Master of Science / Department of Chemistry / Mark D. Hollingsworth / Most urea inclusion compounds (UICs) are known to share a common packing arrangement in which the urea host forms helical ribbons held together by hydrogen bonds to form a series of linear, hexagonal tunnels. Because UICs can encapsulate a wide variety of linear guest molecules, they serve as useful model systems for probing mechanisms of crystal growth and molecular recognition. In this thesis, the syntheses (or attempts thereof) of six compounds that will serve as consequential guest molecules in studies of UICs are presented. These compounds are (5S,6S)-2,9-decanedione-d2, 1,6-dicyanohexane-1,1,6,6-d4, 1,11-undecanedioic acid, bis(3-oxobutyl) adipate, 2,16-heptadecanedione, and 2-eicosanone. With the exception of (5S,6S)-2,9-decanedione-d2, whose synthesis remains incomplete, detailed synthesis and crystal growth of the UICs of these compounds are discussed. Ongoing studies with the UICs containing these guests include the determination of the absolute configuration of UICs, the study of guest conformer population changes via solid-state NMR, the development and identification of novel ferroelastic UICs, and the classification of guest ordering in a series of alkanedione UICs.

Este trabalho descreve os isolamentos e as determinações estruturais dos metabólitos secundários das diferentes partes dos frutos (pericarpos, arilos, tegumentos e amêndoas) de Virola elongata. 0 material foi coletado em Humaitá (AM) e no Km 96 da Rodovia Santarém-Cuiabá (PA). Os constituíntes químicos foram isolados por cromatografias de adsorção e tiveram suas estruturas identificadas ou determinadas por técnicas espectrométricas usuais (IV, UV, RMN e EM). As configurações absolutas dos metabólitos foram deduzidas a partir de medidas espectropolarimétricas, ou auxiliadas pela obtenção de derivados mais informativos. As substâncias foram agrupadas nas seguintes subclasses: lignanas furofurânicas [(+)-sesamina (LF-1), (+)-epifargesina (LF-2), (+)-eudesmina (LF-3), (+)-fargesina (LF-4), (+)-filigenina (LF-5) e (+)-epieudesmina (LF-6)]; lignanas tetraidrofurânicas [(+)-magnostelina-A (LT-1), (+)-magnostelina-C (LT-2), (±)-4\'-metil-5\'-metoxi-lariciresinol (LT-3), (±)-4,4\'-dimetil-5\'- metoxi-lariciresinol (LT-4) e (±)-4-4\'-dimetil-5\'-hidroxi-5-metoxi-lariciresinol (LT-5)]; Lignana diarilbutanólica [(-)-4,4\'-dimetil-5-metoxi-secolariciresinol (LD-1)]; e lignanas dibenzilbutirolactâmicas [(-)-hinokinina (DB-1), (-)-kusunokinina (DB-2), (-)-dimetilmatairesinol (DB-3), (-)-metiltujaplicatina (DB-4), (-)-dimetil-5-hidroximatairesinol (DB-5) e (-)-dimetil-5-metoxi-matairesinol (DB-6)]; neolignanas diarilbutânicas [ND-1, ND-2 e ND-3], neolignana ariltetralínica: galbulina (NA-1) e neolignanas ariltetralônicas [(-) e (+)-oxoisogalcatina (NA-2), (+)-hidroxi-isogalcatina (NA-3), diidroxi-oxoisogalcatinas epiméricas inéditas (NA-4 e NA-5), NA-6, NA-7, (+)-otobanona (NA-8), hidroxi-otobanonas epiméricas (NA-9 e NA-10)]; neolignanas secoariltetralínicas (ND-5 e seu acetato ND-6]; uma neolignana dimérica [NA-11] e ainda diversos policetídeos acilresorcinólicos e acifloroglucinôlicos [AR-1 a AR-8]. 0 padrão 3,4-dioxigenado nos anéis aromáticos é predominante na maioria dos lignóides isolados. 0 padrão 3,4,5-trioxigenado observado nos anéis aromáticos de lignanas dibenzilbutirolactônicas (DB-4 e DB-5), diarilbutanólica (LD-1) e tetraidrofurânicas (LT-3, LT-4 e LT-5) e, o padrão 2,4,5-trioxigenado observado para neolionanas ariltetralônicas (NA-6, NA-7), conferem para algumas o caráter inédito. A maior variação no padrão de substituição de esqueletos foi observada para neolignanas ariltetralônicas, o que motivou a elaboração de experimentos especíificos em RMN- 1H (ENO e uso de reagente de deslocamento) associados a análise dos dados de RMN- 13C para proposições de constituições e de configurações relativas. Foi constatada a presença das neolionanas NA-2, NA-9 e NA-10 nos extratos dos tegumentos e de seus enantiômeros nos extratos das amêndoas de V. elongata (PA). Algumas classes de substâncias isoladas foram correlacionadas biossinteticamente a partir de suas configurações absolutas. A quantificação aproximada das substâncias identificadas foi efetuada, através das quantidades isoladas e análises de espectros de RMN-1H de frações impuras. Nos pericarpos e arilos foi constatada a presença exclusiva e alternada de lignanas furofurâanicas e lignanas dibenzilbutirolactônicas entre os frutos de diferentes localidades. Essas lignanas, também presentes nos tegumentos, ocorrem em maior teor com maior diversidade de substituição nos anéis aromáticos, mas são completamente ausentes nos extratos das amêndoas, onde o perfil é baseado na presença de neolignanas ariltetralônicas e policetídeos. Os policetídeos com anéis aromáticos di- e triidroxilados foram isolados, principalmente, dos tegumentos e amêndoas. A análise do extrato de uma das amêndoas foi baseada na análise conjunta do espectro de RMN-1H, dos cromatogramas em camada delgada e dos dados obtidos por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas. A metodologia foi tentativamente aplicada á análise das diversas partes dos frutos de V. sebifera coletada em Roraima. Os dados obtidos sobre as estruturas e distribuição dos metabólitos são confrontados com os descritos na literatura para espécies taxonomicamente afins. / This work describes isolations and structural determinations of secondary metabolites in parts of fruits (pericarps, arils, teguments and kernels) from Virola elongata. Material was collected in Humaita (AM) and Km 96 of Santarém-Cuiabá Road (PA). The chemical constituents were isolated by chromatographic processes and their structures identified or elucidated by usual spectrometric techniques (IR, UV, NMR, and MS). Absolute configuration were deduced through spectropolarimetric measures, or based on data from derivatives. The compounds were classified in the following classes: furofuran lignans [(+)-sesamin (LF-1), (+)-epifargesin (LF-2), (+)-eudesmin (LF-3), (+)- fargesin (LF-4), (+)-phylligenin (LF-5) and (+)-epieudesmin (LF-6)]; tetrahydrofuran lignans [(+)-magnostelin-A (LT-1), (+)-magnostelin-C (LT-2), (±)-5\'-methox y -4\'-methyl-lariciresinol (LT-3), (±)-5\'-methoxy-4,4\'-dimethyl-lariciresinol (LT-4) and (±)-5\'-hydroxy-5-methoxy-4,4\'-dimethvl-lariciresinol (LT-5)]; diarylbutanol lignan [(-)-4,4\'-dimethvl-5-methoxy-secolariciresinol (LD-1)]; and dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans [(-)-hinokinin (DB-1), (-)-kusunokinin (DB-2), (-)-dimethylmatairesinol (DB-3), (-)-methylthujaplicatin (DB-4)]; diarylbutane neolignans (ND-1, ND-2 and ND-3); aryltetralin neolignans [galbulin (NA-1) and aryltetralone neolignans [(-)- and (+)-oxoisogalcatin (NA-2), (+)-hydroxyisogalcatin (NA-3), unpublished epimeric dihydroxy-isogalcatins (NA-4 and NA-5), (+)-otobanone (NA-8), epimeric hydroxy-otobanones (NA-9 and NA-10)]; secoaryltetralin neolignans [ND-5 and its acetate (NA-6).1; dimeric neolignan (NA-11) and several acylresorcinol and acylphloroglucinol polyketides (AR-1 to AR-8). The 3,4-dioxygenated pattern was observed in aromatic rings of the majority isolated lignans. The 3,4,5-trioxygenated pattern observed in dibenz y lbutyrolactone lignans (DB-4 e DB-5), diarylbutanol (LD-1), and tetrahydrofuran lignans (LT-3, LT-4, LT-5), and the 2,4,5-pattern observed in aryltetralone neolignans, confer to some of them the unusual character. The main variation in the substitution pattern was observed in aryltetralone neolignans, which needed more detailed study involving 1H-NMR experiments (NOE and LIS reagent) and refined analysis of 13C-NMR data. It was observed the presence of NA-2, NA-9 and NA-10 neolignans in teguments and its enantiomers in kernels of fruits from Virola elongata (PA). The biosynthetic relationships among several classes of lignoids are discussed under their absolute configurations. The near concentration of identified compounds was obtained from isolated quantities and analysis of 1H-NMR spectra of mixtures. In pericarps and arils was determined the exclusive and alternated presence of furofuran and dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans between fruits from different localities. These last two subclasses, also present in teguments, occur in higher concentrations and substitution diversifications in aromatic rings, but are completely absent in kernels whose profile is based on the presence of aryltetralone lignans. The poliketide with di- and trihydroxylated aromatic rings were isolated mainly from teguments and kernels. The analysis from kernels extract was performed by combined analysis involving 1H-NMR spectra, thin layer chromatography, and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. This methodology was tested to analyse the parts of fruits from Virola sebifera collected in Roraima. The obtained informations about structures of metabolites and their distributions in fruits was compared with those data described for taxonomically closed species.

No description available.

Orientador: Anita Jocelyne Marsaioli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T13:06:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pomini_ArmandoMateus_D.pdf: 4501241 bytes, checksum: 249f7514962993874b22ddcad9831cc8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / As bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas possuem um mecanismo de comunicação química intra-específico conhecido como ¿quorum-sensing¿, regulando a expressão de uma vasta gama de atividades biológicas. As bactérias Gram-negativas utilizam acil-homosserina lactonas (acil-HSLs) como principais substâncias sinalizadoras. Na presente tese, relatamos a determinação da configuração absoluta do raro metabólito (S)-(-)-N-heptanoil-HSL produzida pela bactéria fitopatogênica Pantoea ananatis. A configuração absoluta desta substância foi determinada através da técnica de cromatografia gasosa com detecção por ionização em chama com coluna quiral, através de comparações de tempo de retenção e co-injeção com padrões sintetizados. Avaliou-se também a importância da configuração absoluta para a atividade antimicrobiana de acil-HSLs contra bactérias Gram-positivas (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus e Staphylococcus aureus). Curiosamente, o enantiômero não natural (R)-N-3-oxo-octanoil-HSL foi tão ativo quanto o produto natural (S). Estudou-se também as interações da (S)-N-3-oxo-octanoil-HSL com células de Agrobacterium tumefaciens NTL4(pZLR4) através da técnica de ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio por diferença de transferência de saturação (STD-RMN), revelando que o primeiro evento de interação da substância com a célula ocorre com a região lipídica da membrana celular externa. Finalmente, realizou-se o estudo químico das substâncias sinalizadoras produzidas pela bactéria Methylobacterium mesophilicum, que ocorre simbioticamente com a bactéria Xylella fastidiosa nos vasos condutores de laranjeiras atacadas pela clorose variegada dos citros. Entre os vários resultados inéditos, reportamos a caracterização e síntese do produto natural inédito (S)-N-(2E)-dodecenoil-HSL e a primeira síntese do metabólito (S)-N-(2E, 7Z)-tetradecadienil-HSL. Outrossim, reportamos a primeira caracterização da configuração absoluta de cinco acil-HSLs naturais de cadeia longa. Realizou-se também estudos relacionados aos efeitos das acil-HSLs sintéticas contra bactérias Gram-positivas endofíticas da laranjeira. Adicionalmente, caracterizou-se a secreção de defesa do opilião Hoplobunus mexicanus. O repertório de defesa deste animal é composto por dois componentes voláteis de alta irritabilidade (2,5-dimetil-fenol e 2-metil-5-etil-fenol), além da tanatose e emissão de sons, uma característica inédita em opiliões / Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria use quorum sensing communication circuits to regulate a diverse array of physiological activities. In general, Gram-negative bacteria use acylated homoserine lactones (acyl-HSLs) as autoinducers, and Gram-positive bacteria use processed oligo-peptides. In the present work, we relate the absolute configuration determination of the rare metabolite (S)-(-)-N-heptanoyl-HSL produced by the phytopathogen Pantoea ananatis. The absolute configuration was determined by gas chromatography coupled to flame ionization detection with chiral column, through retention time comparison and co-injections with synthetic products. The importance of the absolute configuration for the antimicrobial activity of acyl-HSL against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) was assessed. Curiously, non-natural (R)-N-3-oxo-octanoyl-HSL was as active as the natural product with (S) absolute configuration. The interaction of (S)-N-3-oxo-octanoil-HSL with Agrobacterium tumefaciens NTL4(pZLR4) cells was further studied using hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance experiments with saturation transfer difference (STD-NMR) revealing that the first binding event is the diffusion through the lipidic part of the outer membrane. Finally, we have investigated the chemical study of the signaling substances produced by Methylobacterium mesophilicum, which co-occurs with Xylella fastidiosa in orange trees affected by the citrus variegated chlorosis disease. Among several results, we report herein the characterization and synthesis of a new natural product [(S)-N-(2E)-dodecenoyl-HSL], the first synthetic procedure for the rare (S)-N-(2E,7Z)-tetradecadienyl-HSL and the occurrence of a rare long, odd chain representative (N-tridecanoyl-HSL) in trace amounts. We report the first absolute configuration determination for five natural acyl-HSLs. We have also studied the effects of synthetic acyl-HSLs on Gram positive bacteria isolated from orange tissues. Additionally, the defensive secretion produced by the harvestman Hoplobunus mexicanus was characterized. The defensive repertory of this arachnid includes two irritating and volatile components (2,5-dimethyl-phenol and 2-methyl-5-ethyl-phenol), besides thanatosis and sound emission, a new behavioral artifice in opilionids / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Paulo Mitsuo Imamura / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T04:10:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Romero_AdrianoLopes_M.pdf: 3449725 bytes, checksum: efe9788675287ceea4663671f084ad15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: óleo-resina de copaíba comercial é um exudado do tronco de diversas espécies do gênero Copaifera (Caesalpinoideae, Leguminosae). Esse óleo é utilizado na medicina popular como cicatrizante, antiinflamatório, no tratamento de bronquites e doenças de pele, assim como na indústria cosméstica como fixador para perfumes e como solvente para tintas e vernizes. Apesar de existir extensa literatura sobre o óleo de copaíba e alguns artigos recentes relatarem o isolamento de novos compostos, muitas das configurações absolutas permanecem indeterminadas. Diante desse fato este trabalho teve como objetivo, isolar os constituintes químicos do óleo de copaíba comercial para caracterização e efetuar a determinação das configurações absolutas dos mesmos. O óleo-resina de copaíba foi submetido a uma extração ácido-base fornecendo duas frações: Fração Neutra (81,7%) e Fração Ácida (18,3%). O estudo da fração neutra permitiu o isolamento de onze sesquiterpenos, sendo dois deles relatados pela primeira vez neste material {(-)-7(11)-selinen-4-ol e (-)-torreyol}; três dinorlabdanos, sendo um inédito como produto natural; e o clerodano 7- acetoxibacchotricuneatina D. A configuração absoluta dos dinorlabdanos foram determinadas pela síntese a partir do ácido (-)-3-hidroxi-copálico e a estereoquímica do C-13 dos álcoois dinorlabdânicos foi estabelecida pela aplicação do método de Mosher modificado. Da fração ácida foram isolados três diterpenos ácidos (copálico, 3-acetoxi-copálico, 3-hidróxicopálico). Além disso, após tratamento de uma amostra da fração ácida com diazometano e purificação por cromatografia em coluna de sílica gel, foram isolados oito diterpenos, sendo um destes inédito (3,19- diidróxi-copalato de metila) e dois terpenos raros (o guamaato de dimetila e o 4-hidroperóxido-18-norcopalato de metila) / Abstract: The commercial copaiba oleoresin is an exuded obtained from the trunk of many species of the Copaifera genus (Caesalpinoideae, Leguminosae). This oil is used in the popular medicine as cicatrizant, anti-inflammatory, in the treatment of bronchitis and for skin diseases, and also in the cosmetic industry as fixative of the perfumes and as solvent for inks and varnishes. Although there are an extensive report concerning the composition of copaíba oil in the literature and some recent papers report the isolation of new compounds, the absolute configuration of many of then remains unknown. Thus, this work had as objective to isolate the compounds of the commercial copaíba oleoresin in order to characterize and determine the absolute configurations. Thus, the copaíba oleoresin was submitted to acid-base extraction supplying two fractions: Neutral Fraction (81.7%) and Acidic Fraction (18.3%). The study of the neutral fraction allowed the isolation of eleven sesquiterpenes, where two of then were not yet reported previously in this material {(-)-7(11)-selinen-4-ol and (-)-torreyol}; one new dinorlabdane and two known dinorlabdane and the diterpene clerodane 7-acetoxibacchotricuneatine D. The absolute configuration of dinorlabdanes was established by synthesis starting from (-)-3-hydroxycopalic acid and the stereochemistry of the C-13 carbon was determined using Mosher¿s modified method. From the acid fraction were isolated three diterpenic acids (copalic, 3-acetoxy-copalic, 3-hydroxy-copalic). Besides, after treatment of a sample of acidic fraction with diazomethane and purification through SiO2 gel column chromatography, a new compound (methyl 3,19-dihydroxy-copalate) was isolated along with two rare diterpenes (dimethyl guamaate and methyl 4-hydroperoxy-18- norcopalate) and five known diterpenes / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química

Este trabalho descreve os isolamentos e as determinações estruturais dos metabólitos secundários das diferentes partes dos frutos (pericarpos, arilos, tegumentos e amêndoas) de Virola elongata. 0 material foi coletado em Humaitá (AM) e no Km 96 da Rodovia Santarém-Cuiabá (PA). Os constituíntes químicos foram isolados por cromatografias de adsorção e tiveram suas estruturas identificadas ou determinadas por técnicas espectrométricas usuais (IV, UV, RMN e EM). As configurações absolutas dos metabólitos foram deduzidas a partir de medidas espectropolarimétricas, ou auxiliadas pela obtenção de derivados mais informativos. As substâncias foram agrupadas nas seguintes subclasses: lignanas furofurânicas [(+)-sesamina (LF-1), (+)-epifargesina (LF-2), (+)-eudesmina (LF-3), (+)-fargesina (LF-4), (+)-filigenina (LF-5) e (+)-epieudesmina (LF-6)]; lignanas tetraidrofurânicas [(+)-magnostelina-A (LT-1), (+)-magnostelina-C (LT-2), (±)-4\'-metil-5\'-metoxi-lariciresinol (LT-3), (±)-4,4\'-dimetil-5\'- metoxi-lariciresinol (LT-4) e (±)-4-4\'-dimetil-5\'-hidroxi-5-metoxi-lariciresinol (LT-5)]; Lignana diarilbutanólica [(-)-4,4\'-dimetil-5-metoxi-secolariciresinol (LD-1)]; e lignanas dibenzilbutirolactâmicas [(-)-hinokinina (DB-1), (-)-kusunokinina (DB-2), (-)-dimetilmatairesinol (DB-3), (-)-metiltujaplicatina (DB-4), (-)-dimetil-5-hidroximatairesinol (DB-5) e (-)-dimetil-5-metoxi-matairesinol (DB-6)]; neolignanas diarilbutânicas [ND-1, ND-2 e ND-3], neolignana ariltetralínica: galbulina (NA-1) e neolignanas ariltetralônicas [(-) e (+)-oxoisogalcatina (NA-2), (+)-hidroxi-isogalcatina (NA-3), diidroxi-oxoisogalcatinas epiméricas inéditas (NA-4 e NA-5), NA-6, NA-7, (+)-otobanona (NA-8), hidroxi-otobanonas epiméricas (NA-9 e NA-10)]; neolignanas secoariltetralínicas (ND-5 e seu acetato ND-6]; uma neolignana dimérica [NA-11] e ainda diversos policetídeos acilresorcinólicos e acifloroglucinôlicos [AR-1 a AR-8]. 0 padrão 3,4-dioxigenado nos anéis aromáticos é predominante na maioria dos lignóides isolados. 0 padrão 3,4,5-trioxigenado observado nos anéis aromáticos de lignanas dibenzilbutirolactônicas (DB-4 e DB-5), diarilbutanólica (LD-1) e tetraidrofurânicas (LT-3, LT-4 e LT-5) e, o padrão 2,4,5-trioxigenado observado para neolionanas ariltetralônicas (NA-6, NA-7), conferem para algumas o caráter inédito. A maior variação no padrão de substituição de esqueletos foi observada para neolignanas ariltetralônicas, o que motivou a elaboração de experimentos especíificos em RMN- 1H (ENO e uso de reagente de deslocamento) associados a análise dos dados de RMN- 13C para proposições de constituições e de configurações relativas. Foi constatada a presença das neolionanas NA-2, NA-9 e NA-10 nos extratos dos tegumentos e de seus enantiômeros nos extratos das amêndoas de V. elongata (PA). Algumas classes de substâncias isoladas foram correlacionadas biossinteticamente a partir de suas configurações absolutas. A quantificação aproximada das substâncias identificadas foi efetuada, através das quantidades isoladas e análises de espectros de RMN-1H de frações impuras. Nos pericarpos e arilos foi constatada a presença exclusiva e alternada de lignanas furofurâanicas e lignanas dibenzilbutirolactônicas entre os frutos de diferentes localidades. Essas lignanas, também presentes nos tegumentos, ocorrem em maior teor com maior diversidade de substituição nos anéis aromáticos, mas são completamente ausentes nos extratos das amêndoas, onde o perfil é baseado na presença de neolignanas ariltetralônicas e policetídeos. Os policetídeos com anéis aromáticos di- e triidroxilados foram isolados, principalmente, dos tegumentos e amêndoas. A análise do extrato de uma das amêndoas foi baseada na análise conjunta do espectro de RMN-1H, dos cromatogramas em camada delgada e dos dados obtidos por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas. A metodologia foi tentativamente aplicada á análise das diversas partes dos frutos de V. sebifera coletada em Roraima. Os dados obtidos sobre as estruturas e distribuição dos metabólitos são confrontados com os descritos na literatura para espécies taxonomicamente afins. / This work describes isolations and structural determinations of secondary metabolites in parts of fruits (pericarps, arils, teguments and kernels) from Virola elongata. Material was collected in Humaita (AM) and Km 96 of Santarém-Cuiabá Road (PA). The chemical constituents were isolated by chromatographic processes and their structures identified or elucidated by usual spectrometric techniques (IR, UV, NMR, and MS). Absolute configuration were deduced through spectropolarimetric measures, or based on data from derivatives. The compounds were classified in the following classes: furofuran lignans [(+)-sesamin (LF-1), (+)-epifargesin (LF-2), (+)-eudesmin (LF-3), (+)- fargesin (LF-4), (+)-phylligenin (LF-5) and (+)-epieudesmin (LF-6)]; tetrahydrofuran lignans [(+)-magnostelin-A (LT-1), (+)-magnostelin-C (LT-2), (±)-5\'-methox y -4\'-methyl-lariciresinol (LT-3), (±)-5\'-methoxy-4,4\'-dimethyl-lariciresinol (LT-4) and (±)-5\'-hydroxy-5-methoxy-4,4\'-dimethvl-lariciresinol (LT-5)]; diarylbutanol lignan [(-)-4,4\'-dimethvl-5-methoxy-secolariciresinol (LD-1)]; and dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans [(-)-hinokinin (DB-1), (-)-kusunokinin (DB-2), (-)-dimethylmatairesinol (DB-3), (-)-methylthujaplicatin (DB-4)]; diarylbutane neolignans (ND-1, ND-2 and ND-3); aryltetralin neolignans [galbulin (NA-1) and aryltetralone neolignans [(-)- and (+)-oxoisogalcatin (NA-2), (+)-hydroxyisogalcatin (NA-3), unpublished epimeric dihydroxy-isogalcatins (NA-4 and NA-5), (+)-otobanone (NA-8), epimeric hydroxy-otobanones (NA-9 and NA-10)]; secoaryltetralin neolignans [ND-5 and its acetate (NA-6).1; dimeric neolignan (NA-11) and several acylresorcinol and acylphloroglucinol polyketides (AR-1 to AR-8). The 3,4-dioxygenated pattern was observed in aromatic rings of the majority isolated lignans. The 3,4,5-trioxygenated pattern observed in dibenz y lbutyrolactone lignans (DB-4 e DB-5), diarylbutanol (LD-1), and tetrahydrofuran lignans (LT-3, LT-4, LT-5), and the 2,4,5-pattern observed in aryltetralone neolignans, confer to some of them the unusual character. The main variation in the substitution pattern was observed in aryltetralone neolignans, which needed more detailed study involving 1H-NMR experiments (NOE and LIS reagent) and refined analysis of 13C-NMR data. It was observed the presence of NA-2, NA-9 and NA-10 neolignans in teguments and its enantiomers in kernels of fruits from Virola elongata (PA). The biosynthetic relationships among several classes of lignoids are discussed under their absolute configurations. The near concentration of identified compounds was obtained from isolated quantities and analysis of 1H-NMR spectra of mixtures. In pericarps and arils was determined the exclusive and alternated presence of furofuran and dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans between fruits from different localities. These last two subclasses, also present in teguments, occur in higher concentrations and substitution diversifications in aromatic rings, but are completely absent in kernels whose profile is based on the presence of aryltetralone lignans. The poliketide with di- and trihydroxylated aromatic rings were isolated mainly from teguments and kernels. The analysis from kernels extract was performed by combined analysis involving 1H-NMR spectra, thin layer chromatography, and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. This methodology was tested to analyse the parts of fruits from Virola sebifera collected in Roraima. The obtained informations about structures of metabolites and their distributions in fruits was compared with those data described for taxonomically closed species.

Pahayokolides A-D are cytotoxic cyclic polypeptides produced by the freshwater cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp. strain 15-2 that possess an unusual β-amino acid, 3-amino-2,5,7,8-tetrahydroxy-10-methylundecanoic acid (Athmu). The absolute configuration of pahayokolides A-D was determined using advanced Marfey’s method. It was also confirmed that a pendant N-acetyl-N-methyl leucine moiety in pahayokolide A was absent in pahayokolides B and pahayokolides C-D were conformers of pahayokolide A. Feeding experiments indicated that the biosynthesis of the Athmu sidechain arises from leucine or α-ketoisovalerate, however could not be further extended by three rounds of condensation with malonate units. Putative four peptide and one unique polyketide synthetases in Lyngbya sp. strain 15-2 were identified by using a PCR method and degenerate primers derived from conserved core sequences of known NRPSs and PKSs. Identification of one unique KS domain conflicted with the logic rule that the long side chain of Athmu was assembled by three rounds of ketide extensions if PKSs were involved. A gene cluster (pah) encoding a peptide synthetase putatively producing pahayokolide was cloned, partially sequenced and characterized. Seven modules of the non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) were identified. Ten additional opening reading frames (ORFs) were found, responsible for peptide resistance, transport and degradation. Although the predicted substrate specificities of NRPS agreed with the structure of pahayokolide A partially, the disagreement could be explained. However, no PKS gene was found in the pah gene cluster.

Im Rahmen dieses Promotionsprojektes wurde ein neues, chirales Orientierungsmedium zur Enantiomerenunterscheidung chiraler Amine vorgestellt. Ausgehend von dem enantiomerenreinen (R)- oder (S)-konfigurierten beta-Aminoalkohol, wurde in einer fünfstufigen Synthese (R)- respektive (S)-2-Acrylamido-2-phenylethansulfonsäure ((R)- / (S)-APhES), das zugrundeliegende chirale Monomer dieses neuen Polymergel-basierten Orientierungsmediums, hergestellt. Die daraus resultierenden chiralen Polymergele sind somit in beiden enantiomeren Formen zugänglich. Während die bisher existenten chiralen Orientierungsmedien auf wässrige Lösungen oder apolare organische Lösungsmittel beschränkt waren, zeichnet sich das neue Polymergel durch exzellente Quell- und Orientierungseigenschaften in polaren Lösungsmitteln, wie DMSO, DMF, MeOH und Wasser aus. Im Gegensatz zu den flüssigkristallinen Orientierungsmedien gibt es keine minimale, kritische Konzentration, sodass die Orientierungsstärke, je nach Bedarf, über einen weiten Bereich skaliert werden kann. Neben den exzellenten Orientierungseigenschaften, zeichnet sich dieses neue chirale Polymergel aber hauptsächlich durch seine enantiodiskriminierende Fähigkeit aus. So konnten die beiden Enantiomere des erythro-Mefloquin Hydrochlorids auf Grund unterschiedlicher dipolarer Restkopplungen (RDCs) erfolgreich unterschieden werden. Anhand von Strychnin Hydrochlorid und Menthylamin Hydrochlorid wurde das enantiodiskriminierende Potential der APhES-Gele an zwei weiteren Beispielen erfolgreich demonstriert. In einem unabhängigen Nebenprojekt konnte die absolute Konfiguration von erythro-Mefloquin Hydrochlorid, dem Wirkstoff eines hochrelevanten Anti-Malaria-Medikamentes, erfolgreich bestimmt werden. Bei dem racemisch eingesetzten Wirkstoff wurden seit dessen Entwicklung und besonders im vergangenen Jahrzehnt immer wieder kontroverse Strukturvorschläge bezüglich der absoluten Konfiguration publiziert. Da die beiden etablierten Methoden zur Bestimmung der absoluten Konfiguration, d.h. Totalsynthese oder Kristallstrukturanalyse, zu entgegengesetzten Ergebnissen führten, wurde im Rahmen dieser Promotion eine interdisziplinäre Methode gewählt, bestehend aus den spektroskopischen Verfahren NMR, ORD und ECD in Kombination mit quantenmechanischen DFT-Rechnungen. Basierend auf diesem Ansatz wurde die absolute Konfiguration von (–)-erythro-Mefloquin Hydrochlorid eindeutig als 11R,12S bestimmt. Dieses Ergebnis wurde kurze Zeit später, ebenfalls in dieser Abteilung, durch zwei unabhängige synthetische respektive synthetisch/analytische Methoden bestätigt.

Determinar la configuración absoluta de las moléculas quirales representa un gran reto para los químicos orgánicos. Para conseguir este objetivo existen diversas técnicas, las cuales se describen en el presente trabajo, así como ejemplos de cómo han sido utilizadas para la determinación de la configuración absoluta de productos naturales. / Methods for the assignment of the absolute configuration of an organic molecule: The assignment of the absolute configuration of chiral molecules represents a great challenge for organic chemists. There are several techniques in order to establish it, and they are described in this work, as well as examples of how they can be applied in the assignment of the absolute configuration of natural products.

Ce travail développe différentes stratégies pour la synthèse énantiosélective de sesquiterpènes naturels à partir de chirons obtenus par biocatalyse. La première partie est consacrée aux premières synthèses énantiosélectives de la kopéoline, et de la kopéolone. La synthèse de la structure décrite de la kopéoline est réalisée, les composés ont été entièrement caractérisés. Les résultats montrent que les structures reportées n'ont pas été correctement assignées, et suggèrent une mauvaise attribution des stéréocentres au cours de l'isolement des produits naturels. Ainsi, deux nouvelles structures sont proposées. Les synthèses totales de ces deux dernières structures ont également été réalisées et ont permis de confirmer la révision structurelle et de caractériser complètement ces produits naturels tout en élucidant leurs configurations absolues inconnues jusqu'alors.La seconde partie aborde la synthèse du siphonellinol D selon une méthodologie convergente d'une partie Est et d'une partie Ouest. Les deux énantiomères d'un chiron ont été obtenus par dédoublement cinétique enzymatique avec des rendements élevés et d'excellentes énantiosélectivités. À partir de l'énantiomère (1S, 6R), la synthèse de la partie Est est rapportée. Malheureusement, une première méthodologie employant l'énantiomère (1R, 6S) n'a pas permis l'obtention de la partie bicyclique Ouest. Une seconde méthodologie utilisant le géraniol comme substrat a permis l'accès à la partie Ouest du siphonellinol D sous forme racémique. Une réaction de couplage entre ces deux parties a été réalisée avec succès permettant d'envisager de manière optimiste la synthèse du siphonellinol D par ce chemin synthétique. / This work deals with different strategies used in the course of the enantioselective synthesis of natural sesquiterpenes starting from an enantiopure building block obtained by biocatalysis. The first part is dedicated to the first enantioselective syntheses of kopeolin, and kopeolone. The synthesis of kopeolin was achieved and compounds have been fully characterized. The results showed that the reported structures were not assigned correctly, and suggest an initial structural misassignment during the isolation of the natural products. Thus, two new structures for kopeolin and for kopeolone are proposed. The enantioselective total syntheses of these two proposed structures have been achieved and permitted to confirm the structural revision and to fully characterize these natural products while elucidating their hitherto unknown absolute stereochemistries.The second part is dedicated to the synthesis of siphonellinol D with a convergent methodology of the Eastern part and the Western part. Both enantiomers of this building block were obtained by an enzymatic kinetic resolution in high yields and excellent enantioselectivities. Starting from the (1S, 6R) enantiomer, the synthesis of the Eastern part of Siphonellinol D is reported. Unfortunately, a first methodology using the use of the (1R, 6S) enantiomer failed. A second methodology using geraniol as starting material led to the racemic Western part of siphonellinol D. A coupling reaction were successfully performed allowing us to consider the synthesis of siphonellinol D by this synthetic pathway as optimistic.