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Guidelines for gender sensitive HIV and AIDS prevention strategies among reproductive age women in EthiopiaAbraham Alemayehu Gatta 18 November 2015 (has links)
Background
AIDS remains one of the world’s most serious health challenges affecting more females than men. The differences in the spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) among gender groups stem from biology, sexual behaviour and socially constructed
gender differences between women and men in roles and responsibilities, access to
resources and decision-making power. It could also be due to the females’ status in
society which could be justified by lower economic and decision making ability.
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the role of gender in the spread
of HIV among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia; with the view of developing gender sensitive HIV and AIDS prevention strategies.
Methods
The study used sequential mixed method with quantitative and qualitative paradigm.
During first phase of the study, health facility based descriptive cross-sectional study
design was used. Data was collected from 422 respondents using a structured questionnaire. Forty participants were recruited by purposive sampling from representatives working in reproductive health or related fields.
Results
About 83.2% of respondents reported that sexual intercourse discussion should be
initiated by male partners. This showed that majority of respondents were dependent on their male partners in decision-making regarding sexual matters in their relationship. Multiple sexual partners were common among the respondents. One third of the respondents reported to have had intercourse with more than one partner during the
past twelve months of the study period. Higher proportion of respondents (61.4%,
n=259) had never used condom during sexual intercourse with their partner/s. As a result these risky sexual practices are a potential threat for spread of HIV and AIDS among women. Thus developed guidelines would alleviate the existing problems
through implementation of strategies of HIV and AIDS prevention to enhance women’s
status at household and different administrative structure level.
Conclusion
Gender disparities in relation to negotiating sexual relations among the study respondents were found to be still relevant. The culture that has placed men at the helm of leadership in sexual matters is strongly upheld and that includes who recommends
use of preventive measures and who regulates when and how to enter into a sexual relationship. Guidelines for gender sensitive prevention strategies if applied appropriately would educate women and men to make decision about what directly affects their health / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)
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Socio-cultural factors contributing to the differential HIV statuses between Agnuak and Nuer communities in Fugnido refugee camp, EthiopiaAlemayehu, Betel Getachew 16 April 2013 (has links)
According to the 2005 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey, HIV prevalence in Gambella
region where Fugnido refugee camp is located is 6%, which is the highest prevalence data
recorded in the country. Similarly, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) Health Information System (HIS) demonstrates that Fugnido has the highest HIV
prevalence compared to other refugee camps in Ethiopia and furthermore shows variation in
prevalence among the two main ethnic groups in the camp, namely Agnuak and Nuer (about
8.5% and 2.3% respectively). The study seeks to investigate why a significant difference
exists in the number of people with known HIV positive status among the Agnuak
community compared to the Nuer community in the Fugnido refugee camp in Ethiopia. It
does this by investigating factors that are presumed to explain HIV high risk-behaviour and
vulnerability. This was a cross-sectional study of Agnuak and Nuer tribes living at the
Fugnido refugee camp. The sampled population involved men and women refugees from the
ages of 15 to 49 years. The study used a mixed method approach or methodological
triangulation. Cluster sampling technique was used for the quantitative data collection. The
sample size was 831 refugees (439 Agnuak and 390 Nuer). Seven (7) Focus Group
Discussions (FGDs) and 3 Key Informant (KI) interviews was used for the qualitative data
collection. Findings show that the Agnuak were almost 4 times (OR=3.8, 95% CI [1.9-7.4] p
< 0.05) more likely to practice risky behaviour compared to 0.3 times (OR=0.3, 95% CI [0.1-
0.9] p < 0.05) likelihood among the Nuer refugees. Factors associated with differences in
risky behaviour for both Agnuak and Nuer included, inter alia, primary education as the
highest level of education attained, 50% among the Agnuak (OR=0.5, 95% CI [0.3-0.8] p <
0.05), compared to Nuer community’s 30% (OR=0.3, 95% CI [0.2-0.6] p < 0.05). Access to
HIV and voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services was lower for the Agnuak
(OR=1.8, 95% CI [1.1-2.9] p < 0.05) compared to the Nuer (OR=2.9, 95% CI [1.6-5.1] p <
0.05). Unlike the Nuer refugees, the Agnuak refugees who had experienced forced sex
(OR=7.3, 95% CI [2.9-18.8] p < 0.05) and had a positive attitude (lack of or reduced stigma)
towards HIV (OR=2.1, 95% CI [1.3-3.7] p < 0.05) were more positively associated with risky
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behaviour (than the Nuer). The Nuer had no factor associated with risky behaviour that was
different from that of the Agnuak. The study revealed more Agnuak refugees than Nuer
refugees had been engaged in risky sexual behaviour by having multiple sex partners and
being involved in transactional sex. The Nuer was more closed and reserved to having sexual
relations outside of their group than the Agnuak were which contributed to their relatively
lower HIV prevalence. Furthermore, there was very low condom use among the Nuer
community compared to the Agnuak community, which was based on differential attitudes
between the two communities concerning trust of partner and monogamous relations. The
study findings recommend that humanitarian workers and community partners need to
collaborate to develop congruent HIV interventions that go beyond traditional strategies of
distributing condoms and focus on correct and consistent use of condoms in the camp.
Humanitarian and community workers’ understanding the socioeconomic context of the
communities and the influence of cultural and other factors, including behaviour with
intervention strategies,could also curb the epidemic. / Sociology / M.A. (Sociology)
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Socio-cultural factors contributing to the differential HIV statuses between Agnuak and Nuer communities in Fugnido refugee camp, EthiopiaAlemayehu, Betel Getachew 16 April 2013 (has links)
According to the 2005 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey, HIV prevalence in Gambella
region where Fugnido refugee camp is located is 6%, which is the highest prevalence data
recorded in the country. Similarly, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) Health Information System (HIS) demonstrates that Fugnido has the highest HIV
prevalence compared to other refugee camps in Ethiopia and furthermore shows variation in
prevalence among the two main ethnic groups in the camp, namely Agnuak and Nuer (about
8.5% and 2.3% respectively). The study seeks to investigate why a significant difference
exists in the number of people with known HIV positive status among the Agnuak
community compared to the Nuer community in the Fugnido refugee camp in Ethiopia. It
does this by investigating factors that are presumed to explain HIV high risk-behaviour and
vulnerability. This was a cross-sectional study of Agnuak and Nuer tribes living at the
Fugnido refugee camp. The sampled population involved men and women refugees from the
ages of 15 to 49 years. The study used a mixed method approach or methodological
triangulation. Cluster sampling technique was used for the quantitative data collection. The
sample size was 831 refugees (439 Agnuak and 390 Nuer). Seven (7) Focus Group
Discussions (FGDs) and 3 Key Informant (KI) interviews was used for the qualitative data
collection. Findings show that the Agnuak were almost 4 times (OR=3.8, 95% CI [1.9-7.4] p
< 0.05) more likely to practice risky behaviour compared to 0.3 times (OR=0.3, 95% CI [0.1-
0.9] p < 0.05) likelihood among the Nuer refugees. Factors associated with differences in
risky behaviour for both Agnuak and Nuer included, inter alia, primary education as the
highest level of education attained, 50% among the Agnuak (OR=0.5, 95% CI [0.3-0.8] p <
0.05), compared to Nuer community’s 30% (OR=0.3, 95% CI [0.2-0.6] p < 0.05). Access to
HIV and voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services was lower for the Agnuak
(OR=1.8, 95% CI [1.1-2.9] p < 0.05) compared to the Nuer (OR=2.9, 95% CI [1.6-5.1] p <
0.05). Unlike the Nuer refugees, the Agnuak refugees who had experienced forced sex
(OR=7.3, 95% CI [2.9-18.8] p < 0.05) and had a positive attitude (lack of or reduced stigma)
towards HIV (OR=2.1, 95% CI [1.3-3.7] p < 0.05) were more positively associated with risky
6
behaviour (than the Nuer). The Nuer had no factor associated with risky behaviour that was
different from that of the Agnuak. The study revealed more Agnuak refugees than Nuer
refugees had been engaged in risky sexual behaviour by having multiple sex partners and
being involved in transactional sex. The Nuer was more closed and reserved to having sexual
relations outside of their group than the Agnuak were which contributed to their relatively
lower HIV prevalence. Furthermore, there was very low condom use among the Nuer
community compared to the Agnuak community, which was based on differential attitudes
between the two communities concerning trust of partner and monogamous relations. The
study findings recommend that humanitarian workers and community partners need to
collaborate to develop congruent HIV interventions that go beyond traditional strategies of
distributing condoms and focus on correct and consistent use of condoms in the camp.
Humanitarian and community workers’ understanding the socioeconomic context of the
communities and the influence of cultural and other factors, including behaviour with
intervention strategies,could also curb the epidemic. / Sociology / M.A. (Sociology)
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Guidelines for gender sensitive HIV and AIDS prevention strategies among reproductive age women in EthiopiaAbraham Alemayehu Gatta 18 November 2015 (has links)
Background
AIDS remains one of the world’s most serious health challenges affecting more females than men. The differences in the spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) among gender groups stem from biology, sexual behaviour and socially constructed
gender differences between women and men in roles and responsibilities, access to
resources and decision-making power. It could also be due to the females’ status in
society which could be justified by lower economic and decision making ability.
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the role of gender in the spread
of HIV among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia; with the view of developing gender sensitive HIV and AIDS prevention strategies.
Methods
The study used sequential mixed method with quantitative and qualitative paradigm.
During first phase of the study, health facility based descriptive cross-sectional study
design was used. Data was collected from 422 respondents using a structured questionnaire. Forty participants were recruited by purposive sampling from representatives working in reproductive health or related fields.
Results
About 83.2% of respondents reported that sexual intercourse discussion should be
initiated by male partners. This showed that majority of respondents were dependent on their male partners in decision-making regarding sexual matters in their relationship. Multiple sexual partners were common among the respondents. One third of the respondents reported to have had intercourse with more than one partner during the
past twelve months of the study period. Higher proportion of respondents (61.4%,
n=259) had never used condom during sexual intercourse with their partner/s. As a result these risky sexual practices are a potential threat for spread of HIV and AIDS among women. Thus developed guidelines would alleviate the existing problems
through implementation of strategies of HIV and AIDS prevention to enhance women’s
status at household and different administrative structure level.
Conclusion
Gender disparities in relation to negotiating sexual relations among the study respondents were found to be still relevant. The culture that has placed men at the helm of leadership in sexual matters is strongly upheld and that includes who recommends
use of preventive measures and who regulates when and how to enter into a sexual relationship. Guidelines for gender sensitive prevention strategies if applied appropriately would educate women and men to make decision about what directly affects their health / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)
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