Research on entrepreneurial motivation of university scientists is often determined by quantitative methods without taking into account context-related influences. According to different studies, entrepreneurial scientists found a spin-off company due to motives like independency, market opportunity, money or risk of unemployment (short-term contracts). To give a comprehensive explanation, it is important to use a qualitative research view that considers academic rank, norms and values of university scientists. The author spoke with 35 natural scientists and asked professors and research fellows for their entrepreneurial motivation. The results of this study are used to develop a typology of entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial scientists within German universities. This paper presents the key findings of the study (Sass 2011).

Problem: The increasing interest in academic, and general, entrepreneurship increases the need for venture capital. The venture capital is provided to the inventor by an external investor who gains financial or societal benefits from his investment. The increasing interest in entrepreneurship makes is interesting to understand the sources of power that influence the relationship between the investor and the inventor. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to indicate how different sources of power influence the relationship between inventors and investors in academic start-ups. Methodology: This study has been carried out with a qualitative approach. Data has mainly been collected from four interviews at three different companies. The interviews were complemented with previous research findings and laws from the book of laws. Findings: The empirical findings indicate that the investigated relation mainly is influenced by the expertise from the inventor during the early stages of the start-­up. This indicates that the expert power is the most significant source of power. KeyWords: Entrepreneurship, Academic Entrepreneurship, Start-­ups, Academic Start-ups, Investor relationship, Venture Capital, New Ventures, Spin-­off

The thesis is submitted under the alternative format, comprising three papers. The key theoretical contribution of the thesis can be found in each of these papers. First, the thesis explores the relationship between national and sectoral systems of innovation, and emphasises the need for governmental policies at each level to be both coordinated and complementary. Second, it offers an examination of the emerging role of universities in innovation systems, which far exceeds the traditional perspective of universities as ‘knowledge suppliers’ and the more recent notion of the ‘entrepreneurial university’. Finally, it offers insight into the strategies of foreign MNEs under the context of industry clusters. The thesis discusses the development of the Brazilian petroleum innovation system following one of the largest oil and gas discoveries in the Americas for decades. The pre-salt oil reserves were discovered in 2007 and are estimated to amount to at least the 60 billion barrels of oil in the North Sea. They are located off the south-eastern coast of Brazil in ultra-deep water (i.e. depths greater than 1500m) and are named as such because they reside under a thick layer of salt (up to two kilometres in depth). The location of the reserves adds great complexity to the challenge of their extraction. It also offers opportunities for competitive advantage to those actors within the innovation system who successfully innovate in addressing this challenge. The study draws upon an empirical investigation that included forty-two in-depth interviews, conducted in 2014 and 2015, and is supplemented by documentary analysis. These interviews were largely held with governmental agencies, public universities and petroleum-focussed enterprises (both domestic SMEs and global MNEs). Each group of actors are discussed in a different empirical paper: the efforts of governmental regulatory agencies in creating innovation in Brazil’s national petroleum industry; the evolving role of public universities in pursuit of technology transfer and academic entrepreneurship; and the R&D strategies of several global oil and gas MNEs that have taken residence in the recently-established industry cluster in Rio de Janeiro. The thesis also offers much to practitioners: guidance for the enactors of innovation policy following a large natural resource discovery; a model for universities wishing to develop a portfolio of entrepreneurial support, which has been shown to greatly support a university’s own technology transfer objectives; and direction for foreign MNEs in how to adapt to changes in industry clusters. The need for and challenge of achieving cooperation between diverse actors in an innovation system are apparent throughout the thesis. This cooperation is even more important in emerging economies such of Brazil, which often suffer from a lack of coordination between actors.

Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. / Universities have long been recognised as sources of knowledge creation, innovation and technological advancements. Interest in academic entrepreneurship and the establishment of university spin-off companies has grown in South Africa over the past 10 years. South Africa’s national research and development strategy argues that economic growth and wealth generation are founded on innovation. The area of university entrepreneurial behaviour and technology commercialisation has attracted much research attention in recent years especially as more innovative solutions are sought for the world’s ever growing socioeconomic challenges. In view of this, the South African government has made considerable and various efforts to promote the creation and commercialisation of research output in the university context. Against the aforementioned, this study seeks to understand the position of the Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT) as a university of technology in terms of commercialisation and technology creation since the 2005 merger. More specifically, the study seeks to understand the dynamics surrounding the creation and transfer of technology in South Africa, using CPUT as a case study.

Academic spin-off companies in the Czech Republic My personal interest in understanding the mechanisms and structures of academic society was the reason for choosing the topic. The issue of academic entrepreneurship the author met during my employment at Palacky University. In the course of work related to the preparation of internal documents regulating the Palacky University shareholding in the business of other legal persons, I faced many problems that emanated from a specific college status as legal persons under public law and traits that show business companies in which the partial ownership belongs to a research organisation. Due to the fact that the topic is completely untreated in the Czech literature, I decided to compile my findings on the functioning of academic spin-off companies in the thesis. The thesis is divided into five content bearing chapters (total work has 10 chapters). The first chapter contains the introduction. The second chapter is divided into three parts and deals with the definition of the concept, types and models of formation of academic spin-off companies. The third chapter describes the historical background and the context of academic spin-off companies' creation in the United States, Europe and the Czech Republic with an emphasis on the interaction between the academic...

L’objet de cette thèse est d’expliquer le lien entre utilisation de marques et activités innovantes. Le premier chapitre décrit les principaux aspects juridiques des marques et passe en revue la littérature en économie et gestion s’y rapportant. Le second chapitre analyse comment et pourquoi les firmes utilisent les marques et comment celles-ci s’intègrent dans leurs activités innovantes. À travers une approche théorique et empirique, nous montrons que les marques sont utilisées en lien avec les innovations prenant place à l’interface du marché, principalement les innovations de produit et de marketing. Le troisième chapitre étudie les interactions entre marques et brevets dans la protection de l’innovation. Nous montrons que selon les caractéristiques du marché ils peuvent se complémenter ou se substituer l’un à l’autre. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous explorons les schémas d’utilisation de marques par les universités et leur lien avec les activités de recherche de ces institutions. / This thesis aims at explaining the link between trade mark use and innovative activities. The first chapter describes the main legal aspects of trade marks and reviews existing literature in economics and management relating to them. The second chapter analyses how and why firms use trade marks and how they integrate them in their innovative activities. Through a theoretical and empirical approach, we show that trade marks are used in relation to innovations which are at the interface of the market, mainly product and marketing innovations. The third chapter then studies the interrelated effect of trade marks and patents in the protection of innovation. We show that depending on market characteristics, they may complement or substitute each other. In the fourth and final chapter, we explore the patterns of trade mark use by academic institutions, and investigate how these relate to their research activities.

A literatura de gestão tecnológica reconhece o planejamento como fonte de sucesso para o desenvolvimento de inovações, e traz recomendações e sugestões para sua elaboração. Quando a inovação é gerada à partir de conhecimento científico, os líderes de grupos de pesquisa habitualmente adotam como fundamento o planejamento da pesquisa acadêmica. Quais as práticas de planejamento de tecnologia utilizadas por líderes de grupos de pesquisa no ciclo de vida da pesquisa acadêmica? Há correspondência entre tais práticas e as recomendações das teorias sobre Plano Tecnológico? Há lacunas entre os conteúdos identificados e as práticas adotadas? Estas questões são investigadas por meio de um estudo comparativo entre quatro líderes de pesquisa de áreas da engenharia, inseridos em ecossistemas de inovação distintos: Brasil e Canadá. Os relatos dos líderes sobre sua experiência no desenvolvimento da inovação foram comparados à luz das práticas e conteúdos identificados em revisões de literatura em Gestão de Tecnologia, Gestão de Desenvolvimento de Produtos, Gestão de Projetos e Empreendedorismo Tecnológico. Conclui-se que há suficiente evidência para elaboração de uma metodologia para aplicação do plano tecnológico no contexto de grupos de pesquisa e consequentemente o monitoramento da efetiva relevância junto aos seus líderes, bem como a melhoria deste instrumento quanto à sua assertividade como facilitador na tomada de decisão em pesquisa quanto na criação e transferência de novas tecnologias. / The technological management literature recognizes planning as a source of success for the development of innovations, bringing recommendations and suggestions for its elaboration. When innovation emerges from scientific knowledge, research group leaders usually base their planning on academic research. What are the technology planning practices used by research group leaders for the academic research lifecycle? Are there any correspondence between such practices and the recommendations of the theories regarding Technological Plan? Are there any gaps between the identified content and the practices adopted? These questions are investigated through a comparative study between four research leaders from engineering areas, inserted in different innovation ecosystems: Brazil and Canada. The leaders\' reports on their innovation development experience were compared in the light of the practices and contents identified in literature reviews in Technology Management, Product Development Management, Project Management and Technological Entrepreneurship. It is concluded that there is sufficient evidence to elaborate a methodology for a technological plan application in the research groups context and consequently monitoring its effectiveness and relevance along with research group leaders, as well as the improvement of this instrument regarding its assertiveness as a research facilitator and as a support to create and transfer of new technologies.

Submitted by Luciana Sebin (lusebin@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-21T12:45:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseLFS.pdf: 2521556 bytes, checksum: 785012bccb8d3fcfbac8ac671ca368f3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-23T18:21:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseLFS.pdf: 2521556 bytes, checksum: 785012bccb8d3fcfbac8ac671ca368f3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-23T18:21:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseLFS.pdf: 2521556 bytes, checksum: 785012bccb8d3fcfbac8ac671ca368f3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-23T18:21:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseLFS.pdf: 2521556 bytes, checksum: 785012bccb8d3fcfbac8ac671ca368f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-10 / Não recebi financiamento / This study aims at analyzing the constraints in the work of the professor-researcher in regard with the innovation policies. The hypothesis is that the current innovation policies progressively link the work of the professor-researcher to the business sector. In order to analyze the hypothesis, the political and institutional relations of the University of São Paulo were studied, more precisely in the campus of Ribeirão Preto, as well as their articulations with public-private sectors and partnerships. Documentary analyses and data collection on innovations, applied researches, incubator companies and productions and service rendering interpreted by the area of Science and Technology were held, as well as four semistructured interviews with innovation agents. It was found that the University of São Paulo constituted its own institutional arrangements by means of articulations with institutions specifically in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto. Furthermore, institutions of the university are relevant in this process, such as USP Agency of Innovation. However, it was found that Fundação Instituto Polo Avançado da Saúde de Ribeirão Preto (FIPASE), a municipal foundation which supports innovation, encourages specific political and institutional devices for the incentive and development of researches applied to the demands of the business sector, in order to induce the researchers in the university to carry out certain practices of innovation. Consequently, it also induces part of the graduation research of the campus to turn into applied research centers, enabling the creation of spin-off companies. It is pointed out that these institutional arrangements for the development of the applied research, however, would not be possible without relevant changes in the professorresearchers‘ working hours, undertaken by them, based on decisions in the university which result in regulations and resolutions that make flexible and encourage the relation university-company. It can be concluded that, in spite of the narrowing of the link between the work of the professor-researcher in the Science and Technology area and the business sector, the innovation policy in the campus of Ribeirão Preto meets the interests of the academic community much more than the ones of the business sector itself, and that, in this process, contradictorily, it is the university that reconfigures itself to the patterns of the logic of the businesses, typical of the companies, rather than the companies that modify themselves or develop the practice of research and production of the technological knowledge, typical of the university and the scientific area. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os condicionantes do trabalho do professor-pesquisador ante as políticas de inovação. A hipótese é a de que as atuais políticas de inovação vinculam progressivamente o trabalho do professor-pesquisador ao setor empresarial. Para análise da hipótese, foram pesquisadas as relações políticoinstitucionais da Universidade de São Paulo, mais especificamente do campus de Ribeirão Preto, e suas articulações com os setores e parcerias público-privados. Foram realizadas análises documentais e levantamento de dados sobre inovações, pesquisas aplicadas, empresas incubadoras e produções e prestações de serviços protagonizados pela área de Ciência & Tecnologia, além de quatro entrevistas semi-estruturadas com agentes de inovação. Constatou-se que a Universidade de São Paulo constituiu arranjos institucionais próprios por meio de articulações com instituições específicas do município de Ribeirão Preto. E, ainda, que instituições da universidade possuem relevância neste processo, como a Agência USP de Inovação. Contudo, constatou-se que a Fundação Instituto Polo Avançado da Saúde de Ribeirão Preto (FIPASE), fundação municipal de apoio à inovação, fomenta dispositivos político-institucionais específicos de incentivo e desenvolvimento de pesquisas aplicadas às demandas do setor empresarial, de modo a induzir os pesquisadores da universidade a realizar determinadas práticas de inovação. Por conseguinte, induz também parte da pesquisa da pós-graduação do campus a se transformar em centros de pesquisa aplicada, de modo a propiciar a criação de empresas spin-offs. Aponta-se que esses arranjos institucionais para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa aplicada, entretanto, não seriam possíveis de se constituírem sem que houvesse mudanças significativas na jornada dos professorespesquisadores, empreendidas pelos próprios, com base em decisões na universidade que redundam em normativas e resoluções que flexibilizam e incentivam a relação universidade-empresa. Conclui-se que, apesar do estreitamento da vinculação do trabalho do professor-pesquisador da área de Ciência & Tecnologia com o setor empresarial, a política de inovação no campus de Ribeirão Preto atende muito mais aos interesses da comunidade acadêmica do que propriamente aos do setor empresarial, e que neste processo, contraditoriamente, é mais a universidade que se reconfigura aos moldes da lógica dos negócios, típica das empresas, do que as empresas que se modificam ou desenvolvem a prática da pesquisa e produção do conhecimento tecnológico, típica da universidade e do campo científico.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:52:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6739.pdf: 3515889 bytes, checksum: 9736920a79f9dfa524e4b73ca41e7759 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / Spin-off companies can be defined as firms founded to exploit intellectual property or specific capabilities developed at universities and research institutes. In this context, the main goal of this work was to understand from the perspective of Transaction Costs Theory which are the main factors responsible for the creation of such companies in universities and research institutes of southeastern Brazil. In order to do so, a survey was conducted with the Technology Transfer Offices directors of 102 universities and research institutes of this region. Through a literature review in academic entrepreneurship, creation of spin-offs, Transaction Costs Theory and Brazilian innovation system it was possible to develop a theoretical and conceptual model for the creation of spin-off companies. This model indicates that the likelihood of spin-offs creation increases with: (1) low information seeking costs; (2) low bargaining costs; (3) high degree of interaction between researchers and technology transfer offices; and (4) policies aimed to the reduction of transaction costs within the creation process of these companies. The results were investigated through a descriptive analysis and using two separate regression techniques. The first technique used was a logistic regression, which related the (non) existence of spin-offs to the independent variables proposed by the theoretical and conceptual model. The second technique, in turn, was a linear regression using as dependent variable the number of spin-off companies at the investigated institutions per thousand researchers. The data analysis indicated there were signs that lower information seeking costs, high degree of interaction between researchers and technology transfer offices, as well as the existence of policies aimed to reduce transaction costs in the spin-off creation process are favorable for the generation of these companies. Though, there was no evidence that suggest bargaining costs influence the likelihood of the creation of spin-offs at universities and research institutes. / Empresas do tipo spin-off podem ser definidas como negócios fundados com o intuito de explorar propriedade intelectual ou competências específicas desenvolvidas em universidades e institutos de pesquisa. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi entender, sob a ótica de Teoria dos Custos de Transação, quais são os fatores determinantes para a criação dessas empresas em universidades e institutos de pesquisa da região sudeste do Brasil. Para tanto, foi realizado um levantamento do tipo survey juntamente aos dirigentes dos Núcleos de Inovação Tecnológica NIT de 102 universidades e institutos de pesquisa dessa região. Por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica em empreendedorismo acadêmico, criação de spin-offs, Teoria dos Custos de Transação e sistema de inovação brasileiro, foi possível a elaboração de um modelo teórico-conceitual para a criação de spin-offs. Esse modelo indica que a propensão de criação de spin-offs aumenta com: (1) baixos custos de busca de informações; (2) baixos custos de negociação; (3) alto grau de interação entre pesquisadores e escritórios de transferência de tecnologia; e (4) políticas direcionadas à diminuição dos custos de transação no processo de criação dessas empresas. Os resultados encontrados foram investigados por meio de uma análise descritiva e de duas técnicas de regressão distintas. A primeira técnica utilizada foi uma regressão logística, que relacionou a existência de spin-offs às variáveis independentes propostas no modelos teórico-conceitual. A segunda técnica, por sua vez, foi uma regressão linear que teve como variável dependente a quantidade de spin-offs criadas nas instituições investigadas a cada mil pesquisadores. A análise dos dados indicou que houve sinais de que baixos custos de busca de informações, alto grau de interação entre pesquisadores e escritórios de transferência de tecnologia, assim como a existência de políticas que diminuam os custos de transação no processo de criação de spin-offs são favoráveis para a geração dessas empresas. Não houve indícios de que os custos de negociações tenham influência na propensão de criação de spin-offs. Empresas do tipo spin-off podem ser definidas como negócios fundados com o intuito de explorar propriedade intelectual ou competências específicas desenvolvidas em universidades e institutos de pesquisa. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi entender, sob a ótica de Teoria dos Custos de Transação, quais são os fatores determinantes para a criação dessas empresas em universidades e institutos de pesquisa da região sudeste do Brasil. Para tanto, foi realizado um levantamento do tipo survey juntamente aos dirigentes dos Núcleos de Inovação Tecnológica NIT de 102 universidades e institutos de pesquisa dessa região. Por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica em empreendedorismo acadêmico, criação de spin-offs, Teoria dos Custos de Transação e sistema de inovação brasileiro, foi possível a elaboração de um modelo teórico-conceitual para a criação de spin-offs. Esse modelo indica que a propensão de criação de spin-offs aumenta com: (1) baixos custos de busca de informações; (2) baixos custos de negociação; (3) alto grau de interação entre pesquisadores e escritórios de transferência de tecnologia; e (4) políticas direcionadas à diminuição dos custos de transação no processo de criação dessas empresas. Os resultados encontrados foram investigados por meio de uma análise descritiva e de duas técnicas de regressão distintas. A primeira técnica utilizada foi uma regressão logística, que relacionou a existência de spin-offs às variáveis independentes propostas no modelos teórico-conceitual. A segunda técnica, por sua vez, foi uma regressão linear que teve como variável dependente a quantidade de spin-offs criadas nas instituições investigadas a cada mil pesquisadores. A análise dos dados indicou que houve sinais de que baixos custos de busca de informações, alto grau de interação entre pesquisadores e escritórios de transferência de tecnologia, assim como a existência de políticas que diminuam os custos de transação no processo de criação de spin-offs são favoráveis para a geração dessas empresas. Não houve indícios de que os custos de negociações tenham influência na propensão de criação de spin-offs.

This study analysed the entrepreneurial intentions of academic researchers to create spinoffs in a country where the phenomenon of academic spinoffs is emerging. The study consisted of a quantitative analysis of entrepreneurial intentions, performed within the context of South Africa’s Higher Education Institutions and Science Councils.The study drew from psychological and entrepreneurship research on intentionality to measure the level of entrepreneurial intentions using specific determinants (entrepreneurial self-efficacy, personal networks, perceived role models, number of years spent at the academic institution, number of patents/ copyrights/ designs, type of research, and cooperation with industry) that characterise the emergence of academic entrepreneurial intentions that lead academics to the creation of spinoffs. The study also aimed to determine if there were differences in the entrepreneurial intentions between researchers in technical and non-technical fields of expertise.A quantitative online survey was conducted amongst researchers in higher education institutions and science councils, followed by data analysis using a multiple linear regression to measure the entrepreneurial intentions. Thereafter a determination of factors associated with the higher levels of intention and a comparison of the level of intentions was conducted between researchers from the two study groups using an analysis of coefficients and significance tests respectively.The study showed that the entrepreneurial intentions of researchers in South Africa were very low. It was also shown that entrepreneurial self-efficacy was the strongest predictor of academic entrepreneurial intentions. Furthermore it was found that there was no significant difference in the entrepreneurial intentions between researchers in technical and non technical fields of expertise. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted