Stimuli-responsive hydrogels swell or contract in response to external pH, ionic strength or temperature, and are of considerable interest as pharmaceutical controlled release devices. Alginate, a linear polysaccharide consisting of mannuronic and guluronic acids, was used as starting material in semisynthesis of pH-responsive hydrogel. Linear alginate was chemically modified with di-aldehyde via acid-catalyzed acetalization, forming a tetrafunctional acetal-linked semisynthetic network alginate polymer (SNAP) with carboxylate moieties preserved as stimuli-responsive sensors. The kinetics of acetalization were found to undergo zero and second-order reaction with respect to di-aldehyde and alginate respectively. With the determined rate constant of 19.06 L•mole-1•s-1 at 40oC and activation energy of 78.58 kJ•mol-1, a proposed predictive reaction model may be used a priori to select reaction conditions providing specific polymer properties. Gel swelling and average pore size were then able to be kinetically or thermodynamically controlled between 80-1000 fold and 30 nm-1 m respectively. As a proof of concept, SNAP hydrogel was fine-tuned with specific swelling and pore sizes for absorptive encapsulation and controlled release of a wide spectrum of molecular sizes of proteins ranging between 1.3 to 546 kDa. SNAP hydrogels/granules demonstrated limited swelling in the simulated gastric environment, protecting proteins from enzymatic and acid degradation, while swelling in alkaline media, releasing active therapeutics in a simulated intestinal lumen (pH ~ 7.8), so is under the consideration as an oral delivery vehicle for protein therapeutics. A constitutive polyelectrolyte gel model based on non-Gaussian polymer elasticity, Flory-Huggins liquid lattice theory, and non-ideal Donnan-membrane equilibria was derived, to describe SNAP gel swelling in dilute and ionic solutions. The derived model accurately describes the SNAP hydrogel swelling in acid and alkaline solutions of wide range of ionic strength. The pore sizes of SNAP hydrogel were estimated by the derived model and were comparable to those determined experimentally by thermoporometry and protein diffusion. The derived model can characterize hydrogel structure such as molecular weight between crosslinks, or can be used as predictive model for swelling and pore size if gel structural information is known, and can potentially be applied to other point-link network polyelectrolytes such as hyaluronic acid gel. / Thesis (Ph.D, Chemical Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-07-20 11:48:17.508

No description available.

The development of novel asymmetric reaction methodologies has been invaluable in both the academic and industrial world. In just 15 years, organocatalysis has provided a new means of developing asymmetric reaction methodologies using catalysts that are environmentally benign, relatively inexpensive, bench stable, and non-toxic. One development in organocatalysis that is important to our group in particular is chiral phosphoric acid-catalysis. BINOL-derived and VAPOL-derived phosphoric acids have proven to be excellent catalysts for a number of reactions. The two projects I will discuss my efforts on are acetalization and iso-Pictet-Spengler reactions. These were projects that I performed during my first two years as a graduate student. The acetalization was particularly fascinating as only one literature report existed for the catalytic asymmetric variant of a reaction that makes such important compounds--O,O-acetals. The acetalization reaction proved to be a formidable opponent, and to this date no research report has been published documenting the intra-, or intermolecular catalytic asymmetric acetalization of vinyl ethers or the intermolecular catalytic asymmetric transacetalization. The iso-Pictet-Spengler reaction is one that is interesting because exhaustive research has been conducted into the development of catalytic asymmetric Pictet-Spengler reactions, but at the time of my research, not a single catalytic asymmetric method existed to synthesize tetrahydro-γ-carbolines, the product of the iso-Pictet-Spengler reaction. Structurally, the tetrahydro-γ-carboline is isomeric to the tetrahydro-β-carboline, the product of the Pictet-Spengler reaction. They differ only in the position of nitrogen in the annulated product. This reaction seemed attractive to investigate, since independent elegant reports by Professors Benjamin List, Henk Hiemstra, and Darren Dixon documented the excellent control over enantioselectivity that chiral phosphoric acid have in the Pictet-Spengler reaction. Concurrent with the beginning stages of this project, Professor Eric Jacobsen reported the enantioselective thiourea-catalyzed iso-Pictet-Spengler reaction. The results were very good but not as great as the Pictet-Spengler work he pioneered. Around the time this report came out I commenced my reaction studies, and this thesis is the sum of just two projects I worked on. There were many more including halolactonization, VAPOL synthesis, chiral phosphoric acid synthesis, catalytic asymmetric hydroamination, and others.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Wagner Alves Carvalho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência & Tecnologia - Química, 2015. / Neste trabalho estudou-se a obtenção da fragrância de jacinto a partir da acetalização do glicerol com fenilacetaldeído. A reação foi catalisada por carvões ativados comerciais e carvão de bagaço de cana, submetidos a tratamento ácido por meio de oxidação e/ou sulfonação. Avaliou-se as propriedades físicas e químicas dos diversos materiais carbonáceos tratados por meio das isotermas de adsorção e dessorção de nitrogênio, dessorção termo programada de amônia (TPD-NH3), infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), espectroscopia de fotoelétrons de raios X(XPS), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), titulação de Boehm, difração de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura com energia dispersiva por raios X(MEV-EDX). Os produtos cis- e trans-2-benzil-4-hidroximetil-1,3-dixolano e cis- e trans-4-benzil-5-hidroxi-1,3-dioxano, obtidos na acetalização do glicerol, foram identificados e quantificados por ressonância magnética nuclear de prótons (¹HRMN) e cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplado à espectrometria de massas (CG-MS). Os testes catalíticos realizados avaliaram a influência da concentração do catalisador, razão molar dos reagentes, temperatura e solvente no meio reacional, demonstrando rendimentos superiores aos obtidos com sólidos ácidos comerciais de alto custo. Os catalisadores CA-NS e CBCS forneceram valores de conversão próximos a 95% e seletividade de 80% e 20%, respectivamente para dioxolano e dioxano. Além disso, os catalisadores foram estáveis nas condições reacionais, não havendo indicação de lixiviação dos sítios ácidos inseridos na sua superfície. / In the present study it was investigated the production of hyacinth fragrance from glycerol acetalization with phenylacetaldehyde. The reaction was catalyzed by a commercial activated carbon and a carbon obtained from sugar cane bagasse. Solids were previously submitted to oxidation and/or sulfonation treatments. Physicochemical properties of the treated carbonaceous materials were evaluated by N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, temperature programmed desorption (NH3-TPD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Boehm titration, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDX). The products cis and trans-2-benzyl-4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolane and cis- and trans-4-benzyl-5-hydroxy-trans-1,3-dioxane, obtained in the glycerol acetalization, were identified and quantified respectively by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹HRMN ) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry(GC-MS). Catalytic tests evaluated the effect of catalyst concentration, molar ratio of reactants, temperature and solvent in the reaction medium, demonstrating results better than other high-cost commercial catalysts. CA-NS and CBCS catalysts provided conversion values close to 95% and selectivities of 80% and 20%, respectively to dioxolane and dioxane. In addition, the catalysts were stable in the reaction media, with no detect able leaching of the acidic sites inserted on the solid surface.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Wagner Alves Carvalho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia/Química, 2015. / Os Carvões ativados funcionalizados e os óxidos mistos a base de nióbio e alumínio foram investigados como catalisadores heterogêneos na reação de acetalização do glicerol com acetona sem a utilização de solvente para a produção de 2,2-dimetil-1,3- dioxolano-4-metanol (solketal). Os carvões ativados preparados a partir de um resíduo agrícola foram modificados com o intuito de introduzir sítios ácidos na superfície através de um tratamento com HNO3 ou H2SO4. O melhor catalisador foi tratado com ácido sulfúrico concentrado e alcançou até 97% de conversão do glicerol com elevada seletividade para solketal a temperatura ambiente. Por outro lado, os óxidos mistos a base de nióbio e alumínio foram sintetizados pelo processo sol-gel, o qual foi otimizado utilizando técnicas High Throughput Experimentation. A melhor condição de síntese, baseada no desempenho catalítico, foi ajustada para1Nb : xAl : 100 H2O : 1,5 NH4OH (x=1, 0,6, 0,3, 0,1 e 0,05) e o melhor catalisador alcançou 81% de conversão do glicerol a 323 K com seletividade de aproximadamente 100% para o produto de interesse. O comportamento catalítico dos materiais avaliados foi correlacionado com as propriedades físico-químicas caracterizadas por fisissorção de N2, XPS, análise elementar, TGA, titulação de Boehm, espectroscopia Raman, MEV-EDS, DRX e TDPPyr. / Acid-functionalized activated carbons as well as niobium aluminium mixed oxides were studied as heterogeneous catalysts for the solvent-free acetalization of glycerol with acetone to produce 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol (solketal). Activated carbons prepared from agricultural waste were modified to introduce surface acid sites by treatment with HNO3 or H2SO4. The best catalyst was prepared by treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid and achieved up to 97% conversion of glycerol with high selectivity towards solketal at room temperature. On the other hand, the niobium aluminum mixed oxides were synthesized by a sol-gel process, which was optimized using High Throughput Experimentation techniques. The best synthesis condition, based on the catalytic performance, was set to 1Nb:xAl : 100 H2O : 1,5 NH4OH (x=1, 0.6, 0.3, 0.1 and 0.05) and the best catalyst reached up to 81% conversion of glycerol at 323K with selectivity of about 100% towards the main product. The catalytic behaviour of investigated catalysts was correlated with their physicochemical properties through characterization such as N2-physisorption, XPS, elemental analysis, TGA and Boehm titration of the acid sites, Raman spectroscopy, SEM - EDS, XRD and TDP-Pyr.

Cette thèse a consisté à étudier la réaction d'acétalisation en milieu aqueux de l'alcool polyvinylique (PVA) par un aldéhyde non hydrosoluble à longue chaîne alkyle (10-14 carbones) porteur d'une fonctionnalité vinyle en bout de chaîne, pour des conditions spécifiques : concentration en polymère de 8 % massique et degrés d'acétalisation (DA) faibles (<5,6 mol%). L'objectif de cette réaction de greffage est l'obtention de films obtenus par évaporation de solvant ayant une fonctionnalité de surface. L'influence des paramètres de réaction (concentration en réactifs, pH) sur la cinétique a été étudiée sur un composé modèle, le pentane-2,4-diol, puis sur le PVA. Une méthode de dosage par RMN 1H a permis d'identifier et de quantifier les composés en présence dans le milieu de réaction.Un objectif de la thèse a été de maximiser le DA en conservant une viscosité adéquate pour un procédé d'enduction. Pour cela, l'impact du greffage par le 10-undécénal sur l'organisation et les propriétés rhéologiques des solutions d'un PVA référence à 8 % massique a été étudié en premier lieu jusqu'à un DA de 1,85 mol%. Une méthode de quantification de faibles quantités de groupements vinyle en surface des films de PVA acétalisé a permis d'étudier leur orientation en surface pour une gamme de DA de 0 à 1,48 mol%.L'influence de la masse molaire du PVA et de la longueur de chaîne alkyle de l'aldéhyde sur la cinétique d'acétalisation et son impact sur la viscosité des solutions ont également été étudiés. L'utilisation d'un PVA de masse molaire plus faible apparait être un moyen efficace de maximiser le DA tout en conservant une viscosité acceptable pour un procédé d'enduction / This PhD work dealt with the study of the acetalization reaction of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in aqueous medium by non-water soluble aldehydes bearing long alkyl chains and a vinyl end group such as 10-undecenal in specific conditions: in 8 wt% concentrated PVA solutions and with low acetalization degree (AD) from 0.33 mol% to 5.6 mol%. The main purpose of this grafting reaction is to obtain an activated surface on water casted polymer films. First, the impact of reactants concentrations, pH and reaction atmosphere on the acetalization kinetics was studied with a model compound first, pentane-2,4-diol, then with PVA. A new 1H NMR titration method allowed to carry out in situ quantification of the amount of reactant and of grafted aldehyde.On main objectives of this work was to obtain the highest DA while keeping PVA solutions viscosity as low as possible to keep a sufficiently low solution viscosity for a solvent cast process. The impact of AD by 10-undecenal on PVA solution organization and on the rheological properties of 8 wt% PVA aqueous solutions were investigated first until 1.85 mol% AD. A surface vinyl groups quantification method was developed through chemical labeling of the vinyl groups at the surface of solvent casted PVA films and 1H NMR titration of the labels. This method allowed the study of vinyl groups orientation toward the surface of acetalized PVA films until 1.48 mol% AD.The influence of PVA molar mass and of aldehyde alkyl chain length on acetalization kinetics and solutions viscosity was also studied. The use of a low molar mass polymer appeared to be an efficient way to obtain highly modified films while keeping a low 8 wt% acetalized PVA solution viscosity

Ce mémoire de thèse est composé de deux parties distinctes ayant comme thématique commune, les réactions de cycloisomérisation. Nous nous sommes intéressés dans un premier temps au développement d’une réaction tandem d’acétalisation / cycloisomérisation catalysée par des sels d’argents. Cette méthodologie nous a permis d’accéder sélectivement aux familles des furoquinoléines et des pyranoquinoléines. Ces composés ont été testés comme agents antipaludiques et ont donné des résultats prometteurs. Une gamme de dérivés de furoquinoléine a également donné des activités cytotoxiques intéressantes. L’étude de leur potentielle activité antitumorale s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un projet financé par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer. Une étude approfondie de la réaction tandem, nous a permis de mettre en évidence l’influence de composés azotés sur le comportement du sel d’argent. Cette caractéristique nous a conduits à catalyser nos réactions grâce à un complexe inusité jusqu’alors en catalyse organométallique : l’imidazolate d’argent. Dans un deuxieme temps, nous avons étudié une réaction de benzannélation catalysée par des sels de rhodium ou d’argent. La stratégie de synthèse implique des systèmes de type benzofurane, porteurs d’énynes fonctionnalisées par un éther d’énol silylé, et conduit à des dérivés de dibenzofuranes. Ces hétérocycles, connus pour être biologiquement actifs, présentent un intérêt particulier dans la chimie thérapeutique. Nous avons également travaillé sur des indoles et avons pu synthétiser des dérivés d’oxindole originaux / Among a variety of new synthetic transformations, transition-metal-catalyzed reactions are some of the most attractive methodologies for synthesizing heterocyclic compounds. In this context, two different cycloisomerization reactions are studied. We first developed an efficient and versatile access to pyranoquinoline and furoquinoline derivatives, thanks to a tandem silver-catalyzed acetalization /cycloisomerization reaction. The synthesized compounds presented interesting antimalarial activity when tested on a resistant strain of the parasite Plasmodium Falciparum. The antitumoral activity of some furoquinolines was also investigated within a project funded by the French National League Against Cancer. Interestingly, we noticed that the regioselectivity of the cyclization can be controlled depending on the type of silver catalyst used. The observed reaction regioselectivity, including also an interesting nitrogen effect, led us to develop a silver imidazolate polymer as a stable and new silver catalyst. We also described a rhodium-catalyzed benzannulation reaction of silyl-enol-ethers onto alkynes, leading to dibenzofurans derivatives. These heterocycles are well-known for their biological properties and their interest in therapeutic chemistry. Finally, we developed an original methodology for the synthesis of oxindole derivatives

L’alcool polyvinylique a été fonctionnalisé avec des aldéhydes et des acides boroniques dans le but d’obtenir des polymères pouvant apporter de la brillance tout en étant solubles dans les formulations de rouges à lèvres ou de vernis à ongles. De bons taux de fonctionnalisation ont été obtenus permettant d’avoir une bibliothèque de poly(vinyl acétals) et de poly(vinyl esters boroniques) d’une cinquantaine de polymères. Une multi-fonctionnalisation du PVA a été effectuée pour obtenir des polymères alliant ces deux propriétés. Cinq poly(vinyl acétals) ont ainsi permis d’apporter une forte brillance à des rouges à lèvres. La E-poly-L-lysine a également été fonctionnalisée avec diverses cétones afin d’obtenir de nouvelles poly-4-imidazolidinones. Ces polymères sont prometteurs pour des applications dans des produits cosmétiques tels que des soins. Ils ont également été utilisés en catalyse organique asymétrique. / Poly(vinyl alcohol) has been functionalized with aldehydes and boronic acids to obtain polymers with high shining and being soluble in cosmetic formulations as lipsticks or nail polishes. Good grafting rates have been obtained permitting to have a library of about fifty poly(vinyl acetals) and poly(vinyl boronic esters). Multi-functionalization has been developped to obtain polymers having these both properties. Five polymers gave strong shining to lipsticks. E-poly-L-lysine was also functionalized with several ketones to obtain new poly-4-imidazolidinones. These polymers are promising for cosmetic applications as skincare products. They were also used for organocatalysis.