Diversos estudos têm relatado incrementos na força muscular a partir de treinamentos com diferentes metodologias no meio aquático. No entanto, não foram encontradas abordagens sobre a utilização de séries únicas e múltiplas no treinamento de força no meio aquático. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os incrementos na força muscular dinâmica máxima, na força de resistência e na força de potência em mulheres jovens e sedentárias, submetidas ao treinamento de força no meio aquático, com diferentes volumes de treinamento. Sessenta e seis mulheres jovens e saudáveis (24,72±4,33 anos) foram aleatoriamente divididas em dois grupos: Série Simples (1S) e Séries Múltiplas (3S), durante a primeira etapa do treinamento, composta por 10 semanas. Após este período, sessenta mulheres continuaram o treinamento por mais um período de dez semanas e foram aleatoriamente sub-divididas em quatro grupos de estudo: simples/simples (SS), simples/múltipla (SM), múltipla/simples (MS) e múltipla/múltipla (MM). Todos os grupos realizaram duas sessões semanais durante as 20 semanas, sendo que os exercícios foram executados em máxima velocidade por trinta segundos e foram realizados em forma de circuito, com intervalo de dois a três minutos entre cada grupo muscular. Foram realizadas avaliações nas etapas pré-treinamento, após 10 semanas e após 20 semanas de treinamento. Foram realizadas avaliações de uma repetição máxima (1RM) e de Repetições Máximas com 60% de 1RM nos exercícios supino, rosca bíceps, flexão de joelhos e extensão de joelhos. Além destas, foram realizadas avaliações de força potente por meio dos saltos Squat Jump e Countermovement Jump. Os resultados foram analizados utilizando ANOVA para medidas repetidas com fator grupo ( =0,05). Ao longo das primeiras dez semanas de treinamento, ambos os grupos (1S e 3S) apresentaram incrementos na força muscular dinâmica máxima, na força resistente e na força potente sem diferença entre os grupos (p>0,05). Nesta etapa os incrementos percentuais na força máxima para o grupo 1S foram de 9,72±9,54% a 18,82±11,17%; no grupo 3S foram de 10,49±9,99% a 18,48±11,07%. Na força resistente os incrementos no grupo 1S foram de 19,45±15,24% a 38,01±26,50%; no grupo 3S foram de 13,04±11,25% a 51,01±36,07%. Na força potente os incrementos no grupo 1S foram de 10,90±13,68% (SJ) e 9,09±8,01% (CMJ); no grupo 3S foram de 8,25±11,67% (SJ) e 6,78±6,83% (CMJ). Após vinte semanas de treinamento, todos os grupos de estudo demonstraram incremento na força muscular dinâmica máxima, na força resistente e na força potente, sem diferença significativa entre os grupos, ou seja, mesmo com a manutenção, o aumento ou a diminuição do número de séries, observou-se o mesmo comportamento da força muscular. Na força máxima os incrementos para o grupo SS foi de 16,53±9,81% a 30,93±11,65%; no grupo SM foi de 15,41±12,77% a 28,87±15,11%; no grupo MS foi de 17,12±13,02% a 28,04±12,95%; no grupo MM foi de 20,98±13,60% a 26,53±13,17%. Na força resistente, os incrementos para o grupo SS foram de 18,32±25,57% a 46,65±49,04%; no grupo SM foram de 13,99±14,50% a 42,50±20,49%; no grupo MS foram de 13,26±23,03 a 48,24±46,50%; no grupo MM foram de 14,14±28,54% a 59,62±43,59%. Na força potente, os incrementos no grupo SS foram de 12,60±12,13% (SJ) e 11,28±10,62% (CMJ); no grupo SM foram de 21,17±17,83% (SJ) e 4,75±7,25% (CMJ); no grupo MS foram de 12,43±13,67% (SJ) e de 5,74±6,63% (CMJ); no grupo MM foram de 18,67±26,18% (SJ) e de 8,83±4,71% (CMJ). Ao final do estudo, pode-se concluir que mulheres jovens e sedentárias apresentaram melhora na força muscular dinâmica máxima, na força de resistência e na força de potência após 20 semanas de treinamento, independente do volume de treinamento realizado. / Several studies have shown significant increase in the muscle strength induced by different exercise trainings protocols in aquatic environment. However, no studies were found investigating the adaptations of single and multiple sets during the resistance training in aquatic environment. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare the effects between two aquatic resistance training (single and multiple sets) on maximal dynamic muscle strength, muscle endurance and muscle power in untrained women. Sixty-six young women (24.72±4.33 years) were randomly placed into two groups: single set (1S) and multiple set (3S) during the first 10 weeks. After that, sixty women maintained the training by an additional 10 weeks and were randomly sub-divided in four experimental groups: single/single (SS), single/multiple (SM), multiple/single (MS), multiple/multiple (MM). The subjects performed the aquatic resistance training during 20 weeks twice a week, and the exercises were performed in circuit form with 2-3 min of recovery among each muscular group. The one repetition maximal test (1RM), muscle endurance test (maximal repetitions at 60% 1RM) and muscle power test (squat and counter movement jump performance) were evaluated at pre, middle and post training. The results were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA (factor: group), and when applicable, Bonferroni post-hoc test was used ( =0.05). After the first 10 weeks of training, there were increases in maximal dynamic muscle strength, muscle endurance and muscle power in both 1S and 3S, with no difference between the groups. The relative gains in the first 10 weeks for the maximal strength in the 1S ranged from 9.72±9.54% to 18.82±11.17%, and in the 3S ranged from 10.49±9.99% to 18.48±11.07% in the different exercises. The muscle endurance relative gains in the 1S ranged from 19.45±15.24% to 38.01±26.50%, and in the 3S ranged from 13.04±11.25% to 51.01±36.07% in the different exercises. In addition, the muscular power relative gains in the 1S was 10.90±13.68% in Squat Jump and 9.09±8.01% in Counter Movement Jump. The same pattern was found in the 3S, with relative gain of 8.25±11.67% in the Squat Jump and 6.78±6.83% in the Counter Movement Jump. After the 20 weeks of training, both groups showed increases on maximal dynamic in the muscle strength, on muscle endurance, and, on muscle power with no differences among the groups. Thus, even maintaining, increasing or decreasing the number of sets, there were no differences in muscle strength performance. The maximal strength gains ranged from 16.53±9.81% to 30.93±11.65% in the SS group; from 15.41±12.77% to 28.87±15.11% in the SM group; from 17.12±13.02% to 28.04±12.95%; in the MS group; and, from 20.98±13.60% to 26.53±13.17% in the MM group. The muscle endurance relative gains raged from 18.32±25.57% to 46.65±49.04% in the SS group; from 13.99±14.50% to 42.50±20.49% in the SM group; from 13.26±23.03 to 48.24±46.50% in the MS group; and, from 14.14±28.54% a 59.62±43.59% in the MM group. Moreover, the muscle power gains were 12.60±12.13% in the SJ and 11.28±10.62% in the CMJ in the SS group; 21.17±17.83% in the SJ and in the 4.75±7.25% CMJ in the SM group; 12.43±13.67% in the SJ and 5.74±6.63% in the CMJ in the MS group; and, 18.67±26.18% in the SJ and 8.83±4,71% in the CMJ in the MM. In conclusion, untrained young women presented a improvements in maximal dynamic muscle strength, muscle endurance and muscle power after 20 weeks of aquatic resistance training, independent of the training volume performed.

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In 1985 the Diama Dam was built near the mouth of the Senegal River to regulate flows during the rainy season and prevent the intrusion of seawater during the dry season. This created ideal conditions upstream of the dam wall for invasion by two highly invasive aquatic weeds, first by water lettuce Pistia stratiotes Linnaeus (Araceae) in 1993, and then by salvinia Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell (Salviniaceae) in 1999. This study was focused on the management of P. stratiotes and S. molesta. Following successes that were achieved elsewhere in the world, biological control programmes involving two weevil species were inaugurated against both weeds and research was focused on several aspects. These included pre-release studies to determine the weevils' host-specificity and impact on the plants in the laboratory, their subsequent mass-rearing and releases at selected sites and post-release evaluations on their impact on the weed populations in the field. Both programmes, which reprepresented the first biocontrol efforts against aquatic weeds in Senegal, proved highly successful with severe damage inflicted on the weed populations and complete control achieved within a relatively short time span. A laboratory exclusion experiment with N. affinis on P. stratiotes showed that in treated tubs, the weevil strongly depressed plant performance as measured by the plant growth parameters: mass, rosette diameter, root length, number of leaves and daughter plants whereas control plants were healthy. Field releases started in September 1994 and water coverage by P. stratiotes at Lake Guiers was reduced by 25% in January 1995 and 50% in April 1995. A general decline of 65% in water coverage by P. stratiotes was observed in June 1995 and by August 1995, eight months after releases P. stratiotes mats were destroyed. Further, although no releases were made there, good results were obtained within 18 months at Djoudj Park water bodies, located 150 km NW from Lake Guiers indicating the potential of the weevil to disperse long distances. In 2005, P. stratiotes reappeared and the weevil N. affinis has located and controlled all of these P. stratiotes recurrences after new releases. In 1999, S. molesta covered an estimated area of 18 000 ha on the Senegal River Left Bank and tributaries (Senegal) and 7 840 ha on the Senegal River Right Bank (Mauritania). Military and Civil Development Committee (CCMAD) and community volunteers made an effort to control S. molesta using physical removal, but this costly and labour-intensive approach was unsustainable. Hence, biological control was adopted by Senegal and Mauritania to manage the weed. Host range tests to assess feeding by C. salviniae on S. molesta and non-target plants and carried out on 13 crop species showed that no feeding damage was observed on the latter and weevils only fed on S. molesta. Field releases of some 48 953 weevils at 270 sites were made from early January 2002 to August 2002. Within one year, weevils were established and were being recovered up to 50 km from the release sites. In a case study conducted at one of the release sites, the S. molesta infestation was reduced from 100% to less than 3% 24 months after release. These results are discussed in the context of the weeds’ negative impact on aquatic systems and riverside communities, and in the involvement of these communities in the programmes.

Please read the abstract on p1 of the document 00dissertation / Dissertation (M Inst Agrar (Sustainable Insect Management))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Zoology and Entomology / M Inst Agrar / unrestricted

A modern large recreational hall may hardly recognize a sense of human scale nor provide users the architectural meaning corresponding to the activities it accommodates. The experimental project of renovating the Vancouver Aquatic Center attempts to reinstate the relationship between the body, water and architecture. There exist certain sequence and pattern in participating various leisure/fitness activities which require mental and physical preparation. I focus on accentuating the transitional experiences at different stages of taking part swimming, diving, and hot baths by creating spaces to allow mental readiness for activities and contemplation of experience. Thus, I explore the perception of edges by marking of different threshold, making it subtle or bringing it out into presence. This practice requires much envision of walking through the building and anticipation of how space to be used which corresponds to my study of history of bathing and questions of perception. In order to reintroduce the social value of bathing which exists in Japanese bath and the like, I expand the facilities program parallel to the concept of Roman Thermae where people can meet and interact. Therefore, the proposed new aquatic centre seeks to enhance social and visual communication between the surrounding environment and the building, between users outside and inside, between different activities within the building. Moreover, initiated by the study of phenomenological architecture, this project revolves around the idea of intriguing memories and emotions through associative and tactile experience by the use of materials, spatial configuration, lighting, transparency and the placement of apertures to capture views. I try to provide diversified experience with different forms of water, steam, hot/cold temperatures, brightness/darkness, hard/soft land, submerge/emerge, clear/opaque and other perception of space. The ultimate goal of this experiment is to provide users the meanings of the architectural form, space, material and order, yet as well give potential to allow the users' own interpretations. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate

Stonefly life histories were studied March, 1987 through May, 1990 in the Rio Conejos, Colorado. Adult presence phenology and intensity were monitored daily in the summers of 1988 and 1989 and were coupled with monthly benthic samples to assess nymphal growth. Eggs of several species were reared. Thirty-one species were collected, with several multi-species assemblages occurring in Capnia, Utacapnia, Taenionema, Suwallia, Triznaka, Isogenoides and Isoperla. Sufficient data were obtained to reveal partial or complete life histories of 13 species, five of which have not been previously reported. New information included the 9- to 10-mo egg diapause and semivoltine life histories of Isogenoides zionensis Hanson, Pteronarcella badia (Hagen) and Pteronarcys californica Newport. Additionally, Isoperla phalerata (Smith) had univoltine-slow growth, and L quinquepunctata (Banks) was univoltine-fast. Previously unstudied emergence periods are presented for Triznaka signata (Banks), Suwallia wardi Kondratieff and Kirchner and S. pallidula (Banks). The later two species temporally segregated emergence in both years. Isoperla fulva Claassen emerged in June, and was temporally segregated from its congeners. Regression analysis of cumulative percentage catch revealed two adult presence patterns. Eight species had slopes <7%/d (extended pattern), and only two, I. zionensis and P. cal'fornica, had slopes >7 %/d (synchronous pattern). Several stoneflies were more abundant in Massey Creek, a tributary of the Rio Conejos. The emergence and diversity of mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies was studied there. During May-August, 1989, 46 species were collected using sweepnetting and emergence traps. Chloroperlid stoneflies were abundant, with Suwallia nr. lineosa (Banks) contributing 37% of the total catch. Slopes of adult presence ranged from 1.7 %/d for Epeorus alberta (McDunnough) to 6.2%/d for Rhyacophila pellissa Ross. Separation of patterns was more difficult here, but < 4%/d was used as a criterion for extended emergers. A cluster analysis of 17 species produced three clusters that corresponded to stream temperature as a cue for emergence.

<p>Aquatic macroinvertebrates of channelized headwater streams in agricultural landscapes are exposed to alterations in chemistry and physical characteristics of benthic sediments. These habitat alterations are known to influence communities of aquatic macroinvertebrates. Benthic sediments can have a wide range of impacts and influences on aquatic macroinvertebrates. I hypothesized that sediments would play a significant role in determining macroinvertebrate community structure within agriculturally dominated headwater streams. I evaluated the influences of sediment chemistry characteristics and physical characteristics on aquatic macroinvertebrate communities in Cedar Creek, Indiana and Michigan, and the Upper Big Walnut Creek, Ohio, during 2017 and 2018. Macroinvertebrates were collected twice per year using artificial substrate and leaf pack samplers and identified to the family level. Sediments were sampled two times per year and analyzed for seven physical characteristics and twenty sediment chemistry characteristics. Principle component analyses were used to create axes that are indicators of gradients of sediment chemistry and physical characteristics that occur among the samples. Macroinvertebrate community metrics used in the analyses included abundance, Shannon Diversity Index, Hilsenhoff Biotic Index scores, Invertebrate Community Index scores, percentage of collector-filters, percentage of scrapers, percentage of Chironomidae and a Berger-Parker Reciprocal Index of dominance. Linear Mixed Effect Model analyses revealed that both sediment chemistry and physical characteristics influence macroinvertebrate community metrics. Aquatic macroinvertebrate abundance was negatively correlated with increasing concentrations of simazine and decreasing concentrations of calcium. Percentages of Chironomidae were positively correlated with increasing percentages of sand and decreasing percentages of clay and decreasing diversity of sediment particle sizes. My data supported the hypothesis that benthic sediments play an important role in determining aquatic macroinvertebrate community structure in headwater streams of agriculturally dominated landscapes. Gradients of chemical characteristics containing simazine and calcium were observed to be negatively correlated with macroinvertebrate abundance. Gradients of physical characteristics including percentages of sand and clay along with the diversity of particle sizes were observed to be positively correlated with percentage of chironomids. My research increases the knowledge that benthic sediments, chemically and physically, can lead to alterations in aquatic macroinvertebrate communities within Midwestern headwater streams. </p>

Electrofishing is a commonly used method to capture fish, but not as frequently used for collecting invertebrates, so-called “electrobugging”. It is well known that electrofishing has a negative effect on some organismss, but not many studies have investigated how invertebrates, e.g. invertebrate larvae are affected. There is no knowledge of whether the larva is damaged or killed by electrofishing. Some larvae can be used assess water quality. A measurement of how polluted freshwater is, the three orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) are used, which are very sensitive to pollution and eutrophication in running water. When electrofishing you need to adapt the method due to the water, where an important parameter is the conductivity. In this study, an investigation on how EPT is affected by two different conductivities 15.7 and 25.0 mS/m. How EPT is affected by the catching methods kick sampling and electrobugging. As well as whether there is a difference in catch efficiency between electrobugging and kick sampling depending on the different orders being captured. In this study, the conductivity tests were conducted in a laboratory and the comparison of the two catch methods and catch efficiency were conducted in field. It was 12.5 % of EPT which died in control and 2.5 % died of electrobugging in the two different conductivities. In kick samples, the delayed mortality was higher in the order Trichoptera (31%) than in Ephemeroptera (21%). Water conductivity has no effect on the extent to which EPT is affected by electrobugging at 400V. Only Ephemeroptera is more adversely affected by electrobugging than by kick sampling as a collection method. There is a difference in catch efficiency between electrobugging and kick sampling regarding the order that is caught. / Elfiske är en vanlig metod för att samla in fiskar, men används inte lika ofta för att samla in evertebrater, så kallad ”electrobugging”. Att elfiske påverkar en del organismer negativt är känt men det är inte så många studier som undersökt hur evertebrater t.ex. sländor, påverkas. Det saknas kunskap om huruvida sländorna skadas eller dör till följd av elfisket. Några sländeordningar kan användas för att tala om hur vattnet mår. Ett mått på hur förorenat sötvatten är så används de tre ordningarna Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, och Trichoptera (EPT) vilka är väldigt känsliga för föroreningar och övergödning i rinnandevatten. När man elfiskar behöver man anpassa metoden efter vattnet, där en viktig parameter är konduktiviteten. I denna studie undersöktes hur EPT påverkas av två olika konduktiviteter 15,7 och 25,0 mS/m. Hur EPT påverkas av fångstmetoderna sparkprov och electrobugging. Samt om det finns en skillnad i fångsteffektivitet mellan electrobugging och sparkprover beroende på vilka olika ordningar som fångas. I denna studie gjordes test på konduktivitet i labb och jämförelsen av de två fångstmetoderna och fångsteffektiviteten i fält. Det var 12,5 % av EPT som dog i kontroll och 2,5 % dog av electrobugging i de två olika konduktiviteterna. I sparkprover var den fördröjda dödligheten högre hos Trichoptera (31%) än hos Ephemeroptera (21 %). Vattnets konduktivitet har inte någon betydelse i för i vilken utsträckning EPT påverkas av electrobugging vid 400V. Det är endast Ephemeroptera som påverkas mer negativt av electrobugging än av sparkprover som insamlingsmetod. Det finns en skillnad i fångsteffektivitet mellan electrobugging och sparkprover gällande vilka ordningar man fångar.

Large, exotic (those whose headwaters are in distant places) rivers are some of the most unique and diverse ecosystems on earth. Because they often flow through a multitude of biomes and climates, their waters are a vital resource not only for the organisms that inhabit these rivers, but for human societies as well. Thus, large rivers, like the Rio Grande, that flow through arid and agricultural regions are highly regulated and diverted. Regulation and dewatering upset a river’s natural flow regime (e.g., magnitude, duration, timing of large flood events), subsequently impacting the river’s ability to transport its sediment supply, and eventually perturbing a river into either sediment surplus or deficit. The combination of altered flow and sediment regimes influence the availability of habitat essential for the survival and viability of aquatic organisms, such as fish and invertebrates. In addition, increased deposition of sediment creates areas suitable for invasive riparian vegetation to establish, likely affecting habitat complexity and increasing the abundance of leaf litter deposited into the river. The altered flow and sediment regimes, in combination with invasive riparian vegetation, culminate and eventually affect the food resources and aquatic communities present in a river ecosystem. Most often, the links between the physical perturbations to a system with the biological factors are poorly understood. In this study, we use distinct segments of the Rio Grande along the US-Mexico border to compare areas with greater and lower habitat heterogeneity, water quality, and invasive riparian species abundance to better understand what physical factors can influence aquatic species such as fish and invertebrate communities. We identify critical limiting factors for the native fish community present, and link the altered flow and sediment regimes with the aquatic ecological template of the Rio Grande.