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Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2001. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

No segundo semestre de 1996 e no primeiro de 1997, 360 estudantes do sexo feminino e 289 do sexo masculino, na faixa etÃria de 13 a 20 anos, de escolas pÃblicas e particulares de Fortaleza, foram investigados com relaÃÃo a conhecimento sobre transmissÃo da AIDS, atitude em relaÃÃo a pessoa soropositiva para o HIV e comportamento sexual. Os dados foram coletados atravÃs de questionÃrio fechado e auto-aplicativo e as escolas foram categorizadas em particulares de nÃvel A, B, C, escola pÃblica federal e escolas pÃblicas estaduais/municipais. Uma anÃlise univariada foi realizada entre as variÃveis dependentes (perÃodo de inÃcio da vida sexual e relaÃÃo sexual desprotegida) e os fatores que podem influenciar tais comportamentos, atravÃs de teste exato de Fisher. Dentre estes fatores, aqueles que mostraram-se significativos - p<0,05 - foram incluÃdos na anÃlise multivariada, realizada atravÃs de regressÃo logÃstica. Setenta por cento dos estudantes do sexo masculino e 26% do sexo feminino disseram jà ter iniciado sua vida sexual, sendo 14,0 anos a idade mÃdia de inÃcio dos adolescentes do gÃnero masculino e 15,8 anos do gÃnero feminino. CinqÃenta por cento dos estudantes engajaram-se em atividade sexual precoce, onde ser do sexo masculino, nÃo praticar sua religiÃo e renda familiar elevada estavam independentemente associados com inÃcio precoce da vida sexual. As adolescentes sexualmente ativas envolveram-se mais do que aqueles do sexo masculino em relaÃÃes sexuais desprotegidas, assim como os estudantes de escolas pÃblicas e particulares de nÃvel C, quando comparados com aqueles de escola particulares de nÃvel A e B. O estudo sugere que aÃÃes para prevenÃÃo à infecÃÃo pelo HIV devem ser implementadas em todos os nÃveis sÃcio-econÃmicos de adolescentes, considerando as vulnerabilidades de seu comportamento sexual.

Drawing on the theoretical perspectives of Michel Foucault and Cindy Patton, this thesis takes a detailed and analytical look at HIV/AIDS prevention programs and literature published by U.S. public health organizations within the last decade. Of central interest is the distribution of sexual responsibility discourses advocating, implicitly or explicitly, individual self-control in the form of "safe(r) sex," with the interest to protect and sustain the "public health." The programs examined in this thesis advocate sexual responsibility and organize individuals into taxonomies defined by their risk. Individuals are classified as either "not risky" or "risky" and "responsible" or "irresponsible" through a complex relational system whereby their presumed behaviors are connected to specific identities; and specific identities are presumed to be indicative of presumed behaviors. This system, moreover, is stricly divided along exuality, racial/ethnic, and class lines. Thus, heterosexual, white, and middle- to upper-class persons are considered to be "not at risk" whereas any configuration of teh social markers of bi-/homosexual, African-American and Hispanic, and lower-class is considered to be "at risk." I term the specific type of responsibility proposed in these programs practical sexual responsibility. A direct consequence of the HIV/AIDS prevention programs is the classification of individuals into two distinct identity categories that correlate with their assumed level of risk. Practical sexual responsibility is a limited version of responsibility demanded of those assumed to be "risky."

MMed (Family Medicine), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand / The family care-giver has a pivotal role to play in the management of the chronically ill HIV/AIDS patient. The well being of the care giver is therefore crucial since impairment of their physical or mental health could impact negatively on the management of the HIV patients. Aim The purpose of this qualitative study was to find out the psychosocial impact of care-giving on the family care-giver of the chronically ill HIV/AIDS patient in home based care. Methodology In-depth, tape recorded, unstructured interviews were conducted on eleven care-givers recruited at an adult HIV clinic at United Bulawayo Hospitals, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Relevant demographic data was collected from each participant. The interviews were then transcribed before analysis of the data was done. Results The care-givers biggest challenge was meeting care costs such as food, transport and medical expenses. Certain conditions relating to the care-recipients‟ health and family issues such as abandonment of the ill patient and orphans added to the burden of care. Carers also had health and physical factors that impacted on their psychosocial well being. All these issues resulted in a spectrum of emotions such as helplessness, sadness, anxiety and anger but despite this the carers still reported on positive aspects of their care-giving role. Conclusion Care-giving impacted negatively on the care-givers‟ psychosocial well being but there were also positive aspects to the role.

The problem of HIV internationally has many wide ranging impacts on people, communities and countries' development. In the last decade antiretroviral (ARV) treatment has emerged as the major scientific-technical solution, albeit a costly one. Access to ARV treatment is of vital importance across Africa and around the world. Resources for HIV treatment, care and support are transferred globally on a massive scale. However, how such programmes operate ‘on the ground' in different contexts is still unclear. This research contributes to understanding the experience of the people who access such treatment programmes in different contexts. This research focuses on this gap, exploring how treatment programmes are experienced, how the availability of treatment impacts both on people's experience of being HIV+ and how the availability of treatment may also change perceptions of what it means to be HIV+, both individually and at a societal level. This research focuses on the lives and experiences, particularly the treatment experiences, of people living with HIV in peri-urban Gambia. Low prevalence countries such as The Gambia can provide a compelling example of the ways in which meanings and understandings of HIV are created. Here, entering a field of health pluralism and fluid knowledge creation around HIV-infection, came large scale actors providing a high-profile ARV treatment programme through clinic-based medicine, and an effective de-pluralisation of the medical field in relation to HIV, inviting scrutiny of how such knowledge relations and differences are experienced. Although not anticipated at the outset of the research, in parallel the Gambia has become the locus of a major, politically-backed, ‘alternative' AIDS treatment programme. This has thrown the personal and societal meanings of HIV into a new and sensitive context, compelling research attention into how knowledge, status and meanings around HIV are negotiated, and how people make choices amongst different treatment options.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-associated stigma is pervasive throughout the world. This stigma affects the ability of HIV-positive individuals to cope with their illness and it also affects behaviors around sexual practices, disclosure to others and the use of healthcare. The purpose of the research project was to examine the experience of internalized stigma among HIV-positive persons and their perceptions of stigmatizing attitudes in the community. The study also examined disclosure of HIV serostatus and identified factors contributing to disclosure and stigma in Senegal, a low prevalence Muslim country in West Africa. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fann in the form of a structured interview using a newly developed stigma instrument. The interviews were carried out in French and/or Wolof and the participants were interviewed during a routine visit to Fann Hospital. 15 men and 28 women aged between 19 and 55 years participated in the study. The mean period of time since diagnosis was 3.6 years (+/- 2.5 years). The stigma instrument showed a mean internalized stigma score of 5.4 +/- 3.5 (maximum score: 15) and an even higher level of perceived stigmatizing attitudes in the community of 7.9 +/- 4.8. Males had greater stigma scores than females. Almost 80 percent of the people interviewed had received some counseling, yet less than two-thirds of the study participants had disclosed their HIV status to others. People who had disclosed their HIV status used counseling less. The majority of subjects reported positive experiences with healthcare personnel in the Infectious Diseases Clinic of Fann Hospital. The level of internalized stigma and the perception of stigmatizing attitudes in the community are high with males experiencing more guilt. About three-fifths of the participants in the study had not disclosed their HIV status to even one other person; men disclosed their serostatus more frequently than women. Women were more likely to use counseling services compared to their male counterparts, and individuals who had disclosed their serostatus attended counseling less. Finally, despite the level of stigma perceived, the majority of people interviewed reported positive experiences with healthcare workers.

Thesis (M.A. (Health Social Sciences))--Mahidol University, 2005.

The aim of the diploma work was the effort to map the problems and occurrence of sexually transmissible diseases, particularly gonorrhea and syphilis, in Southern Bohemia in the time period 2000 {--} 2005. Standardized questionaries ``Report of veneral disease{\crqq} of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic were used. The basic set is formed by patients that contracted during the period 2000 {--} 2005 one of the four sexually transmissible diseases subject to obligatory report to the National registry of veneral diseases of the Czech Republic. Four hypotheses were proposed for the subject. The work is divided into two parts: a theoretical and a practical part. The current state of the issue is outlined in the theoretical part. Here are further described the most frequent sexually transmissible diseases, their prevention and also the social impact of prostitution and the effort to provide a legislative treatment to this problem. The practical part covers the results of analyses of data from the given question-forms and their presentation in overview tables and graphs. Case studies of patients with syphilis from the Dermatovenerogical department of the Hospital Ceske Budejovice are presented including an interesting photo documentation showing the clinical and epidemiological importance of this problem.

O estigma, o preconceito, a estereotipagem e a discriminação estão presentes na história da humanidade há séculos e acaba servindo de base para atitudes ou omissões sociais até os dias atuais, quer seja individual ou coletivamente, pois estes mexem com temas considerados tabus ou que muitos não consegue lidar ou falar sobre eles como homossexualidade, prostituição, monogamias sucessivas e por não enfrentarem esta dificuldade de dialogar (preconceito) e as usam seus achismos como alicerce para julgar o outro. O surgimento da HIV/AIDS nos Estados Unidos, ao atingir pessoas consideradas à margem da sociedade como homossexuais masculinos, haitianos, heroínados, hemofílicos e profissionais do sexo, reforçou ainda o preconceito inicial em torno da doença, o que acabou levando as vítimas desta nova enfermidade a sofrem discriminação. Este atitude foi reforçada pela mídia ao relatar e reforçar ao expor sobre os acometidos com a nova síndrome. Entretanto, não se evidenciou os casos ocorridos na França, que eram bem diferentes do que era pregado como uma predileção do vírus, o que ficou conhecido como grupo de risco. As instituições religiosas, mais especificamente as igrejas, inicialmente na década de 1980, propagaram este pensamento de que o HIV/AIDS era um castigo divino, um tipo de retribuição pelos pecados das primeiras vítimas e, portanto, culpados pela sua enfermidade. Entretanto, alguns líderes religiosos não concordaram com esta visão da teologia da retribuição e foram ajudar as pessoas que sofriam com a doença ou com a morte social, seja com auxílio espiritual ou caridade ou simplesmente emprestando um pouco do seu tempo a quem necessita de um auxílio. / Stigma, prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination have been present in the history of humanity for centuries and end up serving as the basis for social attitudes and omissions, be they individual or collective, up to our current days, because they deal with themes considered tabus or subjects which many are not able deal with or talk about, such as homosexuality, prostitution, successive monogamies. They dont tackle the difficulty of dialoguing (prejudice) and use their I think its this way positions as the foundation to judge others. The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the United States, affecting people considered at the margin of society such as male homosexuals, Haitians, heroin addicts, hemophiliacs and sex professionals, reinforced the initial prejudice relating to the illness, which caused the victims of this new illness to suffer discrimination. This attitude was reinforced by the media as they reported and reinforced by exposing those afflicted with the new syndrome. However, the cases arising in France were not evidenced, these cases being quite different from what was preached as a predilection of the virus and became known as the risk group. The religious institutions, more specifically the churches, initially in the decade of 1980, propagated this thought that HIV/AIDS was a divine punishment, a type of retribution for the sins of the first victims, therefore they were guilty for their illness. However, some religious leaders did not agree with this view of theology of retribution and went out to help the people who were suffering with the illness or with the social death, be it with spiritual help or charity or simply granting some of their time to help those in need of assistance.