BACKGROUND: Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is an important predictor for cardiovascular health. VO2max is often calculated using submaximal tests in clinic. Ekblom-Bak (EB-test) test is a new submaximal cycle ergometer test for calculating VO2max based on differences in heart frequency between two different workloads. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to examine the correlation and agreement between the two methods for calculating VO2max; Åstrand cycle test (Å-test) and EB-test. A secondary aim was also to examine VO2max of physiotherapy students in Uppsala. METHODS: The study design was descriptive and comparative. 30 subjects aged 20-30 were recruited by convenience sampling. Both tests were performed during the same session. Agreement and correlation between the two tests was calculated through paired t-tests and Pearson’s correlation coefficients respectively. RESULTS: Calculated VO2max for the subjects was on average 3.65 L/min, 52.03 ml/kg/min (EB-test) and 3.38 L/min, 47.97 ml/kg/min (Å-test). The differences between the two tests were statistically significant for both L/min (p = 0.01) and ml/kg/min (p = 0.009). The correlation between the two tests was r = 0.76 (L/min) and r = 0.59 (ml/kg/min) respectively. CONCLUSION: This study shows a statistically significant difference between the two submaximal cycle ergometer tests for calculating VO2max. The difference between the two tests is clinically significant and should be considered upon use. Both tests should be used consistently upon evaluating different treatments. Further research in the area is needed.

One of the earliest sub-clinical stages associated with atherosclerosis is endothelial dysfunction (ED), which has been shown to predict future cardiovascular events. Chronic exercise is thought to improve endothelium-dependent vasodilation; however, few studies have evaluated the effects of acute exercise on vascular function (VF). Moreover, studies evaluating ED following an exercise training program lack a standardized time frame in which to measure VF. Although most studies require subjects to abstain from exercise for 24 hours prior to any VF measure, no study to date has assessed VF longer than 24 hours after the cessation of exercise. Additionally, no studies have compared VF responses in obese and non-obese individuals following acute exercise. Purpose: Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate VF, as determined by the assessment of forearm blood flow (FBF) and vascular reactivity (VR) before and up to 48 hours after a single bout of maximal exercise in obese and non-obese males. Methods: Twelve obese (37.0 ± 1.1 kg/m2) and twelve non-obese (21.9 ± 0.3 kg/m2) males volunteered to participate. FBF was assessed before and during reactive hyperemia (RH). FBF measures were obtained prior to (PRE-E), immediately after (POST-E), and at 1 (POST-1), 2 (POST-2), 24 (POST-24), and 48 (POST-48) hours after exercise. Total excess flow, calculated as the difference between baseline FBF and FBF during RH, was used as an indicator of VR. Blood samples were also obtained at each time point to evaluate the response of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which are potential modifiers of VF. Results: Baseline FBF and FBF during RH were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in both groups POST-E before returning to baseline values by POST-1. VR was enhanced in both groups POST-E, although the magnitude of change was greater in non-obese males. VR was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in non-obese males POST-E and was not significantly (P < 0.05) reduced until POST-48. Concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α were unchanged in response to exercise in non-obese and obese males. Conclusions: An acute bout of maximal exercise significantly increased forearm endothelium-dependent vasodilation in non-obese and obese males. Additionally, an increased reactive vasodilation was observed only in non-obese males following exercise. These results also suggest that in non-obese males, measurements used to verify improvements in VF following exercise training should be employed after a minimum of 48 hours following physical activity.

Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs (AAPs) represent a relatively recently discovered unique BChl a-containing bacterial community. These organisms own a fully functional bacterial photosynthetic system. Their photosynthesis is operative only in the presence of oxygen. However, they are not able to grow autotrophically, they require a source of organic carbon for growth and metabolism. I have characterized the photosynthetic apparatus of Erythrobacter sp. NAP1, Roseobacter sp. COL2P and the strains Dor-2m, Dor-vul and Zun-kholbo. BChl a performs the function of the main light-harvesting pigment. Spheroidenone is the major carotenoid of the strains COL2P, Dor-2m, Dor-vul and Zun-kholbo. The NAP1 strain contains "non-photosynthetic" erythroxanthin sulfate, which is bound neither to the reaction center nor to the light-harvesting complex. Bacteriorubixanthinal, zeaxanthin and erythroxanthin are the main photosynthetic carotenoids of NAP1, coupled to the light- harvesting system. This system is composed of inner LH1 complex and reaction center, with no peripheral LH2 complexes. The photosynthetic unit size, in comparison with a typical anaerobic phototroph Rhodobacter sphaeroides, is limited due to the absence of LH2 antenna. The purified LH1-RC complex isolated from NAP1 is relatively thermostable,...

Title: Analysis of selected criteria competing line-ups AERO Dance and Fitness aerobic Objective: The main objektive of this master thesis is to identify the main performance indicators of competition in the category of assemblies AERO Dance and Fitness aerobic. Methods: In this master thesis has been using content analysis and observation. These methods were used to collect and evaluate necessary data. Results: The results show various choreographic solutions and fundamental movement forms which affect sport performance of competitive configurations of most successful teams of organizations FISAF and FIG. Keywords: FIG, FISAF, Fitness team aerobic, AERO Dance

Title: Analysis of competing line-ups of categories AERO Dance and Fitness aerobic teams Objective: The main objektive of this master thesis is an analysis of the competition categories line-ups AERO Dance and Fitness aerobic teams from the World Cup of both international organizations in 2014. Methods: In this master thesis has been using content analysis and observation. These methods were used to collect and evaluate necessary data. Results: The results show various choreographic solutions and fundamental movement forms which affect sport performance of competitive line-ups of the most successful teams of FISAF and FIG organizations. They indicate what motion content of the current competitive line-ups in aerobics is necessary to make the choreography successful. Based on the results it is possible to predict the direction where choreografy creation will continue. Keywords: FIG, FISAF, Fitness team aerobic, AERO Dance

Title: Effect of the load and recovery time on a physiological response in sport rock climbers Objectives: The main purpose of this study was to assess the inluence of various types of climbing loads on a physiological response in sport rock climbers. Methods: Seven experienced (8 to 9+, UIAA - Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme) sport climbers (age 25,4 ± 7 years, body 64,8 ± 6 kg, height 175,8 ± 5,3 cm) were subjected to climbing test until exhaustion, which involved three excercises that included various types of load: continuous, intermittent with 30s load and 30s rest periods (test 30/30) and intermittent with 90s load and 90s rest periods (test 90/90). All subjects refrained from exercising at least 48h between each testing. The monitored variables were performance of climbing steps, heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO2), minute ventilation (VE), energy expenditure (EE) and blood lactate (LA). Results: Peak values of monitored variables show that a climbing intensity was similar among all tests (HRpeak 168 ± 11 to 172 ± 7 bites/min, VO2peak 35,2 ± 4,7 to 40,3 ± 5,3 ml/kg/min, LA 4,1 ± 1,1 to 4,9 ± 1,4 mmol/l). EE was in average 9,0 to 9,8 kcal. Subjects climbed longest (4min 45s ± 37s) in the test 30/30 (six climbers achieved maximum defined time 10 x 30s), whereas total...

Title of the work: Effect of aerobic and anaerobic activities load on soldier Goals: The aim of this work is to find out and to compare the effect of aerobic activities load during 12 minutes of modified running in the aerobic zone, anaerobic activity load during 4x 10 m and 10x 10m and the results of measuring without any physical load in a research group of soldiers on the ability of assembling the sub-machine gun type 58. The partial goal of this work is to find out the effect of speed focused training soldiers on the anaerobic activity load in comparison with the soldiers of long-distance focused training. The research group: The research group is made by 14 students of Military Physical Education at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Prague. Methods: During the data collecting there were used the methods of descriptive analysis. By the comparative technique we tried to investigate the statistical importance of the effect of aerobic and anaerobic activities load on the ability of assembling the sub-machine gun type 58. Some measuring were used to check the soldiers during 12 minutes running and to find out the resting heart rate by using of sporttestr. The results: The recorded data can show us a big effect of anaerobic lactate activity load on the human mobility. All the 14 testing...

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aerobic fitness level on concussion risk, severity and recovery in high school football players. Participants (N=158) completed aerobic fitness (i.e., estimated VO2 max) and baseline neurocognitive tests (i.e., ImPACT). Concussed athletes completed ImPACT every 24-72 hours until they were asymptomatic or returned to baseline levels. A post-season questionnaire assessed unreported concussions and symptoms. Twenty players incurred concussions. Previously concussed athletes were 3.71 times more likely to be concussed than those with no concussion history. Severely concussed participants reported lingering symptoms. Previously concussed athletes high in aerobic fitness reported fewer symptoms than those low in aerobic fitness. Non-significant trends suggested that aerobic fitness might be related to faster recovery times and fewer symptoms. Twenty-eight percent (n= 38) of non-concussed participants reported a potential concussion and symptoms that were not recorded by medical staff during the season.

A geração de grande quantidade de vinhaça resultante da produção de etanol induziu questionamentos a respeito de sua disposição e possível armazenamento. No Estado de São Paulo, a norma P4.231 da CETESB restringiu a aplicação de vinhaça em muitos solos, resultando na necessidade de distribuí-la em áreas distantes da usina. Porém, devido a grande quantidade de água no resíduo, o transporte torna-se inviável do ponto de vista econômico. Uma alternativa para diminuir os custos de transporte é reduzir o volume por evaporação, originando a vinhaça concentrada (VC). No entanto, as temperaturas altas durante o processo de concentração provocam modificações na matéria orgânica, consequentemente, alterando a dinâmica das transformações do N no solo e, considerando ainda que a sua aplicação é realizada na linha de plantio, diferentemente da vinhaça não concentrada (VNC) que é aplicada em área total, pouco se conhece sobre os efeitos no solo e a sua eficiência agronômica. Com o objetivo de (1) conhecer algumas propriedades físico-químicas da VC e compará-la com a VNC, (2) avaliar os efeitos das doses de VC na fertilidade do solo, percolação de íons, produtividade de soqueira de cana-de-açúcar e qualidade tecnológica dos colmos e (3) determinar a mineralização líquida do N (Nm) foram: (I) coletadas amostras de VC e VNC em duas usinas entre os anos de 2010 e 2011, (II) realizado um experimento na cidade de Batatais, SP, em uma área comercial de cana-de-açúcar, (III) conduzido um experimento de incubação aeróbia com os objetivos de determinar o Nm e, através do ajuste a equação de primeira ordem, determinar a mineralização potencial do N (N0), a constante de mineralização do N (k) e (4) parametrizar o módulo SoilN do modelo APSIM para solo que recebeu aplicação de vinhaça. Verificou-se que o processo de concentração da vinhaça promove grande variação no teor de alguns elementos, especialmente o Na+ e as formas de nitrogênio amoniacal e nítrica. A aplicação de 30 m3 ha-1 de VC na linha da cana promoveu aumento nas concentrações de Cl-, NO3 -, Ca+2, Mg+2 e SO4 -2 nas soluções coletadas pelos extratores a 0,80 m de profundidade. De maneira geral foi observado aumento do pH, CTC e dos teores dos cátions trocáveis em função das doses, ao mesmo tempo que os valores de m% decresceram, resultando dessa forma em maior disponibilidade de nutrientes, aumento da fertilidade do solo e consequentemente aumento de produtividade, pois os tratamentos com VC promoveram ganhos de 8 Mg ha-1 em relação ao tratamento controle e, mesmo pela grande quantidade de K+ concentrado na linha de plantio as características tecnológicas dos colmos não foram prejudicadas. Com base nos valores de Nm, N0 e k, pode-se concluir que ocorreu imobilização do N mineral pela biomassa microbiana nos tratamentos com VC. O módulo SoilN do APSIM apresentou bom desempenho em simular a produção de NO3 -, pois a nitrificação calculada diariamente a partir do modelo se ajustou adequadamente aos valores de nitrato observados nas incubações; o modelo foi bem sucedido em calcular as perdas de N no tratamento com a maior dose de VNC a partir dos valores da curva de retenção e do volume de água aplicada no solo. / In São Paulo State, the legislation from CETESB restricts the application of vinasse in many soils, resulting in the need to distribute it in areas distant from the mill. However, due to the large amount of waste water, the transport becomes unfeasible economically. An alternative is to reduce the volume by evaporation, resulting in the concentrated vinasse (CV). But, high temperatures during the evaporation cause changes in the organic matter. So, considering that its application is in the row of sugarcane, unlike the not concentrated vinasse (NCV) which is applied in the total area, the objectives were (1) study some physicochemical properties of the CV and compare it with NCV, (2) evaluate the effects of CV in soil fertility, ions percolation, productivity, and technological quality of stems and (3) evaluate the net N mineralization (Nm). (I) Samples of CV and NCV were collected at two sugarcane mills in 2010 and 2011, (II) an experiment was conducted in São Paulo, in a commercial sugarcane area, (III) an aerobic incubation was conducted to determine Nm, potential N mineralization (N0), rate of N mineralization (k) and (IV) parameterize SoilN APSIM model for soil with vinasse application. It was found that the evaporation of the vinasse leads to greater variation in the concentration of some elements, especially Na+ and ammoniacal and nitrate nitrogen. 30 m3 ha-1 of CV applied in the sugarcane line caused high concentration of Cl-, NO3 -, Ca +2, Mg+2 and SO4 -2 in the soil solutions collected at 0.80 m. There were increase in pH, CEC and the content of the cations, while the values of m% decreased, resulting in availability of nutrient, increasing the soil fertility and productivity. CV promoted gains of 8 Mg ha-1 compared to control and, even the large amount of K+ concentrated in the sugarcane line, the technological characteristics of the stems were not impaired. Based on the values of Nm, k and N0, we can conclude that the mineral N was immobilized by microbial biomass in CV treatments. The APSIM showed good performance to simulate NO3 - production. The nitrification calculated daily from the model was successful to fit to the values observed. The model was successful to calculate N losses in treatment with the highest dose of NCV.

Certain measures of aerobic power have been shown to have a high relationship with endurance performance. Critical power (CP) has also been shown to be well correlated to endurance performance, but few studies have evaluated its use in a competitive scenario. In this study, cardiorespiratory-metabolic measures were evaluated in 13 highly trained cyclists to determine their relationship to performance in a 17 km time trial. Critical power, determined from the nonlinear power-time model, was also evaluated to determine its relationship to performance in a 17 km time trial. Results indicate that the traditional indicators of V02max and ventilatory anaerobic threshold were well correlated to TT performance (r=-0.86, r=-0.79, respectively). The principal finding from this study was that performance in a bicycle time trial is related to CP at least as well as to cardiorespirator-ymetabolic measures. In fact, the results fromthis study suggest that the relationship between performance and CP is stronger (r=-0.89). Use of the critical power concept is attractive because testing requires only a cycle ergometer and a stopwatch to estimate a parameter of aerobic fitness.