Under Cooperative Agreement Number H8601010007, BARA contracted with the NPS to amend the document review with primary data from representatives of the tribes that were found to be historically and culturally affiliated with Sunset Crater Volcano, Walnut Canyon, and Wupatki National Monument. Additionally, this addendum to the affiliation study includes information about traditional uses of park resources as described by tribal representatives. This information is critical to park management and for compliance with various laws, regulations, executive orders, and policies so that park managers can better address tribal requests for continued access and use of park resources. The first purpose of this study is to amend the completed literature search with primary data collected with tribal representatives of the six ethnic groups. This data will provide contemporary validation of the literature search and contribute additional information related to tribal affiliation. The second purpose of this study is to provide primary data about past and present tribal uses of park resources. As a Traditional Use Study of park resources, this effort contributes information essential to park management as well as to compliance with a myriad of laws, regulations, executive orders, and NPS policies. The specific objectives of this study include identification of natural resources at each park that are used for traditional purposes, descriptions of the cultural importance of these resources, and, where possible, links between contemporary resource use and records of historic use.

This dissertation is a study of the Eastern Apache nations and their struggle to survive with their culture intact against numerous enemies intent on destroying them. It is a synthesis of published secondary and primary materials, supported with archival materials, primarily from the Béxar Archives. The Apaches living on the plains have suffered from a lack of a good comprehensive study, even though they played an important role in hindering Spanish expansion in the American Southwest. When the Spanish first encountered the Apaches they were living peacefully on the plains, although they occasionally raided nearby tribes. When the Spanish began settling in the Southwest they changed the dynamics of the region by introducing horses. The Apaches quickly adopted the animals into their culture and used them to dominate their neighbors. Apache power declined in the eighteenth century when their Caddoan enemies acquired guns from the French, and the powerful Comanches gained access to horses and began invading northern Apache territory. Surrounded by enemies, the Apaches increasingly turned to the Spanish for aid and protection rather than trade. The Spanish-Apache peace was fraught with problems. The Spaniards tended to lump all Apaches into one group even though, in reality, each band operated independently. Thus, when one Apache band raided a Spanish outpost, the Spanish considered the peace broken. On the other hand, since Apaches considered each Spanish settlement a distinct "band" they saw nothing wrong in making peace at one Spanish location while continuing to raid another. Eventually the Spanish encouraged other Indians tribes to launch a campaign of unrelenting war against the Apaches. Despite devastating attacks from their enemies, the Apaches were able to survive. When the Mexican Revolution removed the Spanish from the area, the Apaches remained and still occupied portions of the plains as late as the 1870s. Despite the pressures brought to bear upon them the Apaches prevailed, retaining their freedoms longer than almost any other tribe.

Ingeniero Civil Mecánico / En este trabajo, se desarrolla un modelo termodinámico de una central geotérmica emplazada en Pampa Apacheta, utilizando los datos medidos en las pruebas de producción de Cerro Pabellón (48 [MW] instalados), la primera central geotérmica de Chile actualmente en construcción. De acuerdo a estudios previos y a la descripción del proyecto Cerro Pabellón, el tipo de central que mejor se adapta a las condiciones de Pampa Apacheta es una de ciclo combinado de expan-sión súbita binaria que consiste en un ciclo de generación con vapor y un ciclo binario cuya ener-gía es extraída de la salmuera o fase líquida del flujo geotérmico. Las variables de diseño escogidas en el modelo corresponden a las presiones de boca de pozo asociadas a las curvas de productividad, el fluido binario y la presión de trabajo de este último. Además, se incluye un procedimiento para evitar la precipitación de sílice, componente común del fluido geotérmico, en los distintos componentes del proceso de generación. El modelo es validado mediante cálculo de la potencia neta a partir de las condiciones de pozo de la central geotérmica Miravalles ubicada en Costa Rica. El resultado presenta un 1% de error diferencial y con esto se da por validado el modelo termodinámico computacional. En relación al modelamiento de la central en Pampa Apacheta, las presiones en la boca de los pozos deben ser las mínimas posibles, evitando la precipitación de sílice, es decir 800 [kPa] en el pozo CPE-1 y 350 [kPa] en el pozo CPE-2. Por otra parte, el fluido binario debe presentar tempe-raturas de evaporación entre 422 [K] y 430[K]. Entre un conjunto de fluidos binarios candidatos evaluados, el fluido que maximiza la potencia neta generada a partir de los pozos mencionados es el isopentano, considerado también para Cerro Pabellón, y que permite producir 9,9 [MW]. Se obtiene un rendimiento de primera ley de 7,26% y de segunda ley de 22,53%, valores bajos debido principalmente a las restricciones operacionales para evitar la precipitación de sílice. La central óptima presenta una utilización de 10,7 [(kg/s)/MW], es decir, al extraer 514 [kg/s] (flujo másico declarado para Cerro Pabellón) se obtiene una potencia neta de 48 [MW] a partir de 10 pozos de producción, utilizando isopentano como fluido de trabajo binario. Se estima que una central de esta envergadura en Pampa Apacheta tiene un costo de inversión aproximado de 320 [MM USD] incluyendo exploración, perforación, piping, la central de poten-cia y líneas de transmisión, que en términos unitarios se traduce en una inversión de 6,6 [MM USD/MW].

Parameter selection is a critical task in scientific workflows in order to maintain the accuracy of the simulation in an environment where physical conditions change dynamically such as in the case of weather research and forecast simulations. Currently, Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) is the premier method for weather prediction, which is used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). It takes the current observations from observed sites as the input for numeric computer models and then produces the final prediction. Considering the large number of simulation parameters, the size of the configuration search space becomes prohibitive for rapidly evaluating and identifying the parameter configuration that leads to most accurate prediction. In this thesis, we develop an Autonomic Workflow Performance Manager (AWPM) for Hurricane Integrated Modeling System (HIMS). AWPM is implemented on top of the Apache Storm and ZooKeeper to handle multiple real-time data streams for weather forecast. AWPM can automatically manage model initialization and execution workflow and achieve better performance and efficiency. In our experiments, AWPM achieves better performance and efficiency for the model initialization and execution processes, by utilizing automatic computing, distributed computing and component-based development. We reduced the timescale of the configuration search workflow by a factor of 10 by using 20 threads with the full search method, and a factor of 20 by with the roofline method when compared to serial workflow execution as it is typically performed by domain scientists.

With maritime industry carrying out nearly 90% of the volume of global trade, the algorithms and solutions to provide quality of services in maritime transportation are of great importance to both academia and the industry. This research investigates an optimization problem using evolutionary algorithms and big data analytics to address an important challenge in maritime disruption management, and illustrates how it can be engaged with information technologies and Internet of Things. Accordingly, in this thesis, we design, develop and evaluate methods to improve decision support systems (DSSs) in maritime supply chain management. We pursue three research goals in this thesis. First, the Vessel Schedule recovery Problem (VSRP) is reformulated and a bi-objective optimization approach is proposed. We employ bi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) to solve optimization problems. An optimal Pareto front provides a valuable trade-off between two objectives (minimizing delay and minimizing financial loss) for a stakeholder in the freight ship company. We evaluate the problem in three domains, namely scalability analysis, vessel steaming policies, and voyage distance analysis, and statistically validate their performance significance. According to the experiments, the problem complexity varies in different scenarios, while NSGAII performs better than other MOEAs in all scenarios. In the second work, a new data-driven VSRP is proposed, which benefits from the available Automatic Identification System (AIS) data. In the new formulation, the trajectory between the port calls is divided and encoded into adjacent geohashed regions. In each geohash, the historical speed profiles are extracted from AIS data. This results in a large-scale optimization problem called G-S-VSRP with three objectives (i.e., minimizing loss, delay, and maximizing compliance) where the compliance objective maximizes the compliance of optimized speeds with the historical data. Assuming that the historical speed profiles are reliable to trust for actual operational speeds based on other ships' experience, maximizing the compliance of optimized speeds with these historical data offers some degree of avoiding risks. Three MOEAs tackled the problem and provided the stakeholder with a Pareto front which reflects the trade-off among the three objectives. Geohash granularity and dimensionality reduction techniques were evaluated and discussed for the model. G-S-VSRPis a large-scale optimization problem and suffers from the curse of dimensionality (i.e. problems are difficult to solve due to exponential growth in the size of the multi-dimensional solution space), however, due to a special characteristic of the problem instance, a large number of function evaluations in MOEAs can still find a good set of solutions. Finally, when the compliance objective in G-S-VSRP is changed to minimization, the regular MOEAs perform poorly due to the curse of dimensionality. We focus on improving the performance of the large-scale G-S-VSRP through a novel distributed multiobjective cooperative coevolution algorithm (DMOCCA). The proposed DMOCCA improves the quality of performance metrics compared to the regular MOEAs (i.e. NSGAII, NSGAIII, and GDE3). Additionally, the DMOCCA results in speedup when running on a cluster.

The complex and diverse populations of galaxies observed today form hierarchically through past galactic mergers. Interactions between galaxies of similar masses will drastically alter the morphology, chemical composition, star-formation activity, and central black-hole accretion of their constituents. Though we can see the components and byproducts of galaxy mergers, these events endure over a timescale of hundreds of millions of years. Thus to understand the merging process from observations, astronomers are reliant on large spectroscopic surveys which will contain galaxy mergers at various stages of interaction, and those which have just experienced coalescence. Until recently, such surveys were limited to the global properties of each galaxy, constraining the global changes in chemical composition and star-formation activity, but overlooking how such changes vary across a galaxy. The advent of Integral Field Unit (IFU) spectroscopy surveys provides spatially resolved spectroscopic properties for thousands of galaxies for the first time. This thesis presents analysis of galaxy mergers from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) IFU spectroscopy survey. Enhancements and deficits in star-formation rate and metallicity, as a result of the interaction, are determined for each spatial pixel containing a spectrum (spaxel) based on well established relationships with stellar mass density. These offsets are then compressed into radial profiles to quantify how the effects of an interaction vary as a function of radius. A sample of 36 post-mergers are, on average, enhanced out to ~2 effective radii, though individual galaxies can be enhanced or suppressed in the outskirts depending on the global star-formation rate of the galaxy. The metallicity is uniformly suppressed in post-merger galaxies, in concordance with the global SFR enhancement. A sample of galaxy pairs is identified with cuts in the projected separation, the line of sight velocity difference, and the mass ratio of the interaction. I develop a method to deblend close galaxy pairs that are on the same IFU observation, and remove contribution from the companion galaxy in the radial profile. Radial profiles of SFR and metallicity offsets for the pairs sample, binned by projected separation, confirm that central enhancements in SFR increase as separation decreases. Behaviour in the outskirts is more varied, and does not appear to correlate with the projected separation or the mass ratio of the interaction. Metallicity offsets display a similar issue, showing no clear correlation with separation or mass ratio. Such ambiguity implies that multiple characteristics of the interaction and its components are required to predict the spatial changes in a galaxy merger. I propose projects that could shed light on these ambiguities. The most recent release of MaNGA will double the sample size of mergers, possibly homogenizing projected separation and mass ratio bins that may be dominated by a particular population. An analysis of interacting galaxies that do not have mass ratio measurements, but very small projected separations and highly disturbed morphologies, could provide understanding of the transition between the very end of an interaction and the state of the galaxy post-coalescence. I also propose a more complex analysis of the asymmetry of IFU spectroscopy data products, which until now have been simplified with radial profiles. Lastly, I emphasize the importance of follow up studies of the resolved molecular gas properties of merging galaxies to discern whether gas reservoir, depletion time, or both are driving the change in star-formation rate. / Graduate

Vor dem Hintergrund der steigenden Inzidenz und der nahezu unverändert hohen Letalität der schweren Sepsis wurden in den letzten Jahren beeindruckende Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Diagnostik und v.a. der Therapie der Sepsis erlangt. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, den Einfluss des neuen Medikaments Drotrecogin alpha (aktiviert) auf Patienten mit septischem Schock bzgl. Mortalität zu prüfen und Kriterien, die auf eventuellen Erfolg bzw. Misserfolg hinweisen, zu identifizieren. Hierzu wurden die Akten von 63 Patienten mit septischem Schock, die zwischen Oktober 2002 und September 2006 auf der internistischen Intensivstation der Medizinischen Klinik und Poliklinik I des Universitätsklinikums Würzburg betreut wurden, ausgewertet. Die ermittelten Daten wurden in Bezug auf neuere Literatur analysiert. Alle Patienten (44 Männer, 19 Frauen, Durchschnittsalter 53,4 ± 13,7 Jahre) wurden zusätzlich zur Standardsepsistherapie mit DrotAA (24 µg/kg KG/h) für eine Gesamtzeit von max. 96 h behandelt. Jedem Patienten mussten zur Kreislaufstabilisierung Katecholamine verabreicht werden, folglich befanden sich per definitionem alle Studienteilnehmer im septischen Schock. Der durchschnittliche Apache II-Score lag bei 36 und die mittlere Anzahl an Organversagen war 4,4 (100 % der Patienten erlitten ein Kreislaufversagen, 94 % hatten ein Lungenversagen, 78 % ein Nierenversagen, 68 % eine metabolische Azidose, 64 % eine DIC, 35 % ein Leberversagen). Insgesamt verstarben 30 der 63 Patienten (47,6 %) innerhalb von 30 d nach Beginn der Applikation von DrotAA. 46 % unserer Patienten sind innerhalb von 24 h nach Aufnahme auf die ITS mit DrotAA behandelt wurden. In der statistischen Analyse zeigte sich der Beginn der Therapie mit DrotAA innerhalb von 24 h jedoch nicht als signifikanter Prädiktor für die 30 d-Mortalität (HR: 0,87; 95 % CI: 0,422 – 1,791; p = 0,705). Die unabhängigen Prädiktoren des 30 d-Mortalitätsrisikos waren die Anzahl an Organversagen (HR je Organ: 1,51; 95 % CI: 1,14 – 1,99; p = 0,004), die Anzahl an verabreichten Antibiotika (HR je Medikament: 0,57; 95 % CI: 0,42 – 0,79; p = 0,001), das Ansteigen des Noradrenalinbedarfs (HR: 2,884; 95 % CI: 1,156 – 7,195; p = 0,023), das Ansteigen des CRP-Wertes (HR: 1,453; 95 % CI: 0,970 – 2,177; p = 0,070), sowie das Abfallen des Quick- (HR: 0,520; 95 % CI: 0,283 – 0,953; p = 0,034) bzw. des pH-Wertes (HR:0,428; 95 % CI: 0,188 – 0,973; p = 0,043). Verglichen mit der Literatur [45], war eine Behandlung mit DrotAA bei Patienten mit einem Apache II-Score ≥ 25 mit einem reduzierten Mortalitätsrisiko assoziiert. Signifikant war diese Differenz bei Patienten mit einem Apache II-Score von 35 – 44. Bei keinem der 63 Patienten traten während der Gabe von DrotAA intrakranielle Blutungen oder Blutungen, die die Gabe von mehr als drei Blutkonserven notwendig machten, auf. Mit den Daten dieser hier vorliegenden Untersuchung konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine DrotAA-Behandlung bei Patienten mit septischen Schock und höchsten Mortalitätsrisiken mit einem besseren Outcome assoziiert ist, als es entsprechend des Apache II-Scores zu erwarten wäre. / Introduction: Against the background of increasing incidence and high lethality of severe sepsis, substantial progress in diagnostic and therapy was achieved in the last years. Activated drotrecogin alpha (DrotAA) is a new medication for severe sepsis. As a recombinant form of human activated protein C it has anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory and profibrinolytic properties. According to large trials the use of DrotAA should be restricted to patients with severe sepsis and highest risk of death. While these studies suffered from major exclusion criteria, this case-series presents the experience with DrotAA in “real world“ patients with septic shock and multi-organ failure. Methods: Between October 2002 and September 2006 63 patients with septic shock were treated with DrotAA (24 µg/kg/hr for up to 96 hours) in addition to standard care at the intensive care unit of the University Hospital Würzburg. The patient files were analysed retrospectively with regard to mortality in order to find criteria indicating a potential success or failure of the therapy. Results: All patients (44 men, 19 women, mean age 53.4±13.7 years) were treated with DrotAA (24 µg/kg/hr) in addition to standard sepsis therapy. 100% of the patients were in septic shock determined by the requirement of vasopressor therapy. The average APACHE II score was 36 and the average number of failed organs was 4.4 (100% cardiovascular failure, 94% lung failure, 78% kidney failure, 68% metabolic acidosis, 64% DIC, 35% liver failure). 30 of 63 patients (47.6%) died within 30 days after the start of the DrotAA-therapy. 46% of the patients were treated with DrotAA within 24 hours after arrival to the ICU. However, the start of the DrotAA therapy within 24 hours was no significant predictor of 30-day mortality risk (HR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.422-1.791; p=0.705). Independent predictors of 30-day mortality risk were the number of failing organs (HR per organ: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.14-1.99; p=0.004), the number of applied antibiotics (HR per drug: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.42-0.79; p=0.001), the increasing requirement of norepinephrine (HR: 2.884; 95% CI: 1.156-7.195; p=0.023), the increase of CRP (HR: 1.453; 95% CI: 0.970-2.177; p=0.070), the decrease of thromboplastin time (HR: 0.520; 95% CI: 0.283-0.953; p=0.034) and pH value (HR 0.428; 95% CI: 0.188-0.973; p=0.043). In patients with APACHE II score ≥ 25 treatment with DrotAA was associated with a reduced mortality risk. This difference was significant in patients with an APACHE II score of 35-44. During the treatment with DrotAA no patient suffered from intracranial hemorrhage or bleedings requiring the application of three or more erythrocyte concentrates. Conclusion: Targeting treatment with DrotAA to patients with septic shock, multi-organ failure and high risk of death is associated with better survival than anticipated from baseline APACHE II scores although mortality risk remains still very high.

This report has conducted a research of comparing a few open source search engines. The research contains two evaluation processes, the first evaluation will evaluate each open source search engine found on today’s market. Points will be given between one to five points depending on how well the open source search engine meets the requirements. The open source search engine with the highest score will then be chosen for implementation. The first evaluation resulted in Elasticsearch being the selected open source search engine and will continue to the implementation phase. The second evaluation will be measuring the system performance and the relevance of the SERP (Search Engine Results Pages). This phase will evaluate the system performance by taking time measurements on how long it takes for the search engines to deliver the SERP. The relevance of the search results will be judge by a group of CSN employers. The group will be giving point be-tween one to five points depending on the relevance of the SERP. It will eval-uate Elasticsearch with the search engine CSN are using today on their web-site (www.csn.se). This phase resulted in Elasticsearch being the better in performance measurements but not in the relevance of the SERP. This was discussed and came to the conclusion that most points were lost because of the first search result Elasticsearch delivered. If this search result was re-moved Elasticsearch could deliver as good results as the old search engine. The survey came to the conclusion that Elasticsearch is recommended for CSN if certain problem areas could be corrected before implementation into their systems.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo explicar cómo funciona la tecnología Server-Side Scripting en la generación de páginas web dinámicas, desarrollando dos versiones de un intérprete basado en las reglas del lenguaje Pascal. La primera de estas versiones corre como un módulo DSO (Dynamic Shared Object) integrada al servidor Apache, mientras que la segunda es un intérprete independiente que genera las páginas dinámicamente interactuando con el servidor Apache vía CGI. / Tesis

Future supercomputers will require application developers to expose much more parallelism than current applications expose. In order to assist application developers in structuring their applications such that this is possible, new programming models and libraries are emerging, the many-task runtimes, to allow for the expression of orders of magnitude more parallelism than currently existing models. This dissertation describes the challenges that these emerging many-task runtimes will place on performance analysis, and proposes deep integration between runtimes and performance tools as a means of producing correct, insightful, and actionable performance results. I show how tool-runtime integration can be used to aid programmer understanding of performance characteristics and to provide online performance feedback to the runtime for Unified Parallel C (UPC), High Performance ParalleX (HPX), Apache Spark, the Open Community Runtime, and the OpenMP runtime.