In the light of the nature of the construction industry and the fact that it is often burdened with disputes arising from the contract, appropriate and unique alternative dispute resolution procedures are indispensable for disputes to be resolved quickly, efficiently and effectively. Section 34 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 provides for the right to have disputes resolved by means of a public hearing before a court, alternatively, where appropriate, by means of an independent, impartial forum. Arbitration, mediation, conciliation and adjudication, to name but a few, are alternative methods used in resolving South African construction disputes. Some of these alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods are provided for in the Construction Industry Development Board recommended standard contracts. This study entails an analysis of the ADR methods in construction agreements with specific reference to the General Conditions of Contract for Construction Works 2010 (GCC 2010) and a comparison thereof with the English position. The application of the recommended ADR methods in the South African construction industry, especially adjudication, faces many challenges. There is no certainty as to the definition nor the procedure to be followed in the use thereof. The study concluded that there is a definite need for the contract to be reviewed, in particular the dispute resolution clause. The introduction of on- line dispute resolution was also recommended. This will contribute towards efficient, effective and expedient dispute resolution that is required due to the nature and role of the construction industry in a country‟s economy. There is also a definite need for legislation to be implemented which will assist in clarifying as well as regulating the adjudication procedure as used in the South African construction industry. / Thesis (LLM)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Seminario de Título Ingeniero Comercial, Mención Administración / La crisis Asiática ha sido ampliamente estudiada, indicando que sus causas eran en gran medida predecibles. Es por ello que nosotros estudiamos el mercado de los índices accionarios, sus ADRs y riesgo país como proxies que permitían adelantarse a los críticos eventos financieros vividos por esas economías. En particular el mercado de los ADRs llama la atención su comportamiento sobretodo para el caso de Tailandia y Malasia, ya que presentan retornos anormales positivos aunque no estadísticamente significativos. Para el caso de los índices accionarios, presentaron retornos anormales negativos para los cuatro países en un período cercano al evento y, como era de esperarse, el índice EMBIG que mide la probabilidad de “default” de esos países, presentó retornos positivos en los cuatro casos en el período previo a cada evento. La combinación de aspectos macroeconómicos, combinado con factores financieros y apoyado con el análisis del entorno internacional sería la clave para entender mejor los riesgos financieros de la región, tomando como pilar las economías principales de esta.

Diplomová práce se zabývá charakteristikou a fungováním mediace v obchodních věcech jako jednou z metod alternativního řešení sporu. ? První část se zabývá technikou mediace jako takovou, odlišením od ostatních ADR a přístupem právníků. ? Druhá část se zabývá úpravou jiných států, kde je popsáno několik variant a systémů, jak může být mediace zapojena do právního systému daného státu. ? Nejdůležitější součástí diplomové práce je popis právní úpravy mediace v České republice a zamyšlení nad její budoucností. ? Ve čtvrté části jsou uvedeny a rozebrány některé konkrétní nebo modelové situace mediace na kterých je konkrétně ukázáno fungování mediace, výhody a vztah k soudnímu řízení.

This master´s thesis is focused on the development of business activities of the subsidiary company Rhenus Logistics, s.r.o., which operates on the market of logistics services. The company concentrates on its own development, consolidating its position on the market and acquiring new customers. Based on theoretical knowledge, analyzes will be carried out in this thesis to access the current market and given company´s situation. The result of the thesis will provide proposals for development of business activities of the company.

Alternative resolution of individual labour disputes Abstract This thesis deals with alternative ways of solving individual labor disputes. The main reason for choosing this topic was the author's personal experience with alternative methods of dispute resolution in the field of labor conflicts and labor disputes, in particular with mediation, and also the author's opinion on non-fulfilment of the full potential of these methods in individual labor disputes. The work aims to provide a structured overview of the most commonly used alternative dispute resolution methods in the Czech Republic. At the same time, the author deals with hybrid methods that are rarely used in the czech dispute environment. For the sake of clarity, the author tried to maintain a similar structure in the individual chapters. The first two chapters focus on the definition of basic terms such as labor law dispute, ADR and their division and types. The next chapters already focus on the basic and hybrid ADR methods. Space is also devoted to both negotiation, its principles, phases and negotiation approaches, and other methods. The focus of the work lies in the fourth and fifth chapters focusing on mediation and arbitration. The author describes main conceptual features, principles and legislation including some problematic legal...

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar si existen divergencias entre las cotizaciones de acciones de empresas que se negocian en el mercado de capitales extranjero y local y viceversa, que deriven en el hecho de que no se respete estrictamente la relación técnica que interviene como equivalencia, dada por la Teoría de la Paridad del Poder Adquisitivo, sin tener en cuenta costos de transacción. Es decir, se pretende analizar el precio de las acciones extranjeras versus sus Certificados de Depósitos Argentinos (CDR en adelante), y el precio de acciones locales versus sus American Depositary Receipts (ADR en adelante). Se analizan dos casos, tomando como empresa extranjera a la compañía tecnológica APPLE y como empresa local a la compañía petrolera YPF, comparando sus cotizaciones desde enero de 2014 hasta diciembre de 2022. El principal modelo utilizado es la Teoría de la Paridad del Poder Adquisitivo (TPPA en adelante), también conocida como la Teoría de la Paridad del Poder de Compra mediante la cual, a través de su ecuación, se pueden relacionar dos variables de dos países: precio e inflación y obtener valores comparativos para analizar. La teoría descansa explícitamente sobre la Ley del Precio único (LPU) donde se establece que un mismo bien debería tener el mismo precio en distintos países siempre que se analice y valorice en una misma moneda. En este sentido, la TPPA teóricamente sostiene que el tipo de cambio entre las monedas de dos países es igual a la relación entre los niveles de precios de esos dos países. En palabras de Kenneth Rogoff: “purchasing power Parity (PPP) is the disarmingly simple empirical proposition that, once converted to a common currency, national price levels should be equal” (Kenneth, 1996, p. 647). Por supuesto que suceden variaciones o desfasajes entre los precios y los tipos de cambio repercutiendo en ambos y generando diferencias sustanciales, pero justamente lo que plantea la TPPA es que ese desfasaje es temporal hasta que se ajusta y se vuelve al punto de paridad cumpliéndose la predicción de la teoría. Precisamente se evalúa el grado de cumplimiento de la TPPA y se analiza si existen factores ajenos a los componentes planteados por la teoría que puedan influir en la relación técnica que interviene entre el precio de una acción extranjera en su mercado de origen y el precio de su correspondiente CDR en el mercado argentino, y viceversa. Como precio de referencia para el análisis se toma el tipo de cambio implícito o contado con liquidación (CCL en adelante), calculado según el promedio de cuatro tipos de cambio implícitos obtenidos de los siguientes títulos de renta variable: Tenaris (TS), Grupo Financiero Galicia (GGAL), Pampa Energía (PAM) y Transportadora de Gas del Sur (TGS). El CCL surge del cociente entre el precio local de una acción y el precio en el exterior (ADR) multiplicado por un factor de conversión. Cabe mencionar que el mercado es quien se encarga de regular el CCL para todas las cotizaciones. A través de la oferta y demanda, los movimientos en los precios de las distintas empresas no generan diferencias significativas entre los CCL de cada una. Justamente en este punto es donde el análisis toma relevancia. Se observa como resultado que en el período que se analiza, el cual contempla 2.124 días de ruedas bursátiles en ambos mercados, local y norteamericano, en un mayor número de días las variaciones de los precios en las dos plazas no respetan estrictamente la relación técnica aunque llega a cumplirse en el 11,49% de las ruedas casi en forma perfecta (igualando la unidad) en el caso de YPF y en un 19,73% en el caso de APPLE. / The objective of this research is to analyze whether there are divergences between the share prices of companies that are traded in the foreign and local capital markets and vice versa, which result in the fact that the technical relationship that intervenes as equivalence is not strictly respected. Given by the Purchasing Power Parity Theory, without taking into account transaction costs. In other words, the aim is to analyze the price of foreign shares versus their Argentine Depositary Certificates (CDR), and the price of local shares versus their American Depositary Receipts (ADR). The technology company APPLE is taken as a foreign company and the oil company YPF as a local company, comparing their prices from January 2014 to December 2022. The main model used is the Purchasing Power Parity Theory (TPPA from now on), also known as the Purchasing Power Parity Theory through which, through its equation, two variables from two countries can be related: price and inflation and obtain comparative values to analyze. The theory explicitly rests on the Single Price Law (LPU) where it is established that the same good should have the same price in different countries as long as it is analyzed and valued in the same currency. In this sense, the TPPA theoretically holds that the exchange rate between the currencies of two countries is equal to the ratio of the price levels of those two countries. In the words of Kenneth Rogoff: “purchasing power Parity (PPP) is the disarmingly simple empirical proposition that, once converted to a common currency, national price levels should be equal” (Kenneth, 1996, p. 647). Of course there are variations or gaps between prices and exchange rates, affecting both and generating substantial differences, but precisely what the TPPA proposes is that this gap is temporary until it is adjusted and returns to the parity point, fulfilling the theory prediction. Precisely, the degree of compliance with the TPPA is evaluated and it is analyzed whether there are factors other than the components proposed by the theory that may influence the technical relationship that intervenes between the price of a foreign share in its market of origin and the price of its corresponding Cedear in the Argentine market, and vice versa. As a reference price for the analysis, the implicit or counted exchange rate with settlement (CCL hereinafter) is taken, calculated according to the average of four implicit exchange rates obtained from the following equity securities: Tenaris (TS), Grupo Financiero Galicia (GGAL), Pampa Energía (PAM) and Transportadora de Gas del Sur (TGS). The CCL arises from the quotient between the local price of a share and the price abroad (ADR) multiplied by a conversion factor. It is worth mentioning that the market is in charge of regulating the CCL for all prices. Through supply and demand, the movements in the prices of the different companies do not generate significant differences between the CCL of each one. It is precisely at this point that the analysis becomes relevant. As a result, it is observed that in the period under analysis, which contemplates 2.124 trading days in both markets, local and North American, in a greater number of days the price variations in the two markets do not strictly respect the technical relationship although it is fulfilled in 11,49% of the wheels almost perfectly (equaling the unit) in the case of YPF and in 19,73% in the case of APPLE.

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This thesis deals with out-of-court dispute resolution within international business transactions. Its goal is an analysis of those methods of dispute resolution that may be encountered both in practice and specialized literature and determination of their basic characteristics that allow comparison. The thesis is divided into six chapters. The first two chapters are of general nature and specify the content of the given topic. The third chapter establishes the framework of relevant law and the subsequent chapters are concerned with the online dispute resolution with the help of modern technology. The first chapter is composed of three parts. The first part defines the notions of out-of-court dispute resolution and alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and explains the relation between those two notions that are not considered synonymous. The second part describes the common features of the out-of-court dispute resolution methods. To the contrary, the third part points out the differences between them and groups the particular methods based on various criteria. The second chapter defines the international business transactions and focuses on international or foreign element and its determination. The third chapter provides an overview of the legal framework relevant to the topic. In its four parts...

The thesis is concerned with road transportation of fuel. In theoretical part there are described the legal clauses that are related to this issue. The most detailed regulations can be found in the European Agreement on the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (so called Agreement ADR). Hence the biggest part of the theoretical section is devoted to these regulations. Instructions for transportation of diesel and petrol have been chosen from this international agreement and explained. Practical part deals with particular carrier of fuel - company Petrotrans s.r.o. Standard of service is compared according to several different customers, established demands on safety of fuel transportation are decribed and security of consumption tax in international fuel transportation is analysed.

The theoretical part approaches the topics connected with the transport of dangerous goods and associated topics, for example, from the development of legislation relating to the transport of dangerous goods from the time of the Austrian empire and the First Czechoslovak Republic through the current legislation, e. g. domestic and international validity, and also an important document - the agreement of the ADR, on which the legal rules are based. The next part of the thesis is concerns hazardous substances, including the description of their classification and identification. The following section, which deals with the characteristics of the transport of dangerous goods, including training of persons carrying dangerous goods, the obligations of the participants with transportation from the point of view of safety. An important part of the transport of dangerous goods is also documentation. The three basic documents are: transport document, safety data sheet and the written instructions for the driver. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the following: the requirements regarding the properties on gear road vehicles that transport dangerous goods; the activities of the occupants of the vehicle, if an accident occurs or the emergency situation and the related release of hazardous substances; traffic restrictions, such as restrictions on the transit of vehicles carrying dangerous goods in road tunnels. Conclusion of the theoretical part deals with the principles of the behavior of the population in case of accidents with leakage of hazardous substances and related improvised protection of individuals. These principles build on the models of situations with leaks of hazardous substances that are listed as part of the results. The aim of this thesis is to determine compliance with the legislation on the transport of dangerous goods by road. For setting the goals there are two research questions, namely: How much are traffic regulations being broken? Which regulation of the transport of dangerous goods by road is being broken most often? To determine the answers to the research questions we chose a survey using the questionnaire survey focused predominantly on the driver transporting dangerous goods by road. In the thesis, respectively, the research included a total of 100 valid questionnaires. In the questionnaire survey all of the respondents were randomly chosen, however, some of them refused to answer some questions. The survey revealed that infringement in the field of transport occurs in a fairly small range. The selected eighteen provisions in the legislation, which were violated in varying degrees, were most often replied by the drivers that they never met with the violation of the regulation (together marked 825 times, expressed in % 45,83 % of the total), exceptionally (together marked 782 times, expressed in % 43,44 % of the total), regularly (together indicated by 181 times, expressed in % 10,06 % of the total) or always (together identified 12 times, expressed in percent of the 0.67% of the total). The questionnaire survey also revealed that violations of regulation of the smoking ban is most often. Out of 100 respondents, 30 answered that they met with a violation of this regulation regularly (26) or always (4). Among the other most frequently infringed legal regulations in the field of transport include the rules in securing the cargo to the loading area, where 19 respondents out of 100 answered that they met with a violation of this regulation regularly or always. The rules concerning the manipulation with dangerous goods during the course of loading and unloading, it was noted that 19 of the respondents met with a violation of this regulation regularly (17) or always (2). There are also the results of modeling accidents in the program of the Terrorist Expert TerEx.