The objectives of this study were: (1) to estimate the effects of certain non-genetic sources of variation in weight, gnde, and condition of beef cows; (2) to estimate the heritability of weight, grade. and condition of beef cows; and (3) to estimate the genetic, phenot;rpic, and environmental correlations between weight, grade, and condition of beef cows. Weights, grades., and condition scores taken on 1371 Angus cows were used to evaluate the genetic and environmental nature of these traits. This sample of cows represented 365 sire groups. Four models were used in this study: 1. Model A - Cow weight and grade were considered dependent variables; herds and sires within herds were considered random independent variables; and season, age, condition, nursing status, and their interactions were considered fixed independent variables. Least-squares procedures involving Henderson's (1953) Method II were used to adjust tor fixed effects and to obtain variance and covax-iance components. Heritability estimate and correlation coefficients were obtained by paternal half-sib analysis. 2. Model B differed from Model A in that condition 3 score was considered a dependent variable instead of an independent variable. 3. Model C was the same as Model A except that the coefficients (kₒ and k₂) for the within sire (σw²) component of variance included in the among sire and herd adjusted expected mean squares (EMS) were considered unity whereas as in Model A they were calculated according to Method II of Henderson. 4. Model D - Heritability estimates were computed by doubling the estimate of intra-sire regression of offspring on dam from 198 dam-daughter pairs representing 63 sire groups. The dam-daughter pairs were part of the group or 1371 cows. The results of this study indicated that season, age, condition score, nursing status, and age by nursing status remain significant when condition score was not considered as a fixed environmental effect (Model B). However, a comparison of the magnitude of the mean squares for these effects in Models A and B indicated that season, age, and nursing status are highly confounded with condition score. Season and flesh condition were found to have a significant effect on grade of beef cows when they were included in the same model (Model A). When condition score was not included (Model B) age had a significant effect on grade. Age, season, and nursing status were found to have a significant effect on flesh condition (Model B). Paternal half-sib heritability estimates for cow weight using Models A, B, and C were 0.38 ± 0.11, 0.29 ± 0.11, and 0.56.± 0.11, respectively. Estimates for grade from the same models were 0.49 ± 0.11, 0.43 ± 0.11, and 0.67 ±0.12, in that order. Estimates from Model A should be the most reliable. The differences in the estimates from Models A, B, and C, illustrate that variation in heritability estimates is not entirely due to genetic differences. Considerable variation can occur depending on how much adjustment has been made to fixed effects, and the methods used in estimating the variance and covariance components. The heritability estimates of cow weight and grade obtained by intra-sire regression of offspring on dam were 0.22 ± 0.14 and 0.10 ± 0.06, respectively. The paternal half-sib heritability estimate for condition score was 0.31 ± 0.11, which implies that adjusting cow weights and grades for condition may actually involve adjusting for genetic differences as well as differences due to environmental influences. The correlation between weight and grade or beef oowe was found to be largely genetic whereas the correlation between condition and cow weight or grade was primarily environmental. / Ph. D.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 50-52). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Orientadores: Paula Regina Kuser Falcão, Adhemar Zerlotini Neto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T05:46:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nagai_LuisAugustoEijy_M.pdf: 9861948 bytes, checksum: a64a8aaaf5e43919029e865524c0a73c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A carne bovina é um dos principais produtos que o Brasil comercializa no mercado internacional. Atualmente, o Brasil é líder nas exportações e tem o objetivo de melhorar sua produção para aumentar a competitividade. A carne bovina é consumida em várias partes do mundo e é uma das principais fontes de proteínas e vitaminas para o homem. A publicação em 2009 do genoma bovino, proveniente de um animal da subespécie Bos taurus taurus, beneficiou os estudos de caracterização de mecanismos moleculares responsáveis por características de interesse. Dentre várias características, a maciez da carne é considerada o atributo mais importante. As raças zebuínas, principalmente Nelore (Bos taurus indicus), possuem grande aceitação na pecuária de corte brasileira e adaptabilidade ao território, porém apresentam menor produtividade e qualidade da carne, em relação às raças taurinas como Angus (B. taurus taurus). Assim, o interesse pela identificação de genes relacionados com a qualidade da carne bovina justifica o investimento em pesquisas genéticas, moleculares e bioquímicas. As novas tecnologias de sequenciamento de alto rendimento promoveram um grande avanço nas pesquisas de avaliação da expressão de genes, aliada às novas ferramentas computacionais e o poder de processamento de dados. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar genes diferencialmente expressos no tecido muscular de animais das raças Angus e Nelore, para elucidar os mecanismos genéticos envolvidos com maciez da carne. Para realizar este estudo foram utilizados 10 bovinos da raça Angus e 8 bovinos Nelore, a partir de um rebanho de 50 touros de cada raça, selecionados pelos extremos no resultado do teste de força de cisalhamento. Ao todo, 313 milhões de fragmentos de 100 pares de bases foram gerados em Illumina HiScanSQ paired end. Ao longo desse estudo, foi também avaliada a utilização de sequências originais e filtradas por qualidade para estimar a eficácia das ferramentas atuais ao trabalhar com sequências que comumente são trimadas. As sequências foram mapeadas no genoma bovino utilizando Tophat2 e a biblioteca edgeR foi utilizada na análise estatística para a identificação de expressão diferencial. Os resultados encontrados nos animais Angus, com sequências não filtradas, se mostraram mais semelhantes com o que tem sido observado em trabalhos relacionados à maciez da carne, os quais indicam o envolvimento da via de metabolismo de lipídeos no mecanismo de maciez. Contudo, os dados de Angus e Nelore possibilitaram a identificação de processos de resposta imune e inflamatórias, que poderiam ter sido influenciados por fatores externos pré abate / Abstract: Brazil is one of the largest beef exporters in the world, and beef quality is a major subject of research. The goal of this research is to improve the quality and productivity of Brazilian livestock. Beef is also an important source of protein and vitamins in human nutrition. Publication of The Bos taurus genome in 2009 has contributed to studies on the characterization of molecular mechanisms responsible for traits of interest, however, much remains to be determined. Among the many traits of interest, meat tenderness is the most important measured attribute. The Zebu breeds, particularly Nelore (Bos taurus indicus), have wide acceptance in the Brazilian market, and they are well adapted to tropical conditions. Nevertheless, Zebu cattle have lower productivity and beef quality when compared to Taurine breeds, such as Angus (Bos taurus taurus). The global market interest in the identification of genes involved in beef quality justifies the importance of research of genetic, molecular and biochemical mechanisms that determine this trait. The objective of this study is to identify differentially expressed genes found in the muscle tissue of Angus and Nelore breeds. To obtain the data to do this gene expression study, ten Angus steers and eight Nelore steers were used, they were chosen from a group of fifity animals of each breed, and were selected for their extreme tenderness and toughness scores on the shear force test. In total, 313 million fragments of a 100 base pairs were generated using Illumina HiScanSQ paired end. In parallel with the gene expression study, the use of trimmed or non-trimmed sequences was determined to evaluate the efficiency of the tools that have been used to filter this background noise. All sequences were mapped to the bovine genome using Tophat2, and the edgeR library provided the statistical analysis used to identify differential expression. Results obtained from the analysis of the data from the Angus breed animals with non filtered sequences are consistent with results observed in studies of beef tendernes. This finding implies the involvement of the lipid metabolism pathway in the biochemical mechanism underlying the improved tenderness. However, Nelore data analysis identified the existence of processes involved in inflammatory/immune response; they may have been influenced by external factors prior to the slaughter / Mestrado / Bioinformatica / Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / This paper was the objective to identify some deciding factors of purchases of European and synthetic breeding bull at auctions in Rio Grande do Sul and its influence on the purchase price. Were viewed a total of 55 auctions, between television auctions and presential auctions. In total, were collected data of 4,569 Aberdeen Angus, Hereford, Brangus and Braford breeding bull, auctioned in several cities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Data were collected in two stages: the first consisted of the collection data catalogs related to phenotypic and genotypic information at auction or websites of the auction companies, the second stage was the collection of information marketing of animals. Data were tabulated in spreadsheets software and then analyzed using a statistical software. Braford bulls had higher value than Aberdeen Angus, Brangus and Hereford breeding cattle. Bulls of two years old were more valued than animals three years old in Aberdeen Angus, Brangus and Hereford breeds, while the opposite occurred to Braford breed. The trade of bulls take effect in the spring have higher sales value compared to trades in the fall. The weight of the bull influence on the best selling price, the same does not occur with scrotal perimeter. The red fur bull has higher value than the black fur, both in Angus as Brangus. / Este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar alguns fatores decisórios no processo de compra de reprodutores das raças europeias e sintéticas em leilões no Rio Grande do Sul e sua influência no preço de venda. Foram acompanhados um total de 55 leilões, sendo alguns televisivos e outros presenciais. Ao total foram coletados dados da oferta de 4.569 reprodutores de bovinos de corte das raças Aberdeen Angus, Hereford, Brangus e Braford, leiloados em diversos municípios do Rio Grande do Sul. Os dados foram obtidos em duas etapas: a primeira constou da coleta de dados dos catálogos referentes a informações fenotípicas e genotípicas distribuídos ao início dos leilões ou através dos sitios das empresas leiloeiras. A segunda foi a coleta de informações da comercialização dos animais. Os dados foram tabulados em planilhas eletrônicas e posteriormente analisados por meio de software estatístico. Touros da raça Braford tiveram maior valor comercial do que os Aberdeen Angus, Brangus e Hereford. Touros de dois anos foram mais valorizados do que os de três anos nas raças Angus, Brangus e Hereford, mas não os Braford. As comercializações efetivadas durante a primavera têm valor de venda superior quando comparada às do outono. O peso do touro influencia no melhor preço de venda, mas não o perímetro escrotal. Os touros de pelagem vermelha têm maior valor comercial do que os de pelagem preta, tanto na raça Aberdeen Angus quanto na Brangus.

This work concerns the evaluation of noise pollution surroundings of the company in foothills the Šumava, which deal of cattle suckler. The base of this work is the noise measurements at selected sites and his evaluation. The part of this work is the questionnaire survey in the surrounding pastures.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 S336 / Master of Science

The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the genetic control of beef quality in a commercial population of Aberdeen Angus-sired cattle with a view to trait improvement. The population studied included 500 Angus-cross animals, all with purebred Aberdeen Angus sires, from a selection of farms throughout Scotland. A number of carcass-related weight traits and taste panel assessed sensory traits were measured on these animals. A population of 265 Charolais cross cattle (all with purebred sires) was then used to explore the extrapolation of results across breeds. The first aim of this thesis was to investigate heritabilities for important carcass and meat quality traits and to assess the quality of a number of taste-panel derived meat quality traits by calculating three consistency statistics. Consistency statistics (parameter range 0 to 1) for the taste panel traits were moderately high, particularly for panel member consistency and reproducibility, with values ranging from 0.48 to 0.81 and 0.43 to 0.73, respectively. Estimated heritabilities were low for most of the sensory taste-panel-evaluated traits, where the maximum value was 0.16 for overall liking, but were higher for carcass traits where carcass weight heritability was 0.7. To perform these analyses it was first necessary to confirm paternity using a number of genetic markers. Therefore, a comparison of the power of both microsatellite and SNP markers for paternity exclusion was carried out to determine the more effective method. Results indicated that approximately three times as many SNP markers than microsatellite markers were required for parentage exclusion, and a panel of 15 microsatellite markers was used to assign paternity before subsequent data analysis was carried out. The remaining aims of this thesis centred on exploring genetic markers for carcass and meat quality. Firstly, the Angus animals were genotyped for the del11 myostatin mutation which was found to be segregating at a relatively low frequency (0.04) and was shown to be associated with a 17.4 kg increase in carcass weight (P < 0.05) in the heterozygous animals when compared to the homozygous wild-type animals. By analysing the haplotype associated with the mutant allele, it was determined that there have been at least two separate introductions of the mutant allele into the Aberdeen Angus breed. A number of SNPs were also tested for their effects on the carcass and meat quality traits in the Angus animals. The SNPs fell into two groups: eight that have been incorporated into commercially available tests and a further 28 from alternative candidate genes that have effects in different breeds and species. In total, 17 SNPs significantly affected at least one of the traits measured. Of these significant associations, a number have been seen previously, such as the association between calpain and tenderness (P = 0.01) and growth hormone and eye muscle area (P = 0.05), and some of which were novel, such as the association between growth hormone receptor and steak odour (P = 0.02) and corticotrophin releasing hormone and gristle distance from fat (P = 0.004). A further six SNPs, identified by resequencing of the malic enzyme 1 (ME1) and small heterodimer partner (SHP) genes, were tested for their effects on the traits measured in this thesis. Five of the SNPs, including one which caused a non-synonymous amino acid change, had a significant effect on at least one of the traits tested including fat class (P = 0.002), eye muscle area (P = 0.01), sirloin weight before maturation (P = 0.03), sirloin steak tail length (P = 0.004) and juiciness (P = 0.004) where the effect sizes were 1.79 units, 565 mm2, 0.36 kg, 17.12 mm and 0.23 taste panel units, respectively. To assess the effect of the genotyped SNPs on intramuscular fat (IMF), a simple method of visible IMF quantification in the sirloin steak was developed using digital photographs and an image analysis program. Results showed that two SNPs in the calpain gene, known to be linked with an increase in meat tenderness, were associated with an increase in visible IMF% and the del11 mutation was associated with a reduction in visible IMF%. The heritabilities, SNP association validations and novel SNP-trait associations identified in this thesis provide tools for use in breeding programs, possibly via marker assisted selection to improve meat quality traits. However, the results seem breed-specific, as most of the significant effects were not replicated in the Charolais population.

Orientador: Roberto de Oliveira Roça / Coorientador: Marcelo Henrique Faria / Banca: Cyntia Ludovico Martins / Banca: Pedro Eduardo de Felício / Resumo: A qualidade da carne está diretamente ligada as exigências do consumidor, que considera dureza, amora, sabor, suculência e coloração. Desta forma o presente trabalho tem por objetivo verificar o efeito da imunocastração na composição centesimal, análise sensorial e perfil de ácidos graxos da carne de bovinos Nelore e cruzados ½Nelore x ½Aberdeen-Angus, 60 animais distribuídos em um delineamento em esquema fatorial 2 x 3, sendo grupos genéticos e condições sexuais, com castração cirúrgica, imunocastração e não castrados, totalizando 6 tratamentos com 10 animais . Os animais foram abatidos e as carcaças resfriadas. Após 24 horas, foram utilizadas amostras do M. longissimus thoracis da 11ª à 13ª costela da carcaça direita, embaladas a vácuo e congeladas. Entre as condições sexuais estudadas, não foram encontradas diferenças nos valores médios de proteína, extrato etéreo e resíduo mineral fixo, sendo apenas a umidade diferente. Entre os grupos genéticos, os valores médios da composição centesimal apresentaram diferença para umidade, extrato etéreo e resíduo mineral fixo, sendo a umidade elevada para a carne dos animais cruzados, o extrato etéreo e o resíduo mineral fixo com maiores teores para a carne dos animais Nelore. As variáveis, sabor, maciez, mastigabilidade e suculência apresentaram melhores valores para a carne de animais cruzados. No perfil de ácidos graxos, entre as condições sexuais, foram encontradas diferenças no ácido miristoléico (C14:1), no ω6 (ômega 6) e na proporção de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados/ácidos graxos saturados, com maiores resultados... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The quality of meat is directly linked to consumer demands, which considers hardness, blackberry, flavor, juiciness and color. Thus, the present study aims to determine the effect of immunocastration proximate composition, sensory analysis and fatty acid profile of meat from Nellore and is crossed Nellore x ½ Aberdeen-Angus, 60 animals were allotted to a factorial 2 x 3 with genetic conditions and sex groups, with surgical castration, immunocastration and unneutered, totaling 6 treatments with 10 animals. The animals were slaughtered and the carcasses chilled. After 24 hours, samples were used of M. longissimus thoracis from the 11th to the 13th rib on the right casting, vacuum packed and frozen. Between sexual conditions studied, no differences were found in mean values of protein, lipids and fixed mineral, with just different humidity. Among genetic groups, the mean values of centesimal composition showed differences for moisture, ether extract and fixed mineral residue, and high humidity for the meat of crossbred animals, ether extract and fixed mineral with higher levels for the meat of Nellore . Variables , taste, tenderness , juiciness and chewiness showed better values for beef and crossbred animals . In the fatty acid profile between sexual conditions , differences were found in myristoleic acid ( C14 : 1 ) , the ω6 ( omega 6 ) and the ratio of polyunsaturated / saturated fatty acids fatty acids with greater results found in the flesh of animals not castrated . Among genetic groups the results differed due to the influence of racial characteristics , with the best values in meat from Nellore , because the selection of forage taken by animals . The use of immunocastration proved effective in aspects related to composition , sensory analysis and meat fatty acid profile when compared with surgically... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Ciro Moraes Barros / Banca: Ronaldo Luiz Ereno / Banca: João Carlos Ferreira / Resumo: O crescimento folicular em bovinos ocorre em um padrão de ondas que pode variar de 2 a 3 por ciclo estral e caracteriza-se pelo crescimento sincrônico de um grupo de folículos antrais, onde apenas um se tornará dominante. A quantidade de folículos recrutados é variável entre os animais, porém apresenta alta repetibilidade entre os indivíduos. Animais Bos indicus apresentam maior quantidade de folículos recrutados por onda que animais Bos taurus. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho, (1) identificar fêmeas das raças Nelore (Bos indicus) e Aberdeen Angus (Bos taurus), que possuam elevado ou reduzido número de folículos recrutados por onda e relacionar o número de folículos à concentração plasmática do hormônio anti-mulleriano (AMH); (2) relacionar o numero de folículos antrais à fertilidade de fêmeas Nelore e; (3) determinar se o tratamento superestimulatório altera as concentrações plasmáticas de AMH em vacas Nelore. No experimento 1, contagem do numero de folículos antrais das fêmeas Nelore (n=20) e Angus (n=30) foi feita por duas avaliações ultrassonográficas (US). Considerando a média  EPM da contagem de folículos antrais de cada raça, as novilhas foram classificas em alta contagem folicular (ACF; n= 9 novilhas Nelore e 15 Angus) ou baixa contagem folicular (BCF; n= 11 novilhas Nelore e 15 Angus). O AMH foi mensurado por Elisa em uma amostra de sangue coletada durante a ultima US. No experimento 2, foram utilizadas novilhas da raça Nelore (n=86) submetidas a um protocolo de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF). As novilhas foram classificadas (avaliação US no D0 da IATF) em 3 grupos: ACF (>40 folículos; n=29), intermediário (ICF;>20 e <40 folículos; n=34) e BCF (<20 folículos; n=23). No experimento 3, foram utilizadas 20 vacas da raça Nelore de ICF e ACF. Os animais foram separados pela contagem folicular e distribuídos em 2 grupos: Grupo controle IATF (n=9) e grupo P36 (superestimuladas ... / Abstract: In bovines follicular development happens in a wave pattern that can vary from two to three waves per estral cycle with a group of follicles growing simultaneously but with only ano becoming the dominat follicle. The number of recruited follicle is highly variable between animal; however it is highly repeatable within an animal. Bos indicus animals present greater number of follicles per wave than Bos taurus animals. The objective of the present study was 1) identify animals from the Nelore and Abeerden Angus breed that have high or low number of follicles recruited per follicle wave and relate the number of follicles with AMH concentration; 2) to relate the number of antral follicles with the fertility of Nelore females; 3) to determine if the superstimulatory treatment alters the plasmatic concentrations of AMH. In experiment 1 the follicle count in Nelore and Angus heifers was done through two ultrasound examinations (US). Considering the mean + SEM of the follicle count in each breed, the heifers were grouped in high (HFC) or low (LFC) follicle count. Plasmatic AMH was measured in a blood smple drawn at the last US. In Experiment 2, there were used Nelore heifers submitted to a TFAI protocol. Heifers were grouped in HFC (>40 follicles), intermediary (>20 an <40 follicle) and LFC (<20 follicle). In experiment 3, Nelore cows with high and intermediary follicles counts were used. Animals were separated in control TFAI group and P36 group. Blood samples for AMH measurement were collected on day 5 (P36) and on day 8 (TFAI and P36). Result from experiment 1 were analyzed using ANOVA. Experiment 2 was analyzed using a logistic regression and experiment 3 was ... / Mestre

Orientador: Ciro Moraes de Barros / Coorientador: Anthony César de Souza Castilho / Banca: Mário Binelli / Banca: Luiz Gustavo de Almeida Chuffa / Resumo: O oviduto possui papel essencial na reprodução de mamíferos, promovendo um microambiente favorável para a maturação oocitária, estocagem e capacitação do espermatozoide, fertilização, transporte dos gametas e desenvolvimento inicial do embrião. Anatomicamente e funcionalmente, o oviduto é dividido em três regiões principais: infundíbulo, ampola e istmo. O oócito e o espermatozoide entram nos lados opostos do oviduto, respectivamente no infundíbulo e istmo, e são transportados até a ampola, local onde ocorre a fertilização. O sucesso reprodutivo está diretamente ligado a temporização apropriada do transporte dos gametas ao local da fertilização, bem como, a precisão no tempo de transporte do embrião até o útero, para a aquisição da capacidade de implantação. A coordenação e regulação das funções do oviduto são complexas e estão sob efeitos endócrinos, parácrinos e autócrinos, os quais alteram temporalmente e espacialmente a transcrição e tradução de diversos fatores. Diante disso, o presente trabalho visou avaliar o efeito de biotecnologias reprodutivas, especificamente da superestimulação ovariana, bem como de características genéticas e fisiológicas reprodutivas no perfil transcricional de diversos fatores no oviduto bovino. Para tanto, foram avaliados os efeitos da indução de múltiplas ovulações em vacas da raça Nelore (dados apresentados no primeiro manuscrito), bem como os efeitos da influência da seleção genética de animais com alta contagem folicular em novilhas da raça Nelore e Aberdeen Angus, no período inicial pós ovulação (dados apresentados no segundo manuscrito), na expressão de genes relacionados ao transporte de gametas e fertilização. Os resultados demonstram que a superestimulação ovariana modula a expressão de alguns genes relacionados à contratilidade do oviduto em vacas da raça Nelore e que a ovulação é principal fator responsável por controlar ... / Abstract: The oviduct has an important role in mammal reproduction, promoting a favorable microenvironment for oocyte maturation, sperm storage and capacitation, fertilization, transport of gametes and early embryo development. Anatomically and functionally, the oviduct is divided in three regions: infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus. The oocyte and the sperm enter in opposite sides of the oviduct, respectively infundibulum and isthmus, and are transported to the fertilization site, the ampulla. Reproductive success is directly related to appropriate timing of gamete transport to the fertilization site, as well as a precise time of embryo transport to the uterus, to obtain the capacity of implantation. The coordination and regulation of oviductal functions are complex and under endocrine, paracrine and autocrine effects, which temporally and spatially alter the transcription and translation of several factors. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of reproductive biotechnologies, specifically ovarian superstimulation, as well as genetic and physiological reproductive characteristics in the transcriptional profile of several factors in the bovine oviduct. To do so, we evaluated the effects of inducing multiple ovulation in Nelore cows (data presented in the first manuscript), and the effects of the influence of genetic selection of animals with high follicle count in Nellore and Aberdeen Angus heifers, in the initial period post-ovulation (data presented in the second manuscript), in gene expression related to gametes transport and fertilization. The results demonstrated that ovarian superstimulation modulates the expression of some genes related to oviductal contractility in Nelore cows and ovulation is the main factor responsible for transcriptional control in bovine oviduct, with less or no impact of breed and ovarian follicle count / Mestre