L'obésité est une maladie multifactorielle qui constitue un facteur de risque de nombreuses pathologies, notamment les maladies cardiovasculaires, le diabète et les maladies neurodégénératives. Des études épidémiologiques récentes suggèrent un effet obésogène des contaminants environnementaux, mais peu d'informations sont disponibles sur leur effet potentiel sur le métabolisme des lipoprotéines hépatiques. L'objectif de cette étude était de déterminer l'effet de polluants environnementaux de la famille des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) sur trois récepteurs des lipoprotéines, le récepteur des LDL (LDL-R), le lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) et le scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1) ainsi que sur les ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) et G1 (ABCG1) en utilisant des modèles cellulaires et/ou animaux. Les études par immunoblots et immunofluorescence in vitro ont révélé que l'exposition de cellules Hepa1-6 au B[a]P diminue de manière significative les taux de protéine LSR, LDL-R et ABCA1, alors qu’aucune modification significative du taux et de l’activité du LSR n’a été observée lors d’une exposition au pyrène ou au phénanthrène. L’analyse en temps réel par PCR et les études avec la lactacystine ont révélé que cet effet était dû principalement à une augmentation de la dégradation par le protéasome plutôt qu’à une diminution de la transcription ou à une augmentation de la dégradation lysosomale. En outre, les ligand-blots ont révélé que les lipoprotéines exposées au B[a]P avaient une affinité réduite pour le LSR ou le LDL-R. Des souris C57Bl/6RJ ont été traitées par le B[a]P (0,5 mg / kg, i.p) toutes les 48 h pendant 15 jours. Le gain de poids observé est accompagné d’une augmentation des taux de triglycérides et de cholestérol plasmatiques, du taux de cholestérol hépatique, et d’une diminution du taux de LDL-R et ABCA1 chez animaux traités au B[a]P par rapport aux témoins. Les corrélations observées entre les taux de LSR et de LDL-R hépatiques chez les souris contrôle ne sont plus observées chez les souris traitées au B[a]P, ce qui suggère un dérèglement du métabolisme des lipoprotéines hépatiques. Ces résultats suggèrent que la prise de poids induite par le B[a]P est peut-être liée à son action inhibitrice sur le LSR et le LDL-R, ainsi que sur l’ABCA1 et le métabolisme des lipoprotéines hépatiques, ce qui conduit à un statut lipidique modifié chez les souris traitées au B[a]P, donnant ainsi un nouvel éclairage sur les mécanismes sous-jacents de la contribution des polluants tels que le B[a]P à la perturbation de l'homéostasie lipidique, susceptible de contribuer à la dyslipidémie associée à l'obésité / Obesity is a multifactorial disorder that represents a significant risk factor for many pathologies including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent epidemiological studies suggest potential obesogenic effects of environmental contaminants, but little information is available on their potential effect on hepatic lipoprotein metabolism. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the common environmental pollutants, belonging to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (HAP) on three lipoprotein receptors, the LDL-receptor (LDL-R), the scavenger receptor B1 (SRB1) and the lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) as well as the ATP binding cassette transporters A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1) using cell and/or animal models. Immunoblot and immunofluorescence in vitro studies revealed that exposure of Hepa1-6 to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) significantly decreased LSR, LDL-R and ABCA1 protein levels, whereas no significant changes in protein levels and LSR activity where observed upon cell treatment with pyrene or phenanthrene. Real-time PCR analysis, lactacystin and chloroquine studies revealed that this effect was due primarily to increased proteasome-mediated degradation rather than to decreased transcription or to increased lysosomal degradation. Furthermore, ligand blots revealed that lipoproteins exposed to B[a]P displayed markedly decreased binding to LSR or LDL-R. C57Bl/6RJ mice were treated with B[a]P (0.5 mg/kg, i.p) every 48 h for 15 days. The increased weight gain observed was accompanied by increased plasma triglycerides and cholesterol levels, increased liver cholesterol content, and decreased LDL-R, ABCA1, ABCG1 and SR-B1 protein levels in B[a]P-treated animals as compared to controls. Correlations observed between hepatic LSR and LDL-R levels in control mice were no longer observed in B[a]P treated mice, suggesting a potential dysregulation of hepatic lipoprotein metabolism.Taken together, these results suggest that B[a]P-induced weight gain may be due its inhibitory action on LSR and LDL-R, as well as ABCA1 and lipoprotein metabolism in the liver, which leads to the modified lipid status in B[a]P-treated mice, thus providing new insight into mechanisms underlying the involvement of pollutants such as B[a]P in the disruption of lipid homeostasis, potentially contributing to dyslipidemia associated with obesity

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McMaster University MASTER OF SCIENCE (2019) Hamilton, Ontario (Medical Sciences) TITLE: Modulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate for potentiation of long-acting β2-agonist and glucocorticoids in human airway epithelial cells AUTHOR: Yechan Kim, B.HSc. (McMaster University) SUPERVISOR: Dr. Jeremy Alexander Hirota NUMBER OF PAGES: xiv, 81 / In Canada, asthma is the third most common chronic disease resulting in 250 premature deaths annually and related healthcare expenses exceeding $2.1 billion/year. It is estimated that around 50-80% of asthma exacerbations are due to viral infections. Despite an advanced understanding on how to treat and manage the symptoms of asthma, current therapy is sub-optimal in 35-50% of moderate-severe asthmatics around the world resulting in lung inflammation, persistent impairment of lung function, and increased risk of mortality. Combination of long-acting β2 agonists (LABA) for bronchodilation and glucocorticoids (GCS) to control lung inflammation represent the dominant strategy for the management of asthma. Increasing intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) beyond existing combination LABA/GCS are likely to be beneficial for the management of difficult to control asthmatics that are hypo-responsive to mainstay therapy. In human airway epithelial cells (HAEC), cAMP is either exported by transporters or broken down by enzymes, such as phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4). We have demonstrated that HAEC express ATP Binding Cassette Transporter C4 (ABCC4), an extracellular cAMP transporter. We also show that ABCC4 and PDE4 inhibition can potentiate LABA/GCS anti-inflammatory responses in a human epithelial cell line in a cAMP-dependent mechanism validating the pursuit of novel ABCC4 inhibitors as a cAMP elevating agent for asthma. / Thesis / Master of Science in Medical Sciences (MSMS) / Asthma is a common chronic lung disease characterized by narrow and inflamed airways that cause breathing difficulties. Current management includes the combination of bronchodilators, to relax the airway, and steroids, to decrease inflammation. Unfortunately, this combination therapy is suboptimal in 35-50% of users, increasing the risk of asthma attacks, hospitalization rate, and health care costs. Recently, there have been studies theorizing that we can improve the therapy’s ability to decrease inflammation by increasing cAMP, an important molecule for biological activities. We tested this claim by blocking the breakdown and export of cAMP to increase its levels and measured inflammatory cytokines, molecules that direct the action of immune cells. Our results show that in a model of viral infection, administering the combination therapy while increasing cAMP levels can further decrease inflammatory cytokines prompting further investigation for its potential implication in the clinic.

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, ABCA1, plays a pivotal role in reverse cholesterol transport, which is the elimination of excess sterols from peripheral cells and their transport to the liver for elimination. Early studies failed to detect significant ATPase activity, prompting the suggestion that ABCA1 was an ATP-regulated receptor, rather than an active transporter. We have provided evidence that ABCA1 can bind ATP and trap its hydrolysis product, ADP, in the presence of either ortho-vanadate or beryllium fluoride and Mg2+ or Mn2+. We have also shown that both nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) trap nucleotide comparably, suggesting that ABCA1 is a functional ATPase. In addition, we have shown that ABCA1 can directly transport 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC) in an ATP-dependent manner using a membrane vesicle uptake assay, and can do so when the physiological substrate acceptor apoA-I is replaced with BSA as a non-specific binding protein. Although more than 50 naturally occurring missense mutations and polymorphisms in ABCA1 have been identified in individuals with HDL-C levels within the lowest 5th percentile of the general population, the extent to which many of these mutations affect ABCA1 function is not known and cannot be predicted. Naturally occurring extracellular loop (ECL) mutations W590S and C1477R have both been shown to effectively eliminate the ability to mediate lipid efflux, despite the fact that the W590S mutant protein retains the ability to bind apoA-I. We show that neither mutant can transport nor efflux 25-OHC, whether in the presence of apoA-I or BSA, despite apparently full retention of the ability to bind and trap nucleotide. This suggests that these two ECL mutations inhibit transport by a mechanism that is independent of their effect on apoA-I binding. By introduction of naturally occurring mutations in the NBDs, we show that although some mutations associated with Tangier Disease, such as N935S, essentially eliminate nucleotide trapping and substrate translocation, other polymorphisms such as L1026P and T2073A associated with low HDL-C, appear to be fully functional. Lastly, we observed differences in the behaviour of both wild-type and mutant forms of ABCA1-GFP depending on whether they were expressed in insect or mammalian cell lines. / Thesis (Ph.D, Pathology & Molecular Medicine) -- Queen's University, 2010-02-12 11:14:11.381

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The androgen receptor’s (AR) resurgence following treatment leads to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Studies show that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) regulates AR signaling, is constitutively active, and enhances AR signaling in CRPC. AhR has ligands with carcinogenic properties and interacts with phytochemicals with anti-tumorigenic properties. Curcumin inhibits AhR activity and multidrug transporter ABCG2 activity, which mediates substrates out of the cell. Elevated ABCG2 expression causes resistance to anticancer drugs. AhR transcriptionally activates ABCG2 and our hypothesis is that inhibition of AhR activity by curcumin will decrease ABCG2 expression and activity in CRPC cells. C4-2 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of curcumin (0, 10, 25, 50µM) and CH223191 (50µM). Results show that curcumin decreases AhR, CYP1B1 and ABCG2 gene expression. Higher concentrations of curcumin diminish AhR and ABCG2 protein expression, ABCG2 activity, and cell proliferation. These results will help reveal a role for AhR in drug resistance.

Efficient control of sea lice is a major challenge for the sustainable production of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar (Linnaeus, 1758)). These marine ectoparasites feed on mucus, skin and blood of their hosts, thereby reducing the salmon’s growth rate and overall health. In the northern hemisphere, the most prevalent species is Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837). In 2006, global costs of sea lice infections are estimated to have exceeded €300 million, with the majority spent on a limited number of chemical delousing agents. Emamectin benzoate (EMB; SLICE®), an avermectin, has been widely used since its introduction in 2000, due to its convenient administration as an in-feed medication and its high efficacy against all parasitic stages of L. salmonis. However, over-reliance on a single or limited range of medicines favours the emergence of drug resistance and, as a result, the efficacy of this compound in treating L. salmonis has decreased in recent years, as reported from e.g. Chile, Norway, Scotland and Canada. Declining efficacy underlines the need for an improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying EMB drug resistance in L. salmonis. Elucidation of these mechanisms would allow for improved monitoring tools, earlier detection of developing resistance, extended usability of current delousing agents and development of new parasiticides. The work described in this thesis sets out to examine the molecular mechanisms underlying EMB resistance in L. salmonis. In earlier studies, research in nematodes and arthropods has linked drug efflux transporters belonging to the family of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters to ivermectin (IVM) resistance, a parasiticide with high chemical similarity to EMB. ABC transporters such as permeability glycoprotein (P-gp), transport a wide range of substrates, including drugs, and have been suggested to provide a potential molecular mechanism through which EMB resistance might be mediated in sea lice. As an example of such mechanisms, increased expression of P-gp is one of the causative factors for drug resistance in human cancer cells and avermectin resistance in nematode parasites such as Caenorhabditis elegans or Haemonchus contortus. Initial research involved screening for novel salmon lice P-gps that might contribute to EMB resistance. A novel P-gp, SL-PGY1, was discovered using a combined bioinformatic and molecular biological approach. The expression was compared in two well-characterised L. salmonis strains differing in their susceptibility to EMB (S = susceptible, R = resistant). Prior to EMB exposure, mRNA levels did not differ from each other, while, after 24 h exposure, a 2.9-fold increase in SL-PGY1 mRNA expression was observed in the R strain. SL-PGY1 appears not to be a major factor contributing to reduced EMB susceptibility, although it could play a role, as expression levels increased upon exposure to EMB. A further four additional drug transporters (ABC C subfamily) were also discovered showing high homology to multidrug-resistance proteins (MRP). The relative expression levels of each MRP was compared in the strains S and R, before and after exposure to EMB. No significant changes were found in their expression patterns. If ABC drug transporters mediate the efflux of EMB and thereby reduce the intracellular concentrations of the drug in exposed animals, the inhibition of those ABC drug transporters was expected to lead to higher intracellular levels of EMB. This could result in an enhanced toxic effect when EMB is co-administered with an inhibitor. Two known inhibitors of human P-gps and MRPs, cyclosporin A (CSA) and verapamil (VER), were co-administered with EMB. CSA increased the toxic effect of EMB in both tested strains, implying that the targets of CSA are expressed at comparable levels and that they may be part of the mechanism conferring EMB resistance. VER increased the toxic effect of EMB in the R strain, but had no significant effects on the S strain. This implies that the expression of factors inhibited by VER differs between the two L. salmonis strains. It is hypothesised that a number of ABC transporters with distinct, yet overlapping patterns of inhibitor specificity are affected by those inhibitors. The search for drug-resistance conferring genes was complemented with a systematic, genome-wide survey of ABC transporters in L. salmonis to find additional members of this important gene family. Next-generation high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was employed to assemble a reference transcriptome from pooled total RNA of salmon lice at different development stages. The transcriptome was assembled against the L. salmonis genome and annotated. Thirty-nine putative ABC transporters were found. Of further interest were transcripts of the subfamily B, C and G, as they contain drug-transporting ABC proteins. For the ABC B subfamily, one full (SL-PGY1) and three half transporter transcripts were found. Only full transporters are known to transport drugs and SL-PGY1 is apparently not a major factor contributing to EMB resistance. Fourteen ABCC sequences were found – 11 MRPs and 3 homologues to sulfonylurea receptors. Of interest are MRPs, as they contribute to drug detoxification in humans and invertebrates. Four MRPs had been identified previously and their expression ratios did not differ between S and R strain parasites. Seven sequences belonging to ABCG subfamily were found. However, none of the L. salmonis ABCG transcripts identified showed sufficient homology to known drug transporters in other species. With the currently limited understanding of the mechanisms conferring EMB resistance, monitoring the susceptibility of L. salmonis subpopulations is essential. Dose-response bioassays are currently widely used. Tests with pre-adult II or adult parasites requires relatively large numbers of parasites (~150) to conduct this type of bioassay, which may not always be available. Addressing this issue, we tested the feasibility of a single-dose bioassay (requiring fewer test animals than dose-response bioassays) to discriminate between L. salmonis strains with differing EMB susceptibility. This alternative approach uses time-course toxicity analysis, where the toxic effect of EMB is monitored over time. After clearly defining the effect criteria, we found that it is possible to discriminate between those L. salmonis strains. However, while requiring fewer test animals, time course toxicity analysis is more labour-intensive, but the alternative design can be suitable under certain circumstances. The work reported here has provided new knowledge concerning the mechanisms of EMB resistance in sea lice. Several novel putative drug transporters have been identified, an important first step toward unravelling the complex interactions of genes involved in EMB resistance in this commercially important parasite.

Previously it was demonstrated that biliary excretion of a single dose of [14C]dieldrin or [3H]7, 12-dimethylbenz/alanthracene (DMBA) was stimulated up to 700% and 300%, respectively, in rainbow trout fed 0.3-0.4 mg dieldrin/kg/d for 9-12 wk. This was not explained by increased activities of hepatic microsomal xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes or increased amounts of any of six cytochrome P-450 isozymes quantitated by Western blots. It was hypothesized that stimulated excretion was explained by induction of (1) cytosolic binding proteins that facilitated intracellular trafficking of DMBA to sites of metabolism, or (2) ATP-dependent proteins that transport xenobiotic metabolites from liver to bile. Binding of 15 and 60 nmol [3H]DMBA/mg protein increased about 200% in hepatic cytosol from dieldrin-fed fish. A 50-fold molar excess of unlabeled DMBA reduced binding of 15 nmol [3H]DMBA/mg protein (nonspecific binding) by the same amount in cytosol from control and dieldrin-fed fish, indicating that dieldrin induced specific binding. Liver sections from control and dieldrin-fed fish were treated with multidrug resistance (MDR) protein monoclonal antibodies C494, C219, and JSB-1, and polyclonal antibody MDR Ab-1. There were no marked differences in optical densities of immunohistochemical staining near bile canaliculi of control and dieldrin-fed fish. Induction of xenobiotic binding capacity in cytosol of dieldrin-fed rainbow trout at least partially explained altered DMBA disposition in fish pretreated with this cyclodiene insecticide.

Introdução: A quantidade e o tipo de gordura alimentar exercem importante influência no desenvolvimento de doença cardiovascular (DCV) e podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de esteatose hepática. Os ácidos graxos saturados e trans são consensualmente apontados como aterogênicos; já os poli-insaturados parecem exercer ação antiaterogênica. Com relação a esteatose hepática, sabe-se que os ácidos graxos saturados estão associados com o seu desenvolvimento; porém, a ação dos ácidos graxos trans na gênese e no desenvolvimento de esteatose hepática não está totalmente elucidada. Neste estudo, avaliou-se o efeito do consumo de dietas enriquecidas com ácidos graxos saturados (SAT), poli-insaturados (POLI) ou trans (TRANS) sobre componentes envolvidos na indução e na progressão da placa aterosclerótica, bem como sobre o desenvolvimento da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica. Métodos: Camundongos com ablação gênica para o receptor de LDL (LDLr-KO) foram alimentados com dietas hiperlipídicas (40% do valor calórico total sob a forma de gordura), enriquecidas com ácidos graxos SAT, POLI ou TRANS por 16 semanas e ao final submetidos a: 1) análises plasmáticas: colesterol total (CT), triglicérides (TG), insulina, glicose, aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e alanina aminotransferase (ALT), interleucina-6 (IL-6), fator de necrose tumoral-? (TNF-alfa) e perfil de lipoproteínas; 2) determinação da lesão aterosclerótica: área de lesão (Oil Red-O), conteúdo de ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) e infiltrado de macrófagos (imuno-histoquímica), colocalização de ABCA1 e macrófagos (microscopia confocal) e conteúdo de colágeno (Picrosirius-Red) na raiz aórtica; 3) conteúdo de CT, colesterol éster (CE) e colesterol livre (CL) na aorta total; 4) macrófagos peritoneais foram tratados com lipopolissacarídeo (LPS), e IL-6, TNF-alfa e interleucina-10 (IL-10) medidas no meio de cultura; 5) no fígado: grau da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica, concentração de CT e TG e expressão de RNA mensageiro (mRNA) de PPAR-gama, PPAR-gama, SREBP-1c, MTP, CPT-1 e ABCA1 por RT-qPCR; 6) determinação do conteúdo de tecido adiposo visceral e subcutâneo na carcaça. Resultados: O consumo de dieta não diferiu entre os grupos; comparado à dieta POLI, TRANS induziu menor ganho de peso refletido por menor conteúdo de tecido adiposo. TRANS induziu hepatomegalia, desenvolvimento de esteato-hepatite não alcoólica (NASH) e piora da sensibilidade insulínica (evidenciada pelo índice HOMAIR). As concentrações de AST e ALT não diferiram entre os grupos. A dieta TRANS elevou a expressão de mRNA de genes relacionados à lipogênese hepática (PPAR-gama e SREBP-1c) comparada à SAT e POLI e reduziu a expressão de MTP comparada à dieta POLI. Não houve diferença entre os grupos com relação à expressão de genes envolvidos na oxidação hepática de lípides (PPAR-gama e CPT-1). As concentrações plasmáticas de CT e TG foram maiores no grupo TRANS comparado a SAT e POLI. POLI apresentou menor área de lesão, infiltrado de macrófagos e conteúdo de ABCA1 comparados a SAT e TRANS. Macrófagos e ABCA1 não se colocalizaram na área de lesão. O conteúdo de CT na parede arterial foi menor no grupo POLI comparado a TRANS; CL foi menor no grupo POLI comparado a SAT e TRANS; CE não diferiu entre os grupos. Comparado a POLI, SAT e TRANS apresentaram maior conteúdo de colágeno e núcleos necróticos na placa aterosclerótica. A concentração plasmática de IL-6 não diferiu entre os grupos; já a concentração de TNF-alfa foi maior nos grupos POLI e TRANS em comparação a SAT. Em relação à resposta inflamatória de macrófagos ao LPS, POLI e TRANS apresentaram maiores concentrações de IL-6 e TNF-alfa comparadas a SAT. POLI apresentou menores concentrações de IL-10 em comparação aos demais grupos. A expressão hepática de ABCA1 não diferiu entre os grupos. Conclusão: O consumo de dieta TRANS induziu perfil lipídico proaterogênico, hipercolesterolemia, hipertrigliceridemia, hiperglicemia e severo desenvolvimento de aterosclerose, além de hepatomegalia, maior acúmulo hepático de lípides e desenvolvimento de NASH. Por outro lado, POLI preveniu o desenvolvimento de aterosclerose, independentemente de sua ação inflamatória. / Introduction: The amount and type of dietary fat play important roles on the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and on the development of hepatic steatosis. Saturated (SAT) and trans (TRANS) fatty acids are known as pro-atherogenic, while the polyunsaturated (POLY) fats seem to exert an antiatherogenic action. Regarding hepatic steatosis, it is known that SAT are associated with its development, however, the role of TRANS in the genesis and development of hepatic steatosis is not fully undestood. This study evaluated the effect of the intake of diets enriched with SAT, POLY or TRANS on the parameters involved in the progression of the atherosclerotic plaque and also on the development of the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods: LDL receptor knock-out (LDLR-KO) male mice were fed for 16 weeks a high fat diet (40% of calories as fat) enriched with SAT, POLY or TRANS, for 16 weeks. The following parameters were mesured: 1) plasma: total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), insulin, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor- ? (TNF-?) and lipoprotein profile; 2) atherosclerotic lesion - lesion area (Oil Red-O), ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) content and macrophage infiltration (immunohistochemistry), co-localization of ABCA1 and macrophages (confocal microscopy) and collagen content (Picrosirius-Red); 3) TC, cholesteryl ester (CE) and free cholesterol (FC) content of the total aorta; 4) interleukin-6 and 10 (IL-6 and IL-10) and TNF-alfa in the culture medium of peritoneal macrophages after treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS); 5) liver: degree of fat liver disease, concentration of TC and TG and mRNA expression (RT-qPCR) of PPAR-gama, PPAR-gama, SREBP-1c, MTP, ABCA1 and CPT-1; 6) visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue contents in the carcass of the animals. Results: Food intake did not differ amongst the groups, however, compared to POLY, TRANS induced less weight gain, due to lower adipose tissue content. TRANS induced hepatomegaly, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and worsening of insulin sensitivity, as evidenced by the index HOMAIR. The concentrations of ALT and AST did not differ among groups. TRANS increased the mRNA expression of the hepatic lipogenic genes (PPAR-gama and SREBP-1c) compared to the SAT and POLY and reduced the mRNA expression of MTP compared to POLI. There was no difference among the groups regarding the mRNA expression of genes involved in hepatic lipid oxidation (PPAR-gama and CPT-1). Plasma concentrations of TC and TG were higher in TRANS compared to SAT and POLY. POLY showed lower arterial lesion area, macrophage infiltration and ABCA1 content compared to SAT and TRANS. ABCA1 and macrophages did not colocalize in the lesion area. The TC content in the arterial wall was lower on POLY compared to TRANS; FC was lower on POLY compared to SAT and TRANS; CE did not differ among groups. Compared to POLY, SAT and TRANS showed higher collagen content and necrotic core in atherosclerotic plaques. The plasma concentration of IL-6 did not differ among groups, however, TNF-alfa plasma concentration was higher in POLY and TRANS compared to SAT. Regarding the macrophage inflammatory response to LPS, POLY and TRANS showed higher concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-alfa compared to SAT. Moreover, POLY had the lowest concentration of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The hepatic expression of ABCA1 did not differ amongst the groups. Conclusion: TRANS induced pro-atherogenic lipid profile, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, and severe atherosclerosis, and in addition, elicted hepatomegaly, increased hepatic lipid accumulation and NASH. On the other hand, POLY prevented the development of atherosclerosis, independently of their pro-inflammatory activity.