográfica, reunindo as propostas mais recentes da literatura para conversores com mesma finalidade, é feita para que sejam estudadas as estruturas de potência, técnicas de controle, versatilidade, possibilidade de isolamento galvânico e robustez. Em seguida, é detalhada a proposta principal deste trabalho por meio da apresentação do equacionamento do autotransformador, dos estágios elevadores de tensão e da técnica de controle. Esta análise permite que sejam feitas simulações com todos os elementos do conversor CA-CC e então, se desenvolva o projeto físico dos elementos magnéticos e se escolham os componentes eletrônicos do protótipo. O número reduzido de componentes de controle e a simplicidade dos circuitos de potência são grandes atrativos da proposta discutida. Todas as informações relevantes são descritas detalhadamente e, sempre que possível, meios alternativos de solucionar problemas são também apresentados, de forma que fiquem claras as possibilidades de melhoria da técnica empregada. A operação conjunta de todos os elementos mais a técnica de controle foi validada, de maneira que se comprovou, por meio de ensaios, todos os princípios de funcionamento da proposta de conversor CA-CC. Pelos resultados experimentais, obteve-se corrente drenada... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work proposes a new AC-DC three-phase multipulse converter with DC-DC boost stages and constant hysteresis control. The objective of this converter is to provide a reliable DC bus for on-board applications, electric motor drives and similars, always considering power quality issues. Thus, the proposal presents high power factor and low harmonic distortions in the currents from the mains. A wide revision is made on other recent proposals found in the scientific literature. Different topologies are compared considering power circuits, control techniques, isolation possibility and robustness. The second chapter presents the details on the main proposal of this work and also the mathematical equations that describe the autotransformer, boost converters and control strategy. Later, simulation results are commented and discussed and the physical design is detailed. The output filter elements, power components and control elements are specified. Experimental results including main waveforms, efficiency, voltage regulation and temperature rise are presented for the autotransformer. The boost stages are also tested and its results are discussed. Finally, the proposed AC-DC converter is tested and the control technique applied to the power stage is validated / Mestre

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / This work presents a study and design of an electronic power converter topology for on-board application in a battery charger for plug-in electric vehicles. The proposed topology is based on AC-DC converter Buck+Boost, which one is very attractive for this application due to its buck and boost characteristics in a single-stage power processing. Furthermore, this topology presents reduced weight and volume, since there is no transformer and only few components are presented in its structure. A theoretical study is performed through of qualitative and quantitative analysis, besides it is investigated the switching process and losses in the converter components. It is also performed a design example of a battery charger with rated output power of 1 kW, input voltage 220 Vac RMS and output voltage of 162 Vdc, corresponding to 12 batteries connected in series. A prototype for the indicated specifications was constructed in laboratory and tested experimentally. The simulation and experimental results obtained are used to validate the theoretical analysis and design. For rated load, it was obtained an efficiency of 96.5% and a power factor of 0.992, thus showing the effectiveness of the proposed converter. / Este trabalho apresenta o estudo e desenvolvimento de uma topologia de conversor eletrÃnico de potÃncia para a aplicaÃÃo embarcada em um carregador de baterias para veÃculos elÃtricos recarregÃveis atravÃs da rede elÃtrica. A topologia escolhida à baseada no conversor CA-CC Buck+Boost, onde a mesma torna-se bastante atrativa para este tipo de aplicaÃÃo por apresentar as caracterÃsticas elevadora e abaixadora de tensÃo em um Ãnico estÃgio de processamento de energia. AlÃm disso, esta topologia apresenta reduzido volume e peso, devido ao fato de nÃo apresentar transformador e possuir poucos componentes em sua estrutura. Um estudo teÃrico à realizado atravÃs das anÃlises qualitativa e quantitativa, alÃm das anÃlises do processo de comutaÃÃo e das perdas nos componentes do conversor. Neste trabalho à realizado um exemplo de projeto do carregador de baterias para aplicaÃÃo em veÃculos elÃtricos de 1 kW de potÃncia de saÃda, tensÃo de entrada eficaz de 220 Vca e tensÃo de saÃda de 162 Vcc, correspondente a 12 baterias conectadas em sÃrie. Um protÃtipo com as especificaÃÃes indicadas foi construÃdo e testado experimentalmente em laboratÃrio. Os resultados de simulaÃÃo e experimentais obtidos validaram a anÃlise teÃrica e o projeto realizado. Para carga nominal, foi obtido rendimento de 96,5% e fator de potÃncia de 0,992, comprovando assim o funcionamento da topologia utilizada.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / This work presents the study and implementation of an ac-dc Ćuk converter based on the three state switching cells applied in charger stations for electric vehicles. This converter has, as main characteristics, reduction of conducting power losses in the semiconductors, a single stage topology and current source behavior for both input and output terminals. As drawbacks, the topology presents: the voltage across the semiconductors is equal to the sum of the input and the output voltages, and a difference between the current values through the semiconductors caused by an inappropriate layout of the power prototypes or by a lack of symmetry between the control signals. The analysis of the converter is made through the qualitative and quantitative studies, beyond the analysis of the semiconductor losses which are presented as well. The current and voltage of the battery are controlled by the average current mode technique, which consist in a fast current control loop if compared with the terminals battery voltage control loop. The topology is design for 1 kW output power, 220 V in input voltage and 162 V in the output terminals (12 batteries in series connection). Experimental results for resistive load, as well batteries, are shown in order to verify the functionalities of the topology and its characteristics. / Este trabalho apresenta o estudo e desenvolvimento de um conversor ca-cc Ćuk baseado na cÃlula de comutaÃÃo trÃs estados para aplicaÃÃo em carregadores de baterias para veÃculos elÃtricos. As principais caracterÃsticas deste conversor sÃo: a reduÃÃo das perdas por conduÃÃo nos interruptores controlados, um Ãnico estÃgio de processamento de potÃncia e caracterÃstica de fonte de corrente na entrada e na saÃda. Como inconvenientes a topologia apresenta: a tensÃo sobre os semicondutores igual à soma das tensÃes de entrada e saÃda e o desequilÃbrio de corrente atravÃs dos componentes quando hà assimetria no layout da placa de potÃncia ou nos sinais de comando dos interruptores. Um estudo teÃrico à realizado atravÃs das anÃlises qualitativa e quantitativa, alÃm das anÃlises do processo de comutaÃÃo e das perdas nos componentes do conversor. Para controlar o fluxo de potÃncia da rede elÃtrica para as baterias à utilizada a estratÃgia de controle modo corrente mÃdia, sendo que, a mesma apresenta uma malha de corrente rÃpida que monitora a corrente de entrada e uma malha de tensÃo lenta que supervisiona a tensÃo sobre os terminais da bateria. Neste trabalho à realizado o projeto do carregador de baterias para aplicaÃÃo em veÃculos elÃtricos com 1 kW de potÃncia, tensÃo de entrada eficaz de 220 V e tensÃo de saÃda de 162 V, correspondente a 12 baterias conectadas em sÃrie. Um protÃtipo com as especificaÃÃes indicadas foi construÃdo e testado experimentalmente em laboratÃrio e os resultados de simulaÃÃo e experimentais obtidos sÃo utilizados para validar a anÃlise teÃrica e o projeto realizado. Foram realizados testes com carga puramente resistiva e em seguida com um banco de baterias, que comprovaram o funcionamento da topologia.

With the increased interest in applying Power Factor Correction (PFC) to off-line AC-DC converters, the field of integrated, single-stage PFC converter development has attracted wide attention. Considering the tens of millions of low-to-medium power supplies manufactured each year for today's rechargeable equipment, the expected reduction in cost by utilizing advanced technologies is significant. To date, only a few single-stage topologies have made it to the market due to the inherit limitations in this structure. The high voltage and current stresses on the components led to reduced efficiency and an increased failure rate. In addition, the component prices tend to increase with increased electrical and thermal requirements, jeopardizing the overarching goal of price reduction. The absence of dedicated control circuitry for each stage complicates the power balance in these converters, often resulting in an oversized bus capacitance. These factors have impeded widespread acceptance of these new techniques by manufacturers, and as such single stage PFC has remained largely a drawing board concept. This dissertation will present an in-depth study of innovative solutions that address these problems directly, rather than proposing more topologies with the same type of issues. The direct energy transfer concept is analyzed and presented as a promising solution for the majority of the single-stage PFC converter limitations. Three topologies are presented and analyzed based on this innovative structure. To complete the picture, the dynamics of a variety of single-stage converters can be analyzed using a proposed switched transformer model.

Lithium-ion based battery energy storage system has become one of the most popular forms of energy storage system for its high charge and discharge efficiency and high energy density. This dissertation proposes a high-efficiency grid-tie lithium-ion battery based energy storage system, which consists of a LiFePO4 battery based energy storage and associated battery management system (BMS), a high-efficiency bidirectional ac-dc converter and the central control unit which controls the operation mode and grid interface of the energy storage system. The BMS estimates the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of each battery cell in the pack and applies active charge equalization to balance the charge of all the cells in the pack. The bidirectional ac-dc converter works as the interface between the battery pack and the ac grid, which needs to meet the requirements of bidirectional power flow capability and to ensure high power factor and low THD as well as to regulate the dc side power regulation. A highly efficient dual-buck converter based bidirectional ac-dc converter is proposed. The implemented converter efficiency peaks at 97.8% at 50-kHz switching frequency for both rectifier and inverter modes. To better utilize the dc bus voltage and eliminate the two dc bus bulk capacitors in the conventional dual-buck converter, a novel bidirectional ac-dc converter is proposed by replacing the capacitor leg of the dual-buck converter based single-phase bidirectional ac-dc converter with a half-bridge switch leg. Based on the single-phase bidirectional ac-dc converter topology, three novel three-phase bidirectional ac-dc converter topologies are proposed. In order to control the bidirectional power flow and at the same time stabilize the system in mode transition, an admittance compensator along with a quasi-proportional-resonant (QPR) controller is adopted to allow smooth startup and elimination of the steady-state error over the entire load range. The proposed QPR controller is designed and implemented with a digital controller. The entire system has been simulated in both PSIM and Simulink and verified with hardware experiments. Small transient currents are observed with the power transferred from rectifier mode to inverter mode at peak current point and also from inverter mode to rectifier mode at peak current point. The designed BMS monitors and reports all battery cells parameters in the pack and estimates the SOC of each battery cell by using the Coulomb counting plus an accurate open-circuit voltage model. The SOC information is then used to control the isolated bidirectional dc-dc converter based active cell balancing circuits to mitigate the mismatch among the series connected cells. Using the proposed SOC balancing technique, the entire battery storage system has demonstrated more capacity than the system without SOC balancing. / Ph. D.

The growing need and desire for the harvesting of energy from everyday mechanical interactions impose a challenge on the current design of such systems. Often their nature indicates slow response times and unsteady AC voltages. The objective of this work is to present a new method of designing and controlling an oscillating energy harvesting system using a cutting-edge algorithm for fast determination of the optimal operating condition. In this thesis, an energy harvesting backpack, which captures energy from the interaction between the user and the spring decoupled load, is being introduced. The new control strategy, Maximum Energy Harvesting Control (MEHC), is developed and applied to the aforementioned system to evaluate its improvement over the basic Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm. MEHC algorithm can also be used in many different applications, ranging from ocean wave to sports shoes energy harvesting.

Este trabalho propÃe o estudo de uma nova topologia, com dois estÃgios, de um conversor estÃtico, onde existe um fluxo de potÃncia auxiliar com o objetivo de aumentar o rendimento do sistema. O primeiro estÃgio à um conversor CA-CC com correÃÃo do fator de potÃncia (PFC) e o segundo estÃgio à um conversor CC-CC isolado em alta frequÃncia. Os dois estÃgios do conversor proposto sÃo modelados por equaÃÃes diferenciais e atravÃs desses modelos sÃo desenvolvidas tÃcnicas de controle nÃo linear para o funcionamento dos conversores em malha fechada. A correÃÃo do fator de potÃncia do primeiro estÃgio à realizada pela tÃcnica de controle PBC (passivity-based control), enquanto que a tensÃo de saÃda do primeiro estÃgio à realizada pelo controle I&I (immersion and invariance). O segundo estÃgio necessita controlar somente a tensÃo de saÃda atravÃs do controle backstepping, por se tratar de um conversor CC-CC. / This work proposes a study of a new static converter topology with two stages, where the first is an AC-DC converter with PFC and the second is a DC-DC converter isolated in high-frequency. In addition, the static converter has a secondary power flow to achieve a better efficiency from the system. The two converterâs stages are modeled as differential equations, and through those models nonlinear control techniques are developed for close loop operation. The power-factor correction in the first stage is performed by the PBC (passivity-based control) control technique, while the output voltage from the first stage is performed by the I&I (immersion and invariance) control. As the second stage is a DC-DC converter, it only needs to control the output voltage, which is achieved through the backstepping control.