El presente artículo explora las experiencias de trabajo y percepciones individuales en relación con la subtitulación interlingüística de un conjunto de profesionales de Lima, Perú. El estudio se realizó a partir de métodos cualitativos: doce entrevistas semiestructuradas a cuatro grupos de participantes — empresas y profesionales de traducción, y empresas y profesionales de comunicación audiovisual—. Aunque los participantes asumen que la subtitulación no tiene un mercado establecido en la capital peruana, opinan que se trata de un nicho con una demanda en crecimiento. Asimismo, existe una diferencia respecto al modo de trabajo de las empresas y profesionales de traducción y de comunicación audiovisual, concretamente, en las etapas del proceso de subtitulación y el uso de protocolos, además de otros criterios para asegurar la calidad del servicio. / The following article explores the work experiences and individual perceptions of a group of professionals from Lima (Peru) regarding interlingual subtitling. Such study was conducted using qualitative methods. A total of twelve semi-structured interviews were made, including four groups of participants: companies and professionals of the translation field, as well as companies and professionals of the audiovisual communication field. Although participants believe that subtitling does not have an established market in the Peruvian capital, they do think that it is a niche with a growing demand. Likewise, there is also a distinction between the way translation and audiovisual companies and professionals work, particularly with regard to the subtitling process and the use of guidelines, as well as other criteria used to ensure the quality of the service. / Revisión por pares

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / This paper presents the results of a pilot study on the use of active interlingual subtitling for intercultural awareness and queer pedagogy. The subtitling tasks and project were carried out with Ooona, an online subtitling software, and as part of an optional course on gender and sexuality at an undergraduate university program in Translation. The data collected are based on the Spanish subtitles produced by the students from audiovisual content originally in English, as well as on questionnaires and reports that they completed after subtitling. The results reveal how cloud-based subtitling software is a useful tool for students to position themselves regarding online video content online, as well as how the audiovisual representation of queer characters allows students to reflect on aspects of the gender/sex system when they must transfer linguistic content that is rooted in different socio-cultural systems.

The situation of audiovisual translation is in its infancy in Lithuania, thus, the work specifies methods of audiovisual translation and highlights characteristic features of audiovisual-type texts. The novelty of the work lies in the investigation of the voiced-over language of the feature film. With reference to this fact, the contrastive analysis of the source language and voiced-over target language of the feature film “Bridget Jones’s Diary“was chosen as the subject of the research. The aim of the work is the examination of language and authenticity transfer of the film through voice-over as the method of audiovisual translation from English into Lithuanian. / Vertimo tyrinėtojai žengia pirmuosius žingsnius audiovizualiojo vertimo tyrinėjimo srityje, nors įgarsintus, subtitruotus ar jau ir dubliuotus filmus žiūrime kasdien per televiziją ar kino teatre. Naujosios technologijos leidžia vos panorėjus mėgautis filmais, kurie atlieka ne tik pramoginę, bet ir kitos kultūros pažinimo funkciją. Didžioji dalis į Lietuvą atkeliaujančių filmų yra anglų kalba. Juos įprasta įgarsinti. Tačiau dėl įvairių priežasčių ne visada lietuviškame filmo variante išgirstame tai, kas buvo pasakyta originale. Šio darbo tikslas – išnagrinėti gerai žinomo vaidybinio filmo „Bridžitos Džouns dienoraštis“ kalbos ir autentikos perteikimą per įgarsintą filmo vertimą, siekiant nustatyti vertimo procese naudojamas vertimo procedūras. Mokslinio darbo teorinėje dalyje išsamiai pristatomi audiovizualaus vertimo metodai, apžvelgiami audiovizualaus teksto ypatumai, jame slypintys kodai bei paaiškinama domestikacijos samprata. Empirinėje darbo dalyje aprašoma tyrimo eiga ir analizuojami rezultatai. Filmo vertimo tyrimas atskleidė, jog dėl pačių kalbų (anglų ir lietuvių) skirtumų, tokių vertimo procedūrų kaip glaudinimas, eliminavimas ir trumpinimas naudojimas bei vertėjo(s) klaidos lėmė prasminius vertimo kalbos nuostolius. Nors vertėja(s) didžiajai teksto daliai rado atitinkamus ekvivalentus bei daugelyje atvejų pasitelkė parafrazę ir plėtimą, vertimo kalba perteikta glausčiau dėl aukščiau minėtų veiksnių bei filmo vertimo metodo ypatumų.

Perfect Blue is an anime (Japanese animation) film directed by Kon Satoshi released in 1997. The film revolves around a female idol (a pop star) named Mima who quits her career as an idol to become an actress. She gradually loses her mind, as the pressures from her acting career, her managers, fans and a stalker catch up to her. Perfect Blue touches on the blurring line between fiction and reality, the objectification of women (and idols) as mere products, and the role of women in the idol industry. It is also a stark critique of the hegemonic masculinity and the gender roles that are imposed on women in Japanese society. This thesis presents anime as an important pop culture phenomenon with a massive influence worldwide. The thesis examines the gender stereotypes propagated by this phenomenon and proposes a that Kon’s work is different compared to other anime. This work compares how gender roles are portrayed in the different versions: The Japanese original and the US English subtitles and dubbing. Methodologically, the analysis relies on close observation of the use of the Japanese first and second person pronouns and sentence-final particles in the characters’ language, since “the use of these features is known to be highly gender-dependent” (Hiramoto 2013, 55). This study comes to the conclusion that the subtitles and the dubbing provide a relatively close rendering of gender of the Japanese text, even if the linguistic resources of English do not allow for the translation of gendered Japanese pronouns and sentence-final particles. This means that the subtitles and dubbings maintain the feminist message Kon wanted to give in his film. The study concludes by stressing the importance of taking into account the use of specific pronouns and sentence-final particles when translating Japanese, as these particles are gender-loaded. It also emphasises the importance of being critical of anime’s hegemonic masculinity, and argues that Kon goes against hegemony by portraying a strong and independent female character.

La presente investigación es un estudio de caso que analiza la representación de personajes pertenecientes a comunidades “otras” en la traducción inglés-español (doblaje y subtitulación) de la serie Glow (Flahive & Mensch, 2017). Glow es una producción de Netflix que supone una relectura de los estereotipos de la sociedad estadounidense de los años ochenta. Se caracteriza la traducción de esta serie como un medio difusor de ideologías, ya que mediante el lenguaje empleado por los personajes se trasmiten estereotipos propios de un contexto cultural distinto al de la audiencia meta. El estudio asume un enfoque cualitativo para analizar de manera inductiva los diálogos en los que el lenguaje se utiliza como medio de representación de la alteridad de los personajes. De este modo, se realizará un análisis contrastivo de las representaciones obtenidas a partir del texto fuente con los diálogos doblados y subtitulados del inglés al español por la industria Netflix. / This article is a case study analyzing the characters representation belonging to “other” communities in the English-Spanish translation (dubbing and subtitling) of the Glow series (Flahive & Mensch, 2017). Glow is a Netflix production that re-reads the stereotypes of American society in the 1980s. The translation of this series is characterised as a means of disseminating ideologies, since the characters’ language is used to transmit the typical stereotypes belonging to a different cultural context of the target audience. This study adopts a qualitative approach to analyze inductively the characters dialogues in which language is used as a means of representing their alterity. In this sense, the representations obtained from the source text will be compared with the dialogues dubbed and subtitled from English to Spanish by the Netflix industry. / Trabajo de investigación

En este trabajo se analiza la representación de les sujetos trans* en la serie Tales of the City (2019) a partir de la comparación del texto fuente, la subtitulación y el doblaje. Específicamente, les personajes Jake, Margot, Ida Best y Shawna. Para el análisis, se extrajeron herramientas a partir de las teorías de género, sexualidad, lo queer, lo trans*, entre otras y se usaron las técnicas del análisis de contenidos y el análisis textual contrastivo. Además, se utilizó como instrumentos la matriz de vaciado del texto fuente, la matriz de transcripción del doblaje y subtitulación, la ficha contrastiva y la matriz de técnicas de traducción. / This study analyzes the representation of trans* individuals in Tales of the City (2019) by comparing source text subtitling and dubbing. Specifically, the characters Jake, Michael, Ida Best and Shawna. For the analysis, tool were extracted from the theories of gender, sexuality, queer, trans*, and others, and the techniques of content analysis and textual contrastive analysis were used. In adition, source text’s matrix, transcription of subtitling and dubbing’s matrix, contrastive matrix, and translation techniques’ matrix were use. / Trabajo de investigación

This paper focuses on the translation of audiovisual humour. I have analysed Petr Palouš's translation of Monty Python's Flying Circus. The translator of audiovisual humour has to deal with the same issues and problems as the translator of literature, that is he has to find equivalents to word plays, idioms, register and so on, but at the same time he also has to comply with the restrictions of audiovisual medium. I have identified the most common translation problems when translating humour and audiovisual texts and possible strategies of their translation into the target language, and then analysed how Palouš dealt with these cruces translatorum when translating the Flying Circus.

L’objet d’étude de cette thèse de doctorat est la traduction audiovisuelle et concerne plus particulièrement la réception du doublage par le destinataire « spécial » du corpus analysé, l’enfant. Le sous-titre du travail –une étude sur la réception– révèle son caractère empirique et expérimental, dont l’objectif principal est d’analyser empiriquement la réaction du jeune public face à des solutions de traduction qui viennent régulièrement adoptées dans les doublages du cinéma d’animation. L’utilisation de certaines stratégies et techniques de traduction peuvent se rapprocher ou s’éloigner du récepteur : on cherchera à évaluer dans quelle mesure celles-ci facilitent leur compréhension, lui font rire ou pleurer et, finalement, lui amusent. Le succès d’un long-métrage pour enfants n’est aperçu aujourd’hui qu’à travers les entrées au box-office et les ventes des films sur le marché vidéo des DVD, Blu-Ray et VOD. Afin de combler ce manque, nous avons décidé de mener à bien une expérience auprès d’enfants auxquels nous avons projeté quelques extraits de long-métrages doublés en espagnol. Ils ont ensuite rempli un questionnaire apte à leur stade de développement cognitif, nous aidant à déterminer quelles informations les participants ont-ils acquises en regardant les films. On cherchera ainsi à mieux connaître la répercussion des choix de traduction les plus habituels chez les traducteurs audiovisuels de films d’animation pour enfants. / Audiovisual Translation is the main subject of study of this research, evaluating more particularly the reception of dubbing by a “special” audience of the analyzed corpus, the child. The subtitle of the work –end user perception– reveals its empirical and experimental nature, our main goal being to empirically analyze the reaction of young people to some of the translation’s choices regularly adopted in dubbing animated films. Certain translation strategies and techniques may be used to reach or repel the audience: we will try to examine how they help understanding, make laugh or cry, and ultimately entertain the child.Nowadays, the only way to know if a children film is successful is by checking theaters’ box office and DVD, Blu-ray and VOD sales. In order to fill this gap, we have decided to perform an experiment with children which include the screening of some film clips dubbed in Spanish. Then, they have completed a specific questionnaire adapted to their cognitive development, which helped us to determine the information learned by the experience’s through the film. We thus seek to better understand the impact of the translation’s choices frequently made by audiovisual translators of animated films for children. / La presente tesis doctoral centra su atención en el estudio de la traducción audiovisual, concretamente en el ámbito de la recepción del doblaje por parte de un destinatario final especial, el niño. El subtítulo del trabajo –un estudio de recepción– revela el carácter empírico y experimental del mismo, pues se pretende analizar empíricamente la reacción del público infantil ante algunas soluciones de traducción que se adoptan habitualmente en el cine de animación. El empleo de ciertas estrategias y técnicas de traducción pueden conllevar un acercamiento o alejamiento del producto al receptor, y no sabemos en qué medida éstas facilitan la comprensión, hacen reír o llorar y, en última instancia, entretienen.Hoy en día sólo podemos inferir el éxito de un largometraje para niños, y de su doblaje, a través de su recaudación en taquilla y de las posteriores ventas en el mercado doméstico de DVD, Blu-Ray y plataformas de vídeo por Internet. Con objeto de arrojar luz sobre este ámbito, se ha diseñado un experimento que muestra la reacción de los espectadores infantiles ante un estímulo audiovisual traducido, utilizando como sistema de evaluación un cuestionario adaptado a su desarrollo cognitivo. De este modo, se pretende obtener información acerca de la repercusión de las opciones traductológicas por las que suelen decantarse los traductores audiovisuales de películas de animación para niños.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse translations of audiovisual material from Norwegian to Czech. The theoretical part of the thesis discusses audiovisual translation in general, with special emphasis on subtitling. Strategies and concepts significant for the translation of subtitles are described, as well as different aspects of the quality of their translation. The empirical part analyses firstly the audiovisual material itself (the Headhunters movie) and consequently analyses the translation strategies and solutions used in the translation. The analysis is based on Lomheim's model. The translation of marked speech, culturally bound elements and humor is also discussed. Finally, the quality of translation is assessed. Key words: audiovisual translation, translation, subtitles, film, Norwegian, Czech

O som no cinema gera expectativas, guia o espectador através das imagens e molda a recepção das cenas (BORDWELL; THOMPSON, 2008). Para que o espectador surdo ou ensurdecido tenha acesso a esse input ao assistir a uma produção audiovisual, a legenda para surdos e ensurdecidos (LSE) traduz os efeitos sonoros dos filmes (ARAÚJO, 2004). Em busca de um modelo de LSE que supra as necessidades do público alvo, foi realizada uma pesquisa com 34 surdos brasileiros (ARAÚJO; NASCIMENTO, 2011; ARAÚJO ET AL, 2013). Os resultados sugeriram que as traduções existentes analisadas de efeitos sonoros confundiam o espectador ou não acrescentavam informações relevantes. Levando em consideração a importância do som no cinema, realizou-se uma pesquisa para observar como essas traduções ocorriam em três filmes brasileiros comercializados em DVD (NASCIMENTO, 2013). Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos efeitos sonoros encontrados nos filmes da pesquisa foram legendados sem uma preocupação aparente de ligar o som à sua significação na trama. Assim, com o propósito de auxiliar os legendistas nessas traduções, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal convencionar legendas para efeitos sonoros, além de estabelecer algumas diretrizes para a tarefa de traduzir sons em palavras. Acredita-se, ainda, que o processo de padronização das legendas também tornaria mais acessível as legendas em língua portuguesa para o público-alvo, pois unidades convencionadas são lidas de forma mais rápida (WOOD, 2015). Para isso, foi coletado um corpus comparável que foi analisado com o auxílio do software WordSmith Tools. Para facilitar as análises com o software, as legendas dos filmes foram etiquetadas a partir de categorias de proveniência do som. Para os ruídos, apresentamse as seguintes etiquetas: sons produzidos pelo homem, sons produzidos por objeto, sons produzidos por animais, sons produzidos pela natureza, sons ficcionais e silêncio. Para as músicas, as etiquetas são: música de fosso e música de tela. Essas etiquetas foram utilizadas como nódulos de busca e possibilitaram encontrar relevantes dados numéricos, tais como as categorias mais frequentemente legendadas no corpus: sons produzidos pelo homem e música de fosso. Portanto, esses são os sons cujas traduções foram convencionadas nessa pesquisa. / The sound in the cinema creates expectations, guides the spectator through images, and shapes the reception of scenes (BORDWELL; THOMPSON, 2008). So that deaf and hard of hearing public may have access to this input when watching an audiovisual production, the subtitle for the deaf and hard of hearing (SDH) translates the movies sound effects (ARAÚJO, 2004). In search for a SDH model that meets the spectators needs, a research has been conducted with 34 Brazilians deaf subjects (ARAÚJO; NASCIMENTO, 2011; ARAÚJO ET AL, 2013). The results suggested that the existent sound effects translations would mislead the spectator or would not contribute with relevant information. Taking into account the importance of the sound in the cinema, another research has been conduct in order to analyze how translations of sound effect were made in three commercialized DVDs in Brazil (NASCIMENTO, 2013). The results showed that most sound effects in the films were translated without connecting them to their meanings within the movie plot. Thus, in order to help translators with these translations, this researchs main objective is to conventionalize sound effects subtitles and stablish some guidelines to the sound into words task. Furthermore, it is believed that conventionalizing subtitles could render them more accessible as conventionalized units are read faster than non-conventionalized (WOOD, 2015). Therefore, a comparable corpus was collected and analyzed by means of WordSmith Tools software. In order to render the analysis simpler, the corpus was tagged following categories defined by the sound provenience. The following tags were applied to noise: sound produced by men, sound produced by objects, sound produced by nature, sound produced by animals, fictional sounds and silence. To music, the tags were background music and screen music. These tags were used as search words and rendered possible find relevant data, such as the most frequently translated categories within the corpus, which are: sounds produced by men and background music. Therefore, these are the sound categories whose translations were conventionalized in this research.