The Cognitive theory was utilised in an attempt to understand the HIV and AIDS practice needs of peer educators in the Department of Social Development in the Free State province. The absence of guidelines affects the utilisation of peer educators and thus leads to the under-utilisation of programmes. The practice needs were therefore identified and recommendations were submitted with a view to address existing gaps Applied research was utilised as findings were used to make suggestions on the development of practice guidelines for programmes used by peer educators. As the researcher was interested in the rich data from peer educators‟ explanations about their HIV and AIDS practice needs, the most suitable research design for the study was the qualitative design with a collective case study. Purposive sampling was selected as the most appropriate sampling method within non-probability sampling, as the researcher‟s own knowledge and judgment of the population, its elements and the nature and purpose of the study, guided him. Within purposive sampling the researcher implemented volunteer sampling by issuing invitations to targeted participants who met specific criteria. Data collection was conducted through the implementation of two focus groups sessions consisting of 11 participants and eight participants respectively in each group for the duration of 90 minutes. Data collected was analysed using Creswell‟s analytical spiral. The planned research was expected to address issues of gaps and practice needs, as well as guidelines necessary for the implementation of the HIV and AIDS workplace prevention programme. / Dissertation (MSocial Work)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Social Work and Criminology / MSocial Work / Unrestricted

Submitted in partial requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of IsiZulu namaGugu in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Zululand, 2002. / Lolu cwaningo lucubungula ulwazi lwesintu, amasiko, izinkolelo nemikhutshana yesizwe samaZulu neqhaza okungalibamba ekugwemeni izifo ezithathelwana ngokocansi, ikakhulukazi igciwane lesandulela ngculazi nengculazi uqobo lwayo. Luzama ukuthola ukuthi qhaza lini elingabanjwa umphakathi ekulweni nalesi sifo esesibhubhise izwe kangaka. Lucubungula izindlela zesintu ezazisetshenziswa ngempumelelo, esikhathini sakudala, ukunqanda izifo ezithathelwana ngokocansi. Luzama ukuthola ukuthi lezo zindlela ngeke yml zakhuthazwa ukuba zisetshenziswe esikhathini sanamuhla njengesikhali okungaliwa ngaso nalesi sifo esesiqede isizwe Lucubungula iqhaza elingabanjwa amasiko afana nokusokwa kwabesilisa nabesifazane, ukugwetshwa kwabesilisa nabesifazane, ukuhlolwa kwezintombi nezinsizwa, ukuthomba, ukusoma, ukuyobisa, umemulo, irnikhosi efana nomkhosi kaNomkhubulwane, umkhosi womhlanga, kanye neqhaza elingabanjwa amabandla ehlukene ekulweni nokusabalala kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi, ingculazi uqobo lwayo, ezinye izifo ezithathelwana ngokocansi, ukukhulelwa kwentsha isikhathi singakafiki kanye nokufundiswa kwentsha ngokuziphatha ngenhlanzeko.

ABSTRACT The Ministry of Health in South Africa has launched massive campaigns to try and prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS. However, South Africa still has more people infected with HIV/AIDS than any other country in the world. This has led to government and health care planners re-evaluating neglected traditional health systems as potential contributors to health care delivery. This report highlights some areas where traditional healers can play a role in the prevention of HIV/AIDS as told by traditional healers themselves. In discussing these roles, the report raises the need for supportive government policy. Up to now government policies on HIV/AIDS have relied largely on biomedical explanations of illness and ignored other popular explanations. This poses a serious problem in a country like South Africa, where a large proportion of the population consults traditional healers first before consulting the medical sector. Such policies also impact on collaborative measures between the two sectors. Thus far, almost all prevention programmes are run by clinics with very little interaction with other sectors. The report then goes on to discuss the perceptions on HIV/AIDS as discussed by traditional healers. In so doing, the report begins to touch on the role of traditional practices that relates to sexual behaviour in HIV/AIDS prevention. As custodians of traditional culture, traditional healers have a huge role to play in re-inventing such practices in a manner that raises awareness about HIV/AIDS and at the same time preventing the spread of the disease.

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This study evaluated the efficacy of the Stages of Behavior Change (SBC) Model for use with Hong Kong Chinese. The SBC Model has demonstrated empirical support in a variety of health behaviors and across diverse populations. Further, the SBC has implications for the development of behavior change interventions. The SBC is composed of three components: stages of change, self-efficacy, and decisional balance. The stages of change are used to determine intention and time frames for behavior change. The SBC model applies Bandura's (1977) definition of self-efficacy and Janis and Manns’ (1968, 1977) conflict theory of decision making. The surveys used to measure these components have been validated and are predictive for condom acquisition. Survey data related to HIV/AIDS prevention (condom use) were collected from university students in Hong Kong and the United States. Comparisons were made across cultures (Hong Kong and the United States) and within the two cultural groups. Exploratory factor analyses using Principal Components Analysis revealed a single-factor model for self-efficacy and a 4-factor model for decisional balance (2 factors for advantages and 2 factors for disadvantages) concerning self (1) and others (we). Main effects for culture and staging were found for self-efficacy and the disadvantage component of decisional balance. Main effects for stage were found for advantages with a significant interaction. These data described an increase in self-efficacy across the stages of change for condom use and greater self-efficacy in HK then the US. The hypotheses for this study were supported with the exception of the advantages component of decisional balance within Hong Kong. Post hoc tests found no difference in self-efficacy in sexually active versus sexually non-active subjects in HK and the US and demonstrated differences in sexually active versus sexually non-active subjects in HK for advantages and disadvantages. Results offer support for using this model with Hong Kong Chinese as the data suggest more similarities than differences across two diverse cultures. These results have important implications for understanding behavior change mechanisms in diverse cultural groups and have significance for intervention planning in Hong Kong for AIDS risk reduction. / Ph. D.

Teng, Yue. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 33-38). / Abstract also in Chinese.

A Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (Aids), é uma pandemia com alto nível de letalidade. Os adolescentes no início da atividade sexual, podem se deparar com as Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis (DST), e entre estas a Aids. A gravidez na adolescência é uma epidemia no país, indicando que, se a prevenção para gravidez não está ocorrendo, também não está ocorrendo para as DST. Fazer um diagnóstico prévio da situação em que se deseja intervir, é uma conduta objetiva, utilizada por educadores na elaboração de programas de educação em saúde cientificamente elaborados. Neste sentido, este estudo têm o objetivo de obter dados que possibilitem identificar o perfil demográfico e os fatores que levam os estudantes do ensino médio a adotarem comportamentos de risco para a Aids. A população deste estudo foi constituída de 360 estudantes da primeira, segundo e terceira séries do ensino médio das duas escolas estaduais do município de Peruíbe, São Paulo, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório - descritivo, para o qual foi aplicado um questionário estruturado. Os resultados demonstraram que 50,6% dos estudantes têm dúvidas de que a masturbação mútua seja uma prática sexual segura; a maioria tem conhecimentos corretos relacionados à Aids, porém 50,5% ainda acreditam, erroneamente, que a doação de sangue pode contaminar o doador; 62,3% referem utilizar o coito interrompido na prevenção da Aids e 30,4% a pílula anticoncepcional; 53,2% consideram não correr nenhum risco ou pequeno risco para a Aids; consideram como muito importante ou importante 87,7% a fidelidade do homem e 89,3% a fidelidade da mulher; 29,7% a virgindade do homem e 40,6% a virgindade da mulher; 23,5% a abstinência sexual masculina e 26,9% a abstinência sexual feminina na prevenção da Aids; 58,6% já tiveram relação sexual; 49,5% dos meninos iniciaram a atividade sexual entre os 10 e 13 anos e 70,0% das meninas entre os 14 e 17 anos de idade; 56,9% relataram atividade sexual nos últimos 30 dias; 48,3% afirmam fazer uso da camisinha todas as vezes que têm relação sexual; 38,3% algumas vezes e 11,0% nunca usam;45,1% afirmaram que fazem uso de bebidas alcoólicas; 95,2% não usam drogas injetáveis; 62,5% declararam que não têm plano ou seguro saúde ou convênio médico; 60,6% utilizam recursos da saúde pública; 45,3% dos estudantes trabalham; 63,3% ganham entre 1 e 2 SM; 25,8% das famílias dos estudantes têm renda mensal entre 1 a 4 SM; citaram como pessoas escolhidas para conversarem sobre HIV/Aids: 70,8% os amigos; 54,4% a mãe; 43,9% o (a) namorado (a); 40,3% os irmãos; 30,6% os professores; 29,7% o pai e 17,5% o profissional da saúde; 50,3% responderam seguir o que essas pessoas dizem; 30,8% seguem às vezes e 12,8% não seguem; 70,8% citaram a televisão como fonte de informação considerada mais importante na formação do conhecimento atual sobre a doença. Este projeto de pesquisa, tem a finalidade de obter dados que possam servir de subsídios, para que os setores responsáveis pela educação e saúde do município, construam programas preventivos de acordo com a realidade apresentada pelos seus próprios estudantes. / The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Aids), is a pandemy with high level of lethality. Adolescents beginning their sexual activity, may get sexual diseases and among these Aids. Adolescence pregnancy is very common all around the country indicating that preventive mesures are not efficient; the same can be said do STD. A previous diagnosis of the situation where one intend to act is an objective way used by educators in education programs of health, scientifically elaborated. Based on these concepts, this study has the target to get information in order to make the demograph profile and identify the factors that make the students of high-school to have a behaviour of risk in relation to Aids. The sample studied was represented by 360 students of the first, second and third series of high-school, in two schools in the town of Peruíbe, São Paulo, Brazil. It was an exploratory and descriptive study in which was used an organized questionnaire. The results showed that 50,6% of the students have doubts on they safety of mutual masturbation as sexual practice; the majority has good knowledge in relation to Aids, but 50,5% believe that people who donate blood can be contaminated; 62,3% say that use interrupted coitus to prevent Aids and 30,4% anticonceptional drugs; 53,2% think that there is small or no risk to get Aids; 87,7% think that it is very important or important men\'s fidelity and 89,3% women\'s fidelity; for 29,7% and 40,6%, the virginity, respectively of men and women, is considerated important; 23,5% and 26,9% respectively men\'s and women\'s sexual abstinency are important in preventing Aids; 58,6% have already had sexual intercourses; 49,5% of boys began sexual activities around 10 and 13 years old and the girls between 14 and 17 years old; 56,9% had sexual intercourses on the last 30 days; 48,3% declare that use condoms in all sexual intercourses, 38,3% sometimes and 11,0% never; 45,1% declare that use alchoolic drinks; 95,2% say that don\'t use injected drugs; 62,5% don\'t have health insurance; 60,6% use the public health system; 45,3% work; 63,3% receive between 1 and 2 minimum salary; 25,8% of the student\'s family have a monthly income between 1 and 4 minimum salary; 70,8% talk about Aids with friends, 54,4% with the mother, 43,9% with boy/girl friends, 40,3% with brother or sister, 30,6% with teachers, 29,7% with the father, 17,5% with the health professional; 50,3% say that follow what these people say, 30,8% follow sometimes and 12,8% don\'t follow at all. 70,8% say that TV is the most important source of information. This study has the aim to obtain information to help the authorities responsible for education and heatlh in elaboration of preventive programs according to reality presented by the students.

This research paper is designed to introduce a sexual education programme that can be adapted for Mountain of Fire Global Ministries (MFGM), to guide the youth in their safer sexual practices in the era of HIV and AIDS. In view of this, the research paper will build upon other sexual education programmes such as S- safer practices, A- available medication, V- voluntary counseling and testing, E- empowerment through education (“SAVE”), A- abstain, B- be faithful, C- condomize (ABC) and others (INERELA+ 2008:1). Setting the stage to understand the challenge in South Africa for safer sexual practices among youth, the researcher saw it fit to conduct research in his local community of Wentworth. The intention of the research was to get a basic understanding of the HIV and AIDS prevalence among youth and the type of education they were receiving from the local organizations. The interviews conducted in the research demonstrated that there was more of an authoritarian or top-down rather than a grass roots bottom-up approach used by the organizations, which gave the impression that the type of curriculum used was obsolete. The researcher felt that addressing the need for safer sexual practices among youth would have been more effective if the approach was through dialogue. Youth may have felt insecure, believing that some of their needs, inputs or experiences could not be discussed in a top-down approach. Organizations that appeared to be condescending, as well as more superior and intellectually equipped, may have made youth feel inferior and inadequate. The outcome of this approach may have created mixed feelings between the organizations and the youth. A lack of understanding, on behalf of the educating organizations, as to what the youth really required in education on safer sexual practices and what they were experiencing personally, eventually could have led to the youth treating the education lightly. On the other hand, from a Christian education perspective, this research paper ascertained that the youth were being squeezed into a mould where safer sexual practices were not considered. Christian education strongly discourages the practice of sex outside of marriage and teaches that abstaining from sex until marriage is the only commendable way. This type of education creates a distancing and has a great impact on the lives of youth, especially those who are sexually active. Somehow if they do engage in sexual activity, they feel isolated, inferior, unaccepted and inadequate to grow spiritually. The change in their attitude and behavior results from continuous pulpit caution, instead of precaution, on how to manage safe or safer sexual practices. Christian education continues to place fear on the youth about premarital sex and the youth often feel that they are responsible for the consequences that derive from negligence. This research uncovered that Christian education adopted a top-down instead of a bottom-up approach, thus denying the youth the opportunity to express themselves with their experiences and needs when it came to safe or safer sexual practices. In view of the hierarchical approaches of some organizations and Christian education, the youth find themselves under difficult circumstances, whereby they are not given the opportunity to relieve themselves of some of the pressures they face when it comes to safe and safer sexual practices. In light of this struggle to find common ground, Paulo Freire in his book Pedagogy of the oppressed (2003:71-83) introduces some positive methods, such as dialogue, that can broker a relationship between the facilitator and the participants. In addition to this, the International Network of Religious persons with and affected by AIDS (INERELA+) has compiled a “SAVE” Toolkit (2012) that the researcher has included in the research paper, as a guide to walk alongside Freire‟s philosophy of dialogue. This will help to bridge the gap between the facilitators and the participants, and assist them in finding a common ground as they search for social transformation in the context of safer sexual practices. The interviewees mentioned in the research showed a great deal of experience and knowledge, but they were limited in the ABC method they used to educate youth on HIV and AIDS. This method did not cater for those who were beyond this stage, such as those who had contracted the virus. Since the “SAVE” Toolkit is more user friendly, incorporating both the ABC method and reproductive health for those who have contracted the virus to live a positive lifestyle, to blend it with dialogue improves its effectiveness. This proved to be an important finding in the research in terms of the hypothesis which promotes a sexual education programme for safer sexual practices among youth. This will eventually assist youth to develop mindsets that enable them to be more responsible in their sexual behavior. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.