Estudou-se a prática do aleitamento materno nas mulheres com filhos menores de três anos de idade, na população de Icapara, Município de Iguape, Estado de São Paulo. Procurou-se determinar, entre as famílias selecionadas, a frequência e duração dos tipos de aleitamento do último filho, no primeiro ano de vida. Em seguida, fez-se um estudo comparativo do aleitamento do primeiro e último filhos nas mesmas famílias. Com a finalidade de situar a prática do aleitamento materno num contexto social, caracterizou-se sócio-economicamente a população estudada, privilegiando-se as atividades ocupacionais. A técnica de pesquisa empregada foi o formulário aplicado aos pais. Concluiu-se que no primeiro ano de vida, o aleitamento materno total é frequente e prolongado, enquanto que o aleitamento materno exclusivo é frequente apenas em torno do período neo-natal. O aleitamento artificial apresenta-se com frequências ascendentes, atingindo-se mais da metade das crianças ao final do período. O aleitamento misto aparece com frequências variáveis, cedendo lugar ao aleitamento materno exclusivo em torno do período neo-natal e ao aleitamento artificial na forma exclusiva, no primeiro ano de vida. Verificou-se que as frequências de aleitamento materno são, em geral, mais baixas nos último filho do que nos primogênitos. / The breast-feeding practice among women with children under 3 years of age in the population of Vila de Icapara, Iguape County, State of São Paulo, was studied. The author tried to determine the rate of occurrence and duration of different types of feeding offered to the last child of the selected families, in his first year of life. A comparative study between the feeding of the first and the last child in the same family was also carried out. In order to situate the breast-feeding practice within a social context, the chosen population was social and economically studied taking into consideration especially occupational activities. A questionnaire was applied as the researdh technique. The author concluded that, total breast-feeding is frequent and prolonged in the child\'s first year of life, while the exclusive breast-feeding is frequent only during the neo-natal period. The bottle-feeding presents a increasing occurence totalizing more than half of the children up to 1 (one) year of age. The mixed feeding varies giving ground to the exclusive breast-feeding during the neo-natal period, and to bottle-feeding (exclusively) during the child\'s first year of life.

Syftet med studien var att bidra med kunskap om hur läromedel och lärarhandledningar framställer area och omkrets. Den här kvalitativa forskningsrapport fokuserade på analys av läromedel och tillhörande lärarhandledning, där fem olika läromedelsböcker från två läromedelsserie analyserades. Analysen har genomförts utifrån innehållsanalysens, där begrepp från variationsteorin har varit bärande för kategorisering av uppgifter i matematikböckerna. Studiens resultat visade att läromedlen synliggör kritiska aspekter av området area och omkrets med möjlighet till generalisering och fusion, där ett större antal uppgifter gav möjlighet till generalisering.

The previous UK Coalition government (2010-2015) made significant efforts to professionalise the police service in England and Wales. One of their approaches was to require police students to study at university, before becoming police officers. It has been hypothesised that requiring police students to study at university may ensure that professionalism develops within these students/officers, with the higher education received. At the same time as developing professionalism within these officers it has been suggested some of the negative aspects of police culture may diminish. Whether or not these hopes are borne out by university training of police students was the central research question for this project. This original research examined socialisation and culture of police students, within a UK university institution. It evolved by utilising reflexive grounded theory to examine the student perception of the police service, using questionnaires, focus groups and content analysis of completed essays, by Foundation in Policing Degree students. In summary the findings of this research suggested that university training of police students may not have the desired effect on professionalism, as police culture appears to develop regardless of the setting. Further to this, minority ethnic students continue to report being less attracted to the police as a career choice. A number of reasons are suggested for these findings and future recommendations are set out. Ultimately, this research concludes that the way a police officer is trained and/or educated requires reviewing, as simply moving the process to a university setting does not automatically deliver the intended outcomes, and in fact can result in the police culture simply flourishing elsewhere.

by Chan Kwok-sum, Mak Wai-sing. / Bibliography: leaves 85-86 / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1986

"Precise and accurate localization and motion classification is an emerging fundamental areas for scientific research and engineering developments. Such science and technology began from the broad out door area applications, and gradually grew into smaller and more complicated in-door area and more recently it is proceeding into in-body area networking for medical applications. Localization and motion classification technologies have their own specific challenges depending on the application and environment, which are left for scientists and engineers to overcome. One major challenge is that location estimation and motion classification often use hand-held devices or wearable sensors. Such devices and sensors usually work in indoor, near body environments and the human object has certain effects on the measurements. In that situation, existing mathematical models for general environments are no longer accurate and new models and analytical approaches are required to deal with the human body effects. This has opened opportunities for researchers to tackle a number of demanding problems. This dissertation focuses on three novel problems in localization and motion classification using radio propagation (RF) modeling, in and around the human body. (1) We develop an empirical Time-of-Arrival (TOA) ranging error model for radio propagation from body-mounted sensors to external access points, for human body tracking in indoor environment. This model reflects the effects of human angular motion on TOA ranging estimation, which enables accurate analysis for conventional TOA-based human tracking systems. (2) We use empirical data collected from a RF connection between a pair of body-mounted sensors to classify seven frequently appeared human body motions. This RF based classification approach has enabled health monitoring applications for first responders, hospital patient, and elderly care centers and in most of the situations it can replace the costly video base monitoring systems. (3) We use radio propagation models from body-mounted sensor to medical implants and the moving pattern of micro-robots inside the body to analyze the accuracy of hybrid localization inside the human body. This analysis demonstrates the feasibility of millimeter level of accurate localization inside the human body, which opens up possibilities for 3D reconstruction of the interior of human GI tract."

In Time-of-Arrival (TOA) based indoor human tracking system, the human body mounted with the target sensor can cause non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenario and result in significant ranging error. In this thesis, we measured the TOA ranging error in a typical indoor environment and analyzed sources of inaccuracy in TOAbased indoor localization system. To quantitatively describe the TOA ranging error caused by human body, we introduce a statistical TOA ranging error model for body mounted sensors based on the measurement results. This model separates the ranging error into multipath error and NLOS error caused by the on-body creeping wave phenomenon. Both multipath error and NLOS error are modeled as a Gaussian variable. The distribution of multipath error is only relative to the bandwidth of the system while the distribution of NLOS error is relative to the angle between human facing direction and the direction of Transmitter-Receiver, signal to noise ratio (SNR) and bandwidth of the system, which clearly shows the effects of human body on TOA ranging. An efficient way to fight against the TOA ranging error caused by human body is to employ site-specific channel models by using ray-tracing technology. However, existing ray-tracing softwares lack the propagation model that takes the effects of human body into account. To address that issue, this thesis presents a empirical model for near human body ultra-wideband (UWB) propagation channel that is valid for the frequency range from 3GHz to 8GHz. It is based on measurements conducted in a anechoic chamber which can be regarded as free space. The empirical model shows the joint propagation characteristics of the on body channel and the channel between body surface and external access point. It includes the loss of the first path, arrival time of the first path and the total pathloss. Models for all three aspects have been partitioned into two sections by a break point due to the geometrical property of human body and the creeping wave phenomenon. The investigation on first path behavior can be regarded as a theoretical basis of raytracing technique that takes the effects of human body into consideration.

"Scientists usually need to understand the extent of the association of two attributes, and the data are typically presented in two-way categorical tables. In science, the chi-squared test is routinely used to analyze data from such tables. However, in many applications the chi-squared test can be defective. For example, when the sample size is small, the chi-squared test may not be applicable. The terms small area" and local area" are commonly used to denote a small geographical area, such as a county. If a survey has been carried out, the sample size within any particular small area may be too small to generate accurate estimates from the data, and a chi-squared test may be invalid (i.e., expected frequencies in some cells of the table are less than ?ve). To deal with this problem we use Bayesian small area estimation. Because it is used toorrow strength" from related or similar areas. It enhances the information of each area with common exchangeable information. We use a Bayesian model to estimate a Bayes factor to test the independence of the two variables. We apply the model to test for the independence between bone mineral density (BMD) and body mass index (BMI) from 31 counties and we compare the results with a direct Bayes factor test. We have also obtained numerical and sampling errors; both the numerical and sampling errors of our Bayes factor are small. Our model is shown to be much less sensitive to the speci?cation of the prior distribution than the direct Bayes factor test which is based on each area only."

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

<p> The Caribbean region consists of many small island developing states (SIDS) that are dependent on a sun, sea, and sand (3-S) tourism product. These SIDS are facing declining competitiveness vis-&agrave;-vis other tourism destinations and need to differentiate and rejuvenate their tourism product offerings. This study investigates the extent to which marijuana-tourism can lead to disruptive innovations (DI) in SIDS that are tourist dependent. A systematic review, using 53 research articles and a thematic synthesis analyzing seven different themes: (1) demographic profile of marijuana users and potential market size, (2) marijuana-tourism motivations, (3) common uses of marijuana, (4) types and structures of legal and regulatory frameworks, (5) cultivation, distribution, and marketing factors, (6) economic impacts of legalized recreational marijuana; and (7) adverse health and safety impacts were elaborated. The principal findings are that the regulatory framework for legalization acts as a mediating variable for defining the scope and structure of marijuana-related businesses and tourism niches that appear. When the recreational regulatory framework permits private competition, as evidenced in the early pioneering jurisdictions, significant economic benefits have resulted and at the same time social and health costs have been attenuated to date. In the context of SIDS, legal regimes are still largely prohibitionist, and in a few instances, partial liberalization has occurred. As liberalization progresses, structural and governance challenges exist that may moderate benefits. Further research is needed in many areas, given that the liberalization of marijuana laws is a recent phenomenon. More research is needed in areas, such as in-depth economic and social impacts analysis; the profile, composition, and expenditure patterns of marijuana tourists; the comparative advantages of different regulatory frameworks; and the public health and safety impacts for residents, marijuana tourists, and hospitality sector workers.</p><p>

This dissertation is about Shinra Myojin, a god of Silla that was worshipped in medieval Japanese Buddhism. It analyzes the various networks with which the deity was involved, namely, networks of Silla immigrants, Silla shrines and temples, and a variety of gods. Through examining the worship of Shinra Myojin from several different angles, each chapter has different, and yet related arguments. In the first chapter, I argue that the emergence of Shinra Myojin's cult can be fully understood when viewed within the context of the "East Asian Mediterranean" trade network, in which Silla merchants, immigrants, and Buddhist monks played a prominent role. In the second chapter, while focusing on a pivotal moment of the Shinra Myojin cult--a process of sedentarisation in which he changed from a sea deity into a mountain deity, I argue that Shinra Myojin was the central deity of Onjoji, as well as the entire Jimon tradition. The third chapter explains how the Japanese imaginaire of Silla was evolved, encoded and had effects in medieval Japan, and how Shinra Myojin functioned as a god of pestilence. Another pivotal point of Shinra Myojin's career was his mythological transformation from 'a god of Silla' to 'a god who conquered Silla.' In the last chapter, I analyze the visual representation of Shinra Myojin within this larger religious context, and argue that Shinra Myojin is best understood when we consider the deity in this network of other Silla-related deities, represented as an old man. The examination of Shinra Myojin's cult from an interdisciplinary angle serves as a gateway for exploring other understudied associations between medieval Japanese religiosity and those religious ideas and practices that were either continental in origin or were at least perceived to be so by medieval Japanese. My findings from interdisciplinary research contribute to elucidating those connections existing across the boundaries of religion, history, mythology, literature, and visual culture, all of which describes broader dynamics of East Asian religion as a whole.