De nos jours, les communications mobiles sont caractérisées par une demande croissante de services basés sur Internet. Les services vidéo représentent une grande partie du trafic Internet aujourd'hui. Selon Cisco, 75% du trafic mondial de données mobiles sera constitué par données vidéo d'ici 2020. Cette demande toujours croissante a été le principal moteur du développement du réseau cellulaire numérique 4G, où les services numériques à commutation de paquet sont la principale brique de conception. En particulier, le système global doit assurer à la fois hauts et bas débit de transmission, et fournir des garanties de temps réel, par exemple dans le cas du streaming vidéo ou des jeux en ligne. Cela a motivé, dans la dernière décennie, un intérêt renouvelé dans la technologie d'accès radio. Le canal sans fil est affecté par divers phénomènes physiques, comme les Chemins multiples, le shadowing, l'évanouissement, l'interférence, etc. Dans les technologies les plus récentes, ces effets sont contrastés en utilisant le protocole ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest), qui consiste à retransmettre le même signal depuis la source. Le protocole ARQ est généralement combiné avec des codes de canal au niveau de la couche physique, qui est connu comme HARQ (Hybrid ARQ). Une autre technique pour améliorer la communication entre une source et une destination est la communication coopérative, où un relais est utilisé comme nœud intermédiaire. La communication coopérative et le HARQ, si appliquées individuellement, améliorent considérablement les performances du système de communication. Une question ouverte est de savoir si leur combinaison apporterait la somme des améliorations singulières, ou si ne serait que marginalement bénéfique. Dans la littérature on peut trouver de nombreuses études sur la combinaison de ces deux techniques, mais dans notre thèse, nous nous concentrons principalement sur cette interaction à niveau de la couche physique (PHY) et de la couche de contrôle d'accès (MAC). Nous utilisons des exemples de protocoles sur un réseau composé de trois noeuds (source, destination et relais). Pour l'analyse théorique nous nous concentrons sur les Chaînes de Markov à états finis (FSMC). Nous abordons le cas où le relais fonctionne en mode Decode-and-Forward (DCF), très commun dans la littérature, mais notre analyse se concentre de manière plus accentuée sur le cas où le relais fonctionne en mode Demodulate-and-Forward (DMF), en raison de sa simplicité d'implémentation et de son efficacité. Ce cas est beaucoup plus rarement abordé dans la littérature disponible, à cause de la complexité supérieure demandée par son analyse. Habituellement, l'interaction entre les deux techniques a été étudiée dans le cas de protocoles déterministes, mais dans notre analyse, nous nous concentrerons sur les protocoles déterministes et probabilistes. Jusqu'à présent, les protocoles probabilistes, où le noeud retransmetteur est choisi selon un modèle probabiliste, ont été principalement proposés pour des couches supérieures du système de communication. Au contraire, cette thèse étudie des protocoles probabilistes sur la couche PHY et sur la couche MAC, qui permet de mieux analyser et optimiser les performances. Le protocole probabiliste ne contient que deux paramètres, qui peut être optimisé pour de meilleures performances. Ces paramètres peuvent être calculés pour imiter le comportement d'un protocole déterministe donné, et ses performances optimisées ne peuvent que s'améliorer par rapport à celui-ci. De plus, les performances du protocole probabiliste est comparées aux résultats présent en littérature, et la comparaison montre que notre protocole fonctionne mieux. Enfin, la question de la sélection des relais est également abordée. Nous proposons un critère pour opérer le choix du relais à utiliser, en cas de plusieurs candidats. La performance obtenue par ce critère est comparée à celle obtenue avec les critères de référence dans la littérature. / Nowadays, mobile communications are characterized by a fast-increasing demand for internet-based services (voice, video data). Video services constitutes a large fraction of the internet traffic today. According to a report by Cisco, 75% of the world's mobile data traffic will be video-based by 2020. This ever-increasing demand in delivering internet-based services, has been the main driver for the development of the 4G digital cellular network, where packet- switched services are the primary design target. In particular, the overall system needs to ensure high peak data rates to the user and low delay in the delivery of the content, in order to support real time applications such as video streaming and gaming. This has motivated, in the last decade, a renewed and raising interest and research in wireless radio access technology. Wireless channel suffers from various physical phenomena like path-loss, shadowing, fading, interference, etc. In the most recent technologies, these effects are contrasted using Automatic Repeat re-Quest (ARQ) protocol, which consist on the retransmission of the same signal from the same node. ARQ protocol is usually combined with channel codes at the physical layer, which is known as Hybrid Automatic Repeat re-Quest (HARQ) protocol. Another improvement for communications over wireless channels is achieved when Relays are used as intermediate nodes for helping the communication between a Source and a Destination, which is known as cooperative communication. Both techniques, cooperation and HARQ, if individually applied, significantly improve the performance of the communication system. One open question is whether their combination would bring the sum of the singular improvements, or be only marginally beneficial. In the literature we can find many studies for the combination of these two techniques, but in our thesis we focus mainly on this interaction at the level of the physical layer (PHY) and the medium access control layer (MAC). We use example protocols on a network of three nodes (Source, Destination and Relay). For the theoretical analysis of these systems we focus on Finite State Markov Chains (FSMC). We discuss the case where Relay works in Decode-and-Forward (DCF) mode, which is very common in the literature, but our analysis focuses more strongly on the case where the Relay works in Demodulate-and-Forward (DMF) mode, because of its simplicity of implementation and its efficiency. This case is much more rarely addressed in the available literature, because of the higher complexity required by its analysis. Usually, the interaction between the two techniques has been studied using deterministic protocols, but in our analysis we will focus on both, deterministic and probabilistic protocols. So far, probabilistic protocols, where the retransmitting node is chosen with a given probability, have been mainly proposed for higher layers of communication systems, but, in contrast, this thesis studies probabilistic protocols on the physical layer and MAC layer, which give more insight on the analysis and performance optimization. The probabilistic protocols contains very few parameters (only 2) that can be optimized for best performance. Note that these parameters can be computed to mimic the behavior of a given deterministic protocol, and the result of the probabilistic protocol after optimization can only improve over this one. Moreover, the performance of our optimized probabilistic protocol is checked against results of the literature, and the comparison shows that our protocol performs better. In the end, there is also discussed the issue of relay selection. In a scenario of several candidate Relays, we propose a criterion for choosing the best Relay. The performance obtained by this criterion is compared to that obtained with the reference criteria in the literature.

The last three decades have seen significant advances in the wireless communication field. As the data rates of wireless systems are increasing, the demand for mobile services also is increasing rapidly. Like other natural resources, radio spectrum suitable for mobile wireless communications is also limited. In order to keep up with this ever increasing demand, there is a requirement of new signal processing algorithms. Diversity is a technique used in wireless systems to combat the effects of fading and thereby improve reliability of data transfer. There are many ways in which algorithms can exploit diversity in wireless channels. Hybrid-automatic repeat request (H-ARQ) schemes and relaying mechanisms are two such diversity extracting techniques. Even though these diversity achieving techniques have been well understood in theory, there are many ways in which one can optimize these techniques for specific application scenarios.In this thesis, we focus on improving the performance of retransmission schemes and relaying systems. In the first part of the thesis, we improve the performance of H-ARQ schemes in the 3GPP- long term evolution (LTE) system by improving the performance of feedback signaling. We employ complex-field coding to extract the inherent frequency diversity available in the resources. Next, we provide a sub-optimal solution to the outage-optimal power allocation problem in incremental redundancy based H-ARQ system, whose performance is practically the same as that of the optimal solution. In the later part of the thesis, we propose a retransmission scheme based on superposition coding (SPC) for the symmetric relaying scenario. We provide packet error probability (PEP) expressions and solutions for the optimal fraction of power allocated for the partners' data. Finally, we study the optimal bits-to-symbol mappings for SPC and its effect on an H-ARQ scheme and the symmetric relaying scenario using SPC.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1993 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Soft-decision correlation decoding with retransmission requests for block codes is proposed and the resulting performance is analyzed. The correlation decoding rule is modified to allow retransmission requests when the received word is rendered unreliable by the channel noise. The modification is realized by a reduction in the volume in Euclidean space of the decoding region corresponding to each codeword. The performance analysis reveals the typical throughput - reliability trade-off characteristic of error control systems which employ retransmissions. Performance comparisons with hard-decision decoding reveal performance improvements beyond those attainable with hard-decision decoding algorithms. The proposed soft-decision decoding rule permits the use of a simplified codeword searching algorithm which reduces the complexity of the correlation decoder to the point where practical implementation is feasible.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 23-26, 2000 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / Combating harsh and unpredictable channel environments is a part of the design of any in-situ communication system (i.e. rover to lander, rover to orbiter, etc.). Channel characteristics can range from simple additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels to more bursty fading channels found in rover to orbiter links (i.e. canyon scenarios and typical orbiter passes around mountain ranges). A combination of forward error correction and automatic repeat request (ARQ) schemes are commonly used to provide a more robust communications link. ARQ enhances the communication link particularly for bursty fading channels. Go-Back-N is a commonly used ARQ scheme and is an option in the newly developed Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) Proximity-1 Link protocol [7], a data link layer protocol targeted specifically for in-situ applications. Optimization of frame sizes and retransmission persistence of the ARQ scheme require a good analytical model of how the scheme performs over various channel conditions. In this paper, an analytical framework for modeling the COP-1 protocol is presented for both AWGN channels along with bursty fading channels. A Gilbert-Elliot two-state Markov model is used to model a bursty fading channel.

Les réseaux radiomobiles de 3ème generation, tel que l'UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) ont été prévus, dès le début de leur conception, pour offrir un mode paquet aussi bien qu'un mode circuit. Pour fiabiliser les transmissions de données en mode paquet, il faut mettre en uvre des protocoles disposant de la technique ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest). L'objet de cette thèse est l'étude des protocoles ARQ qui peuvent être activés dans l'architecture protocolaire globale de l'UMTS. Cela nous amène à étudier les couches contenant les protocoles ou entités suivantes : RLC (Radio Link Control), TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) et MAC-hs (Medium Access Control-high speed). L'étude des nouvelles caractéristiques des protocoles ARQ de l'UMTS ainsi que la possibilité de leur enrichissement est effectuée. L'empilement des mécanismes ARQ présente des risques d'interactions dont certains sont analysés.

<p>Many efforts have been carried out to provide transmission reliability in the history of communication systems. As the demand for real-time applications increased, providing a reliable communication in a timely manner for such applications is strongly desired. Considering timing constraints makes the issue of achieving reliability more difficult. This thesis concentrates on providing reliability for real-time communication in embedded networks by achieving a timing analysis and using the ARQ concept. What is carried out in this thesis is providing retransmission in a real-time manner for embedded networks according to application request. The thesis work focuses on one packet retransmission over a point to point link, but the concept is rich and can be extended to cover application request in real-time embedded networks. Two methods have been fulfilled, and a simulation has been done on the timing analysis focusing on the performance in accepting real-time traffic in the form of separate channels for each application request. The protocol combines ARQ and a scheduling algorithm as a base to support retransmission for hard real-time applications in embedded networks.</p>

Many efforts have been carried out to provide transmission reliability in the history of communication systems. As the demand for real-time applications increased, providing a reliable communication in a timely manner for such applications is strongly desired. Considering timing constraints makes the issue of achieving reliability more difficult. This thesis concentrates on providing reliability for real-time communication in embedded networks by achieving a timing analysis and using the ARQ concept. What is carried out in this thesis is providing retransmission in a real-time manner for embedded networks according to application request. The thesis work focuses on one packet retransmission over a point to point link, but the concept is rich and can be extended to cover application request in real-time embedded networks. Two methods have been fulfilled, and a simulation has been done on the timing analysis focusing on the performance in accepting real-time traffic in the form of separate channels for each application request. The protocol combines ARQ and a scheduling algorithm as a base to support retransmission for hard real-time applications in embedded networks.

Session ID: SA-B1-2 / SCIS & ISIS 2010, Joint 5th International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems and 11th International Symposium on Advanced Intelligent Systems. December 8-12, 2010, Okayama Convention Center, Okayama, Japan

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems employ multiple antennas at the transmitter and the receiver. Multiple antennas provide capacity gain and/or robust performance over single antenna communications. Traditional automatic-repeat-request (ARQ) techniques developed for single-input single-output (SISO) communication systems have to be modified in order to be employed in MIMO communication systems. In this dissertation, we propose and analysis some ARQ techniques for MIMO communication systems. The basic retransmission protocols of ARQ, stop-and-wait (SW-ARQ), go-back-$N$ (GBN-ARQ), and selective repeat (SR-ARQ), designed for SISO communication systems are generalized for parallel multichannel communication systems. The generalized ARQ protocols seek to improve the channel utilization of multiple parallel channels with different transmission rates and different packet error rates. The generalized ARQ protocols are shown to improve the transmission delay as well. A type-I hybrid-ARQ error control is used to illustrate the throughput gain of employing ARQ error control into MIMO communication systems. With the channel information known at both the transmitter and the receiver, the MIMO channel is converted into a set of parallel independent subchannels. The performance of the type-I hybrid-ARQ error control is presented. Simulation results show the throughput gain of using an ARQ scheme in MIMO communication systems. When the channel state information is unknown to the transmitter, error control codes that span both space and time, so-called space-time coding, are explored in order to obtained spatial diversity. As a consequence, the coding scheme used for ARQ error control has to be designed in order to consider coding across both space and time. In this dissertation, we design a set of retransmission codes for a type-II hybrid-ARQ scheme employing the multidimensional space-time trellis code as the forward error control code. A concept of sup-optimal partitioning of the (super-)constellation is proposed. The hybrid-ARQ error control scheme, consisting of the optimal code for each transmission, outperforms the hybrid-ARQ error control scheme, consisting of the same code for all transmissions.

A DS-CDMA system with QPSK modulation and a RAKE receiver is modeled and simulated. A mathematical description of the DS-CDMA system is provided on uplink and downlink. For a multipath channel environment, modeling techniques for AWGN and Rayleigh fading are illustrated. Comparisons are made concerning the performance of CDMA systems with hybrid data rates. The thesis proposes a technique for hybrid channel coding for ARQ (Automatic-Repeat-reQuest) protocol and FEC (Forward Error Correction) scheme that can reduce the error rate significantly. Each of ARQ protocol and FEC scheme gives rise to long latency and significant complexity, respectively, for obtaining the required QoS (Quality of Service). This thesis shows using theoretical analysis and computer simulations that synergistic effects are possible by using both an ARQ protocol and a FEC scheme. / Master of Science