Este trabalho teve o objetivo de analisar retrospectivamente o significado da interseção de dois fenômenos sociomodernos. Em primeiro lugar, a epidemia de HIV/AIDS (Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida), com suas características históricas pouco usuais e alta letalidade; e, por outro lado, a intrusão de leis de propriedade intelectual na sociedade, como o Acordo TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Subjects), com amplas repercussões sobre a saúde pública assim como sobre o desenvolvimento econômico e tecnológico dos países, sendo aqui tratados especificamente os casos de Brasil e México. Ambos os países modificaram suas leis de propiedade intelectual (LPI) para implementar o Acordo TRIPS (e, no caso do México, também o NAFTA) nas últimas duas décadas, levando a patamares mais elevados de proteção de propriedade intelectual no México, quando comparado ao Brasil. Estas mudanças, porém, podem ter contribuído, no caso do México, para um menor rendimento e eficácia do seu programa de combate à epidemia de AIDS/HIV já que, para dar uma cobertura mais adequada de tratamento com medicamentos antirretrovirais (ARVs) para sua população, teve que enfrentar maiores dificuldades para sua aquisição. / This work analyzed retrospectively the meaning of the intersection of two modern social phenomena. Firstly, the epidemic of HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), with its unusual historical characteristics and high lethality; and , on the other hand, the intrusion of intellectual property laws in society as the TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Subjects) Agreement, that has far-reaching consequences on public health as well as on the economic and technological development of countries, and here we treated specifically the cases of Brazil and Mexico. Both countries changed their intellectual property laws to implement the TRIPS Agreement (and in the case of Mexico also NAFTA) during the last two decades, leading to higher levels of intellectual property protection in Mexico compared to Brazil. However these changes may have contributed in the case of Mexico to a lower performance and effectiveness of its programme to combat the epidemic of HIV/AIDS, since to give a more adequate coverage of treatment with antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) for its population, had to face major difficulties for the purchase of these medicines.

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de analisar retrospectivamente o significado da interseção de dois fenômenos sociomodernos. Em primeiro lugar, a epidemia de HIV/AIDS (Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida), com suas características históricas pouco usuais e alta letalidade; e, por outro lado, a intrusão de leis de propriedade intelectual na sociedade, como o Acordo TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Subjects), com amplas repercussões sobre a saúde pública assim como sobre o desenvolvimento econômico e tecnológico dos países, sendo aqui tratados especificamente os casos de Brasil e México. Ambos os países modificaram suas leis de propiedade intelectual (LPI) para implementar o Acordo TRIPS (e, no caso do México, também o NAFTA) nas últimas duas décadas, levando a patamares mais elevados de proteção de propriedade intelectual no México, quando comparado ao Brasil. Estas mudanças, porém, podem ter contribuído, no caso do México, para um menor rendimento e eficácia do seu programa de combate à epidemia de AIDS/HIV já que, para dar uma cobertura mais adequada de tratamento com medicamentos antirretrovirais (ARVs) para sua população, teve que enfrentar maiores dificuldades para sua aquisição. / This work analyzed retrospectively the meaning of the intersection of two modern social phenomena. Firstly, the epidemic of HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), with its unusual historical characteristics and high lethality; and , on the other hand, the intrusion of intellectual property laws in society as the TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Subjects) Agreement, that has far-reaching consequences on public health as well as on the economic and technological development of countries, and here we treated specifically the cases of Brazil and Mexico. Both countries changed their intellectual property laws to implement the TRIPS Agreement (and in the case of Mexico also NAFTA) during the last two decades, leading to higher levels of intellectual property protection in Mexico compared to Brazil. However these changes may have contributed in the case of Mexico to a lower performance and effectiveness of its programme to combat the epidemic of HIV/AIDS, since to give a more adequate coverage of treatment with antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) for its population, had to face major difficulties for the purchase of these medicines.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Hamburg, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 329-353).

Although there has been increasing research on HIV/AIDS and children, albeit mostly outside the school environment, most research in the area tends to view 'children as objects' (Christensen and James, 1999) in the research process whereby the change in the child is what is being observed. This view lessens the role of the child and as such means that the results are inadequate - mostly the researcher's perspective is represented. In Zimbabwe, with an estimated 1.1 million AIDS orphans and 115,000 children under 14 living with HIV/AIDS, not much empirical research has been conducted in school settings where they spend most of their time; the complexities of infected and affected students' experiences within the school-home-community spheres are mostly inferred due to lack of empirical research. Using Bronfenbrenner's Ecological System's Theory and the Capability Approach to adopt a holistic psychosocio-cultural lens, the research aims to understand the experiences of infected and affected students from their perspectives within their school, home and community environments. Added to observations, in-depth interviews based on data collected using photography, drawings, timelines, sociograms and student diaries were conducted with 65 boys and 27 girls aged 10 -13 years from a rural primary school during the months of August to December 2011. In-depth interviews were also conducted with 161 parents and caregivers. Also interviewed were 13 stakeholders comprising of a Senior Research Officer within the Ministry of Education, District Education Officer, 5 Teachers and their Principal, a District Councilor, the Chief, a village head, a local Baptist Minister and a research staff person from, FACT, a local NGO that works with AIDS orphans. Among children, findings point to dilapidating issues of stigma, abandonment, unaddressed emotional and physical needs; children relied on each other's advice more than that of teachers and caregivers. Among the adult community, the education authorities and community leaders who are custodians of their education, ignorance about infected and affected children is astounding. An ageing population of caregivers is barely able to deal with the complexities of infected children. Religion has a powerful negative influence on addressing HIV/AIDS issues. Teachers, citing taboo issues about sex and the fact that HIV/AIDS is not an exam at the school, refused to broach the subject. Education Officials at the time clearly pointed out that there has been no research nor any plans yet to address this population and their needs. Further research will need to be conducted for educational planning that will be most effective in implementing meaningful changes for this group and other rural primary school children.

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Objective: Criminal liability for the sexual-transmission of HIV raises complex questions for both clinicians and service-users regarding their responsibilities and legal obligations to disclose information to others. This is the first research study to address the impact of these issues upon everyday clinical and professional management in the UK. The prevalence and incidence of clinical and HIV-legal issues reported by the 107 psychologists sampled are reported. Design: A cross-sectional approach comprising two components was utilised: Firstly, questionnaire survey (Response rate 22%) scoping the experiences of practice issues among psychologists from sexual-health and generic settings. Attitudes towards HIV-prosecutions and various measures of professional self-efficacy were also collected. Secondly, three focus groups (N=15) exploring the impact of practice issues upon clinicians’ likely confidentiality breaking behaviours. Methods: Clinical and legal issues are presented. Further statistical analyses explored the interaction of various demographic, clinical and attitudinal variables upon clinician’s perceived self-efficacy. Focus Group transcripts analysed using Thematic Analysis (Data-driven approach) with eight emergent themes. Results: Although no direct involvements in police investigations reported, two instances of psychology notes being subpoenaed plus multiple ‘near miss’ clinical experiences described. High proportions of sexual-health psychologists experienced HIV-clients disclosing problematic behaviours, including intentional transmission (9%; N=5) and/or ‘reckless’ behaviour (72%). Focus groups expressed high levels of anxiety regarding these scenarios associated to multiple influences (interpersonal, clinician, professional and service factors). Quantitative and qualitative results were triangulated to provide a detailed analysis of how psychologists manage the clinical impact of the issues. Conclusions: Psychologists broadly supported HIV-prosecutions for intentional transmission (81%) but only limited support around ‘reckless’ cases (44%), particularly among those sexual-health experienced. Those ‘critical’ attempted to mitigate the impact of legal issues by proactively raising awareness among HIV-clients and resisting overly-defensive service changes; whereas those ‘less-critical’ were more accepting. Clinical, training and therapeutic implications are briefly considered.