Mass balance records of glaciers help to understand long term climate change, yet there are very few in-situ measurements of mass balance in Himalayan glaciers. Mass balance of major glaciers in the Sagarmatha National Park was assessed using Digital Elevation Model prepared from ASTER images for period 2002 & 2005 and 2002 & 2008, employing geodetic model. Overall glacial mass balance during 2002-2005 was -2.978 plus/minus 0.89 and during 2002-2008 was -0.94 plus/minus 0.34 m.w.e per annum. Glacier melt could form glacial lakes in high Himalayas. One of the glacial lakes, Imja Lake in the study area increased its surface area by 268% from 1975 to 2010. Temperature analysis from MODIS data between 2000 and 2011 indicated increase in temperature in the study area. General loss of glacial mass in the Himalayan region indicated, and these loses if continue in the future will lead to catastrophic environmental and economic impacts.

Thesis advisor: David R. Burgess / Microtubule (MT) asters are radial arrays of MTs nucleated from a microtubule organizingcenter (MTOC) such as the centrosome. Within many cell types, which display highly diverse size and shape, MT asters orchestrate spatial positioning of organelles to ensure proper cellular function throughout the cell cycle and development. Therefore, asters have adopted a wide variety of sizes and morphologies, which are directly affects how they migrate and position within the cell. In large cells, for example during embryonic development, asters growth to sizes on the scales of hundreds of microns to millimeters. Due to this relatively enormous size scale, it is widely accepted that MT asters migrate primarily through pulling mechanisms driven by dynein located in the cytoplasm and/or the cell cortex. Moreover, prior to this dissertation, significant contributions from pushing forces as a result of aster growth and expansion against the cell cortex have not been detected in large cells. Here we have reinvestigated sperm aster growth, morphology, and positioning of MT asters using the large interphase sperm aster of the sea urchin zygote, which is historically a powerful system due to long range migration of the sperm aster to the geometric cell center following fertilization. First, through live-cell quantification of sperm aster growth and geometry, chemical manipulation of aster geometry, inhibition of dynein, and targeted chemical ablation, we show that the sperm aster migrates to the zygote center predominantly through a pushing-based mechanism that appears to largely independent of proposed pulling models. Second, we investigate the fundamental principles for how sperm aster size is determined during growth and centration. By physically manipulating egg size, we obtain samples of eggs displaying a wide range of diameters, all of which are at identical developmental stages. Using live-cell and fluorescence microscopy, we find strong preliminary evidence that aster diameter and migration rates show a direct, linear scaling to cell diameter. Finally, we hypothesize that a collective growth model for aster growth, or centrosome independent MT nucleation, may explain how the sperm aster of large sea urchin zygotes overcomes the proposed physical limitations of a pushing mechanism during large aster positioning. By applying two methods of super resolution microscopy, we find support for this collective growth model in the form of MT branching. Together, we present a model in which growth of astral MTs, potentially through a collective growth model, pushes the sperm aster to the zygote center. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Biology.

No description available.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar o potencial das imagens do sensor ASTER, utilizando a região do infravermelho de ondas curtas (SWIR), para discriminação espectral de rochas carbonáticas aflorantes na região Noroeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, complementando produtos existentes de mapeamento geológico. As rochas carbonáticas servem de matéria-prima para produção de cimento, que atualmente apresenta forte demanda dado o crescimento de obras civis devido à expansão da infraestrutura do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Este crescimento no consumo oferece desafios às companhias produtoras, tornando-se de vital importância a identificação de novas áreas para exploração de insumos para a indústria civil. Neste sentido, o carbonato tem sofrido grande pressão com relação a sua produção pois é a principal matéria-prima utilizada na fabricação do cimento. Imagens do sensor Aster vem sendo utilizadas na área da geologia com êxito, discriminando litologias e minerais como quartzo, óxido de ferro e calcita. Na região do intervalo de ondas entre 2,235-2,285 μm e 2,295-2,365 μm , as bandas 7 e 8 do sensor ASTER na região do SWIR, mostram-se adequadas para a identificação de minerais de calcita e dolomita. Como metodologia, foram aplicadas as técnicas de razões de bandas para separação de calcários e dolomitos e para a classificação espectral, foi utilizada a técnica SAM. Tornou-se como referência para a classificação espectral amostras de áreas de rochas carbonáticas aflorantes e espectros da biblioteca espectral da USGS. As classificações espectrais obtiveram resultados significativos na discriminação espectral das áreas carbonáticas, no entanto as técnicas de razões de bandas não obtiveram resultados suficientes para a discriminação de calcários e dolomitos. Para trabalhos futuros sugere-se a realização de trabalho de campo para a coleta de espectros, através da espectrorradiometria dos afloramentos dos carbonatos. / This work had as main objective to evaluate the potential of ASTER images using the region of shortwave infrared (SWIR), for spectral discrimination of carbonate rocks outcropping in the northwestern part of the State of Rio de Janeiro region, complementing existing products geological mapping . The carbonate rocks serve as raw material for cement production, which currently presents strong demand given the growth of civil works due to the expansion of the State of Rio de Janeiro's infrastructure. This growth in consumption offers challenges to production companies, making it vitally important to identify new areas for exploration of inputs for civil industry. In this sense, the carbonate has undergone great pressure with respect to its production as it is the main raw material used in cement production. Aster images sensor is being used in the field of geology successfully discriminating lithologies and minerals such as quartz, iron oxide and calcite. In the interval between waves from 2.235 to 2.285 m and 2.295 to 2.365 μm region, the bands 7 and 8 in the ASTER SWIR region are adequate for identifying minerals calcite and dolomite. As a methodology, techniques of reasons for separation of bands of limestones and dolomites and the spectral classification were applied, the SAM technique was used. Became as reference samples for the spectral classification of areas of outcropping carbonate rocks and spectra from the USGS spectral library. The spectral classifications obtained significant results in the spectral discrimination of the carbonate areas, however the techniques of reasons bands did not achieve sufficient results for the discrimination of limestones and dolomites. For future work is suggested to conduct fieldwork to collect spectra by spectroradiometry outcrops of carbonates

Οι δορυφορικές εικόνες ASTER αποτελούν το πιο πρόσφατο προϊόν της διαστημικής τεχνολογίας, Έχει πολύ μεγάλη φασματική διακριτική ικανότητα σε σημείο που να χαρακτηρίζεται από αρκετούς επιστήμονες σαν ένα υπερφασματικό καταγραφικό σύστημα στο υπέρυθρο. Έτσι δίνονται νέες δυνατότητες για την ερμηνεία είτε ποιοτικά είτε ποσοτικά καλύψεων γης και φυσικών καταστάσεων της γήινης επιφάνειας, αφού οι προηγούμενοι δορυφόροι δεν είχαν αυτή τη δυνατότητα. Ο σκοπός είναι η περιβαλλοντική χαρτογράφηση του N. Λέσβου από δορυφορικές εικόνες ASTER προκειμένου να χαρτογραφηθούν οι φυσικοί πόροι και οι καλύψεις Γης. Έτσι θα μπορούμε να αξιολογήσουμε τις δυνατότητες και τις εφαρμογές που έχουν αυτά τα δεδομένα. Μετά τις διορθώσεις (αποζωνοποίηση, μετατροπή σε τιμές ενέργειας, κ.α.) η ταξινόμηση της δορυφορικής εικόνας μας επέτρεψε να διακρίνουμε τις παρακάτω κατηγορίες: καλλιέργειες/ ποώδη βλάστηση, δύο τύπους δάσους, αστική γη, υδάτινες επιφάνειες, σύννεφα και εντελώς γυμνό από βλάστηση έδαφος και να δημιουργήσουμε ένα θεματικό χάρτη. Εάν χρησιμοποιηθούν περισσότερα κανάλια και όχι μόνο 3, τότε θα γίνει δυνατή η χαρτογράφηση περισσότερων κατηγοριών μόνο που η ταυτοποίηση της κάθε κατηγορίας θα μπορεί να πραγματοποιηθεί μόνο με εργασίες πεδίου στο ύπαιθρο. / The ASTER satellite images are the most recent product of space technology , has very high spectral resolution to a point that is characterized by many scientists as a hyperspectral infrared recording system . So given new possibilities for interpretation either qualitatively or quantitatively land cover and physical conditions of the Earth's surface , having earlier satellites did not have that feature. The purpose is environmental mapping N. Lesbos from ASTER satellite images to map the natural resources and land cover . Thus we can evaluate the features and applications that have these data . After corrections ( apozonopoiisi , conversion to energy prices , etc. ) the classification of satellite imagery allowed us to distinguish the following categories : crops / herbaceous vegetation , two types of forest , urban land , water surfaces , clouds and completely devoid of vegetation area and create a thematic map . If you use more channels , not just three , then it will become possible to map more categories only the identification of each class can only be done with field work outdoors .

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1961. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-87).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin, 1965. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record.

Μέσα από την διαδικασία που ακολουθείται στην παρούσα εργασία, αξιολογείται η επικινδυνότητα εμφάνισης κατολίσθησης στο ΝΑ τμήμα της Νήσου Κεφαλληνίας μέσω θεματικής χαρτογράφησης από ψηφιακά γεωγραφικά δεδομένα. / In this task we are aiming at the estimation of the risk of physical disasters in the island of Kefalonia by using spatial analysis methods and ASTER images.

Σε αυτήν την πτυχιακή εργασία στόχος είναι η αξιολόγηση του θεματικού πληροφοριακού περιεχομένου των δορυφορικών εικόνων ASTER και η ικανότητα τους να αποδώσουν τις καλύψεις γης σε αστικό περιβάλλον. Η περιοχή μελέτης είναι το λεκανοπέδιο Αττικής με συντεταγμένες : Φ : (38.1428), (38.0399), (37.4878), (37.5899) Λ : (23.3637), (24.0596), (23.8886), (23.1977) Πρώτα έγινε η ραδιομετρική διόρθωση των εικόνων ASTER (κανάλια VNIR 1- Πράσινο, 2-Κόκκινο, 3-Υπέρυθρο). Πιο συγκεκριμένα επιλέχτηκε η μη παραμετρική ραδιομετρική διόρθωση που βασίζεται στη μέθοδο των Κυρίων Συνιστωσών και διορθώνει το φαινόμενο της ζωνωποίησης, της διάχυσης κ.α. Η γεωμετρική διόρθωση έγινε με μη παραμετρική μέθοδο που βασίστηκε στον προσδιορισμό φωτοσταθερών και στην μέτρηση τους στο ύπαιθρο με G.P.S. Εφαρμόστηκε διόρθωση με πολυώνυμο 2ου βαθμού. Το μέσο τετραγωνικό σφάλμα ήταν R.M.S. = 16,95μ ( χάρτης 1 : 85.000). Ένα σύστημα γεωταξινόμησης προσδιορίστηκε από την βιβλιογραφία προκειμένου να καθοριστούν οι τάξεις καλύψεως γης σε κλίμακα 1 : 50.000 ~1 : 100.000. Στη συνέχεια προσδιορίστηκαν οι τάξεις, που αναγνωρίζονται με την εφαρμογή διαφόρων μεθόδων μη επιβλεπόμενης ταξινόμησης. Κατά αυτόν τον τρόπο προσδιορίστηκε το πληροφοριακό περιεχόμενο της εικόνας ASTER. Στη συνέχεια εφαρμόστηκε μεθοδολογία αναγνώρισης των προηγούμενων τάξεων με επιβλεπόμενη ταξινόμηση. Το αποτέλεσμα αξιολογείται με εργασίες υπαίθρου και η ακρίβεια του θεματικού χάρτη που προέκυψε είναι της τάξης τού 75-80%. Οι εικόνες ASTER μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν για την αναθεώρηση πληροφοριακού περιεχομένου χαρτών 1 : 100.000 με βάση το σύστημα γεωταξινόμησης που προτάθηκε. / The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the thematic information content of ASTERVNIR images in urban areas. The methods used are unsupervised and supervised classification techniques. The study area included Athens and a part of Piraeus and is enclosed by the coordinates Latitude: (38.1428), (38.0399), (37.4878), (37.5899) Longitude: (23.3637), (24.0596), (23.8886), (23.1977) The bands 1 (green), 2 (red) and 3 (infrared) of sensor VNIR are radiometrically corrected by non-parametric correction method based on principal components. The aim of the correction technique is to destripe the images and to correct for a atmospheric effects (eg. Path radiance, Rayleigh effect, etc.) Then the images are geometrically corrected by a non-parametric correction technique, that use a polynomial of second order. Ground control points are identified in the images and measured in the field by a hand-held G.P.S. Totally 13 points were used to transform the images resulting to an R.M.S. of 16.95m. (Map scale 1: 85.000) Then a terrain classification system was devised from the bibliography that includes 7 main classes. A set of unsupervised classification techniques were implemented and the thematic classes derived were interpreted by fieldwork and photo-interpretation of the false color composite of the bands 3-Red, 2-Green and 1-Infrared. Finally a new terrain classification system determined from the interpretation of the thematic classes interpreted by the unsupervised classification methods. At the end the supervised classification method of maximum likehood was applied. Training areas were selected on the basis of the final terrain classification system. The resulted thematic map was evaluated by using the K-confficient computed from the corresponding confusion matrix (kappa=0.75). It is concluded that ASTER imagery is suitable for updating the information content of maps 1: 100.000.

Οι δορυφορικές εικόνες ASTER αποτελουν το πιο πρόσφατο προϊόν της διαστημικής τεχνολογίας. Έχει πολύ μεγάλη φασματική διακριτική ικανότητα σε σημείο που να χαρακτηρίζεται από αρκετούς επιστήμονες σαν ένα υπερφασματικό καταγραφικό σύστημα στο υπέρυθρο. Έτσι δίνονται νέες δυνατότητες για την ερμηνεία είτε ποιοτικά είτε ποσοτικά καλύψεων γης και φυσικών καταστάσεων της γήινης επιφάνειας. Ο σκοπός είναι η περιβαλλοντική χαρτογράφηση του Νομού Μεσσηνίας από δορυφορικές εικόνες ASTER προκειμένου να χαρτογραφηθούν οι φυσικοί πόροι και οι καλύψεις γης. Έτσι θα μπορέσουμε να αξιολογήσουμε τις δυνατότητες και τις εφαρμογές που έχουν αυτά τα δεδομένα. Μετά τις διορθώσεις (αποζωνοποίηση, μετατροπή σε τιμές ενέργειας κ.ά) η ταξινόμηση της δορυφορικής εικόνας μας επέτρεψε να διακρίνουμε τις παρακάτω κατηγορίες: καλλιέργειες, ποώδη βλάστηση, δύο τύπους δάσους, αστική γη, υδάτινες επιφάνειες, σύννεφα και εντελώς γυμνό από βλάστηση έδαφος και να δημιουρφήσουμε ένα θεματικό χάρτη. Εάν χρησημοποιηθούν περισσότερα κανάλια και όχι μόνο 3, τότε θα γίνει δυνατή η χαρτογράφηση περισσότερων κατηγοριών μόνο που η ταυτοποίηση της κάθε κατηγορίας θα μπορεί να πραγματοποιηθεί μόνο με εργασίες πεδίου στο ύπαιθρο. / Satellite pictures ASTER constituting the most recent product of space technology. It has very big spectrum discreet faculty in point that would be characterized by enough scientists as a super-spectrum recorder system in infra red. Thus are given new possibilities for the interpretation of either qualitatively or quantitatively covers of ground and natural situations of earthy surface. The aim is the environmental mapping of Prefecture Messinia from satellite pictures ASTER so that be charted the natural resources and the covers of ground. Thus we might evaluate the possibilities and the applications that have these data. Afterwards the corrections (transformation in prices of energy etc) the classification of satellite picture allowed us to distinguish the following categories: cultivation, underbrush, two types of forest, urban ground, aquatic surfaces, clouds and completely naked from vegetation ground and create a thematic map. If more channels and not only 3 be used, then becomes possible the mapping of more categories only that the identification of each category might be realized only with work of field in the countryside.