This thesis presents a study of the ‘Entrepreneurial University’. It develops a framework for conceptualising the entrepreneurial university by interrogating literature and secondary sources. Regardless of the increasing body of literature on the entrepreneurial university concept, it is revealed to be under-theorized. This literature starting from Clark’s initiatives up until recent publications focus on case studies which are not analytically driven. This gap in the theory of the entrepreneurial university inspired the study aim, which is to develop an analytical framework that can be used as a tool to identify ‘The Entrepreneurial University’ from any other ‘classic university. The study argues that there are three main aspects affecting universities' transformation toward entrepreneurial organization. These are: organization, external environment, and the interaction between organization and external environment. The first aspect investigates the entrepreneurial organizational dimensions, with a comprehensive framework of five organizational dimensions namely managerial, funding resource, mission, external collaboration, and cultural dimension. This been developed as a ‘compass’ to characterize two ideal types of entrepreneurial university. The second and third aspects address the concepts of the entrepreneurial environment and the coherence between the entrepreneurial organization and the entrepreneurial environment where the university exists. The concept of National Education, Research and Innovation (ERI) Funding and Policy Spaces (NERI-FPS) (Nedeva et.al 2013) has been selected as the most appropriate framework for characterizing the entrepreneurial coherence, and analyzed for this purpose, where the variety of opportunities and flexible selection process are seen to be the key elements for the coherence between them. This adds a new development to the theory. Both the entrepreneurial framework and the NERI-FPS have been tested using four European case universities, from the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The framework is applied to the universities and policy environment in Oman as an example of a developing country seeking to use entrepreneurship as a solution to socio-economic problems. Using qualitative analysis of documentation and detailed interviews, the framework is shown to reveal characteristics of the universities which can be used to develop policy actions. The results reveal that Omani universities are “classic” universities. However, to shift toward an entrepreneurial approach, five scenarios are suggested for Oman, and a pathway toward fully-fledged entrepreneurial universities is illustrated. First an online survey served as a pilot study, the results of which were then used to formulate the second stage which was semi- structured interviews with two Omani universities, and the third stage was in-depth interviews with Omani policy makers. This approach improves the internal validity of the research, and provides a rich picture of the universities and their environment. Finally, the study provides a framework which characterises entrepreneurial universities along a number of context-neutral dimensions which could take the research forward. The novelty of using case of Oman as an empirical study added new contribution into the field. In addition, this study contributes to a better understanding of policy actions with regard to entrepreneurial transformation.

National innovative performance is a key driver for sustainable growth (Pavitt, 1980). National innovative capacity may be improved by fostering industrial Research and Development (R&D), by funding academic research and by effectively supporting university-industry interactions in order to strengthen the linkage between R&D and product development. In a context of growing relevance of external sources of innovation, where the industry, rather than relying on internal R&D, increasingly engages in ‘open innovation’ (Chesbrough, 2006), the role played by universities is crucial. The essays presented in this thesis focus mainly on academic R&D and knowledge transfer mechanisms from the university viewpoint, as opposed to government or industry perspectives. These essays contribute to our understanding of how universities organise themselves to adapt to this changing context. In other words, the thesis looks at the ‘reflexivity’ norm of the system associated with the entrepreneurial university, as established by Etzkowitz (2004); or “a continuing renovation of the internal structure of the university as its relation to industry and government changes, and of industry and government as their relationship to the university is revised”. Universities play a major role in the national innovative capacity of a country as producers and transmitters of new knowledge (see for instance, Adams, 1990; Mansfield, 1991; Klevorick et al., 1995; Zucker et al., 1998; Cohen et al., 2002; Arundel and Geuna, 2004; Guellec and van Pottelsberghe, 2004). While European countries play a leading global role in terms of scientific output, they lag behind in the ability to convert this strength into wealth-generating innovations (this is known as the ‘European paradox’, see for instance Tijssen and van Wijk, 1999; and Dosi et al., 2005). This level of innovation may be improved by different factors; for instance, by fostering an entrepreneurial culture, or by increasing industry’s willingness to develop new products, new processes. One of these factors relies on the notion of an ‘entrepreneurial university’. Universities, in addition to the two traditional missions of research and teaching, foster their third mission of contribution to society, by improving the transfer of knowledge to the industry. New tools and regulations have been established to support universities in this process. Since the early 80’s, academic technology transfer offices (TTOs) have been created, dedicated employees have been trained and hired, incubators for the launch of new academic ventures have been set up, academic or independent pre-seed investment funds have been founded and laws related to the ownerships by university of their invented-patents have been promulgated. But what exactly stands behind the notion of ‘entrepreneurial university’? There exist more different descriptions of a similar concept or of a similar evolution than a general agreed definition. Indeed, "(…) There is high heterogeneity, there is no such thing as a typical university, and there is no typical way to be or become an entrepreneurial university" (Martinelli et al., 2008, p.260). However some similar patterns of what is or should be an entrepreneurial university may be identified. First, there is this notion of a revolution experienced by universities that now have to integrate a third mission of contributing to economic development aside of their traditional academic missions. “(…) But in the most advanced segments of the worldwide university system, a ‘second revolution’ takes off. The entrepreneurial university integrates economic development into the university as an academic function along with teaching and research. It is this ‘capitalisation of knowledge’ that is the heart of a new mission for the university, linking universities to users of knowledge more tightly and establishing the university as an economic actor in its own right” (Etzkowitz, 1998, p.833). This revolution finds its origin in a necessary adaptation of universities to an external changing environment where modern societies put a strong emphasis on knowledge. “The concept of the entrepreneurial university envisions an academic structure and function that is revised through the alignment of economic development with research and teaching as academic missions. The transformation of academia from a ‘secondary’ to a ‘primary’ institution is a heretofore unexpected outcome of the institutional development of modern society (Mills, 1958). In consequence, the knowledge industry in modern societies is no longer a minor affair run by an intellectual elite, an activity that might be considered by pragmatic leaders as expendable; it is a mammoth enterprise on a par with heavy industry, and just as necessary to the country in which it is situated (Graham, 1998, p.129)”, quoted by Etzkowitz et al. (2000, p.329). The notion of an ‘entrepreneurial university’ also exceeds the simple idea of the protection of academic intellectual property by patents owned by universities and their out-licensing as well as the launch of new ventures. It encompasses an overall change of how the university is organised. “In the gruesome and heady world of changing external environments, organizations – including universities – will need to seek opportunities beyond their existing competences (Hamel and Prahalad, 1989, 1994), which suggests the need for an entrepreneurial orientation (Lumpkin and Dess, 1996)”, quoted by Glassman et al. (2003, p.356). This entrepreneurial orientation will only be possible if the overall organisation of the university changes. “An entrepreneurial university, on its own, actively seeks to innovate how it goes about its business. It seeks to work out a substantial shift in organizational character so as to arrive at a more promising posture for the future. Entrepreneurial universities seek to become 'stand-up' universities that are significant actors on their own terms” (Clark, 1998, p.4). The notion of entrepreneurial university also encompasses the concept of academic entrepreneurship in its broad sense. For a university to become entrepreneurial, individual academics also have to adapt and to behave in an entrepreneurial way. This concept is not solely conceived here as the launching of new ventures by academics (a view embraced by Shane, 2004, for instance). It relates more to the view of Stevenson, Roberts and Grousbeck (1989), referenced by Glassman et al. (2003, p.354) or “the process of creating and seizing an opportunity and pursuing it to create something of value regardless of current available resources.” The difficulty facing universities is then to adapt to their external environment while preserving the integrity of their two traditional academic missions. However, some conceive this challenge as precisely an ability that characterise the very intrinsic university’s nature. "The uniqueness of the university,(…) lies in its protean capacity to change its shape and function to suit its temporal and sociopolitical environment while retaining enough continuity to deserve its unchanging name” (Perkin, 1984, p.18). Furthermore, others perceive this challenge as a tension that has always been at the root of the university’s character. “The cherished view of some academics that higher education started out on the Acropolis of scholarship and was desecrated by descent into the Agora of materialistic pursuit led by ungodly commercial interests and scheming public officials and venal academic leaders is just not true for the university systems that have developed at least since 1200 A.D. If anything, higher education started in the Agora, the market place, at the bottom of the hill and ascended to the Acropolis on the top of the hill… Mostly it has lived in tension, at one and the same time at the bottom of the hill, at the top of the hill, and on many paths in between” (Kerr, 1988, p.4; quoted by Glassman, 2003, p.353). Nevertheless, it appears that some institutions, the ones integrating the best their different missions and being the most ‘complete’ in terms of the activities they perform, will be better positioned to overcome this second revolution than other institutions. “Since science-based innovations increasingly have a multidisciplinary character and build on "difficult-to-codify" people-centred interactions, university-based systems of industry science links, which combine basic and applied research with a broader education mission, are seen as enjoying a comparative advantage relative to research institutes” (OECD, 2001 quoted by Debackere and Veugeleers, 2005, p.324). Or as stated by Geuna (1998, p.266), in his analysis of the way the different historical trajectories of European universities are influencing their ability to adapt to the current changing environment, “ (…) the renowned institutions of Cluster IV (pre-war institutions, large in size, with high research output and productivity) are in a strong position both scientifically and politically, and can exercise bargaining power in their relations with government and industry. (…) On the other side, universities in the other two clusters (new postwar universities, characterised by small size, low research output and low research orientation and productivity, whether involved in technological research or in teaching), with very low research grants from government, are pushed to rely more heavily on industrial funding. Being in a weak financial position, they may find themselves in an asymmetric bargaining relationship with industry that they may be unable to manage effectively.” To summarize, one could attempt to define the broad notion of an ‘entrepreneurial university’ as follows. An entrepreneurial university is a university that adapts to the current changing environment that puts a stronger emphasis on knowledge, by properly integrating the third mission or the capitalisation of knowledge aside of its two traditional missions. This adaptation requires a radical change in the way the university is organised. It will require important strategic reorientation from the top but also, and mainly, it will require from the individual academics to better seize new opportunities to generate value (not only financial but also scientific or academic) given scarcer resources. Renowned and complete universities (with teaching, basic and applied research) have an edge over other institutions to overcome this second revolution. This notion of ‘entrepreneurial university’ has drawn criticisms. For example, academics’ interactions with industry could impact negatively on research activities by reorienting fundamental research towards more applied research projects (Cohen and Randazzese, 1996; David, 2000), by restricting academic freedom (Cohen et al., 1994; Blumenthal et al., 1996; Blumenthal et al., 1997), or by potentially reducing scientific productivity (see for instance van Zeebroeck et al., 2008 for a review on this issue). The present work does not address the issue of the impact of increased interactions with the business sector on traditional academic missions nor the question of whether universities should become entrepreneurial or not. Instead, the essays start from the idea that the ‘entrepreneurial university’ notion is part of the intrinsic nature of modern universities, or at least, is a part of its evolution. Industry-university relationships are not a new phenomenon; it can be traced at least to the mid- to late-1800s in Europe and to at least the industrial revolution in the USA (Hall et al., 2001). What is evolving is the nature of such relationships that become more formal. The present analysis starts then from the general observation that some universities (and researchers) are more entrepreneurially-oriented and better accept this mission than others. From that stems the primary research question addressed in this thesis: are there characteristics or conditions leading to a smooth coexistence of traditional and new academic missions inside an entrepreneurial university? And if so, what are they? Existing work on the entrepreneurial university is a nascent but already well developed field of research. The aimed contribution of this thesis is to analyse the topic under three specific but complementary angles. These three perspectives are explored into the four main chapters of this work, structured as follows. Chapter 1 is titled “Turning science into business: A case study of a traditional European research university”. It introduces the topic by investigating the dynamics at play that may explain the propensity of a traditional, research-oriented university to start generate entrepreneurial outputs, while being not full-fledge entrepreneurially organised. Exploring the importance of “new” entrepreneurial outputs, as defined as patents and spin-off companies, compared to other ways of transferring new knowledge to the industry, Chapter 2 reviews the literature on the variety of knowledge transfer mechanisms (KTMs) used in university-industry interactions. It is titled “University-Industry interactions and knowledge transfer mechanisms: a critical survey”. Given scarcer structural funds for academic research and increasing pressure on academics to diversify their activities in terms of being involved in patenting or spin-off launching, Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 investigate the role played by individual characteristics of researchers in attracting competitive, external funding. Chapter 3 presents stylised facts related to external fundraising at ULB and characteristics of researchers who attracted these funds over the period 1998-2008. The empirical analysis on associations between individual characteristics of researchers (intrinsic, scientific and entrepreneurial) and the extent of funds attracted from different sources (national, regional and business) is presented in Chapter 4, titled “The determinants of academic fundraising.” Chapter 5 concludes and suggests ideas for future investigation on this topic. Chapter 6, in appendix of the present work, titled “A note on the drivers of R&D intensity”, is not directly linked to the issue of the entrepreneurial university. It has been included to complement the studied topic and to put in perspective the present work. Academic research and university-industry interactions constitute important drivers of a national R&D and innovation system. Other factors are at play as well. Looking at this issue at the macroeconomic level, Chapter 6 investigates to what extent the industrial structure of a country influences the observed R&D intensity, and hence would bias the well-known country rankings based on aggregate R&D intensity.

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-06-29T22:29:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 patricia_neves_orsetti.pdf: 2214667 bytes, checksum: fb37b8e9e43aed762c3ddd93f0555d5e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-07-03T14:06:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 patricia_neves_orsetti.pdf: 2214667 bytes, checksum: fb37b8e9e43aed762c3ddd93f0555d5e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-03T14:06:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 patricia_neves_orsetti.pdf: 2214667 bytes, checksum: fb37b8e9e43aed762c3ddd93f0555d5e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Conhecimento gera inova??o, que promove desenvolvimento. Com isso, a universidade enquanto ambiente de inova??o em potencial, por ser um espa?o de constru??o e dissemina??o de conhecimento, ocupa um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento de regi?es e pa?ses. Nesse contexto, surge a concep??o de universidade empreendedora, cujo conceito agrega uma miss?o de desenvolvimento econ?mico e social. Sob este enfoque, o presente trabalho prop?e investigar se a Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, em Diamantina, possui caracter?sticas de universidade empreendedora. O estudo foi orientado pelos cinco elementos de transforma??o para uma universidade empreendedora observados por Clark (1998) e foi proposta ainda, uma an?lise da regi?o onde a Universidade est? inserida. O procedimento metodol?gico proposto ? de natureza qualitativa e fez-se o uso do estudo de caso no campus Juscelino Kubitschek da UFVJM. Identificou-se que a UFVJM apesar de apresentar algumas caracter?sticas que se enquadram nos elementos propostos para a an?lise, n?o pode ser ainda considerada uma universidade empreendedora em sua totalidade. Foi poss?vel perceber tamb?m que a Regi?o onde o campus JK est? inserido, possui peculiaridades que mostram que para a UFVJM ser empreendedora precisa construir uma rela??o voltada ?s especificidades da sociedade e setor produtivo locais, considerando suas caracter?sticas e diferentes possibilidades de parceria. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pretende-se contribuir para uma melhor compreens?o da intera??o universidade-sociedade visando o desenvolvimento regional. / Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Educa??o, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016. / Knowledge brings about innovation, which promotes development. The university is an innovative environment for exploring one?s potential, because it provides a space where knowledge can be built and disseminated. Therefore, the university occupies a fundamental role in the growth of regions and countries. In this context, the concept of the enterprising university emerges, of which the mission is economic and social development. From this point of view, this study proposes to investigate whether the Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM) in Diamantina, Minas Gerais, possesses the characteristics of an enterprising university. The study was based on the five elements of transformation of an enterprising university observed by Clark (1998). This study also proposes an analysis of the region where the university is located. The proposed methodological procedure has a qualitative approach, based on a case study done on Juscelino Kubitschek Campus (Campus JK of UFVJM). Although UFVJM has some features that fit into the proposed elements for the analysis, it still cannot be considered, in its totality, an enterprising university. It was observed that the area where Campus JK is located has some peculiarities. These peculiarities highlight that UFVJM needs to build a relationship focused on the specificities of the local community and production sectors, keeping in mind their characteristics and different possibilities of partnership. It is clear from the results that the study intends to contribute to a better understanding of university-community interaction, aimed at regional development.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-09-25T13:15:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jeferson Vinhas Ferreira.pdf: 2678170 bytes, checksum: fae5c498d720dacf1168eeb1d36b8408 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-25T13:15:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jeferson Vinhas Ferreira.pdf: 2678170 bytes, checksum: fae5c498d720dacf1168eeb1d36b8408 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-13 / This thesis aims to develop a conceptual model for the analysis of the internationalization process of an entrepreneurial university. Globalization has demanded from all worldwide competitive organizations a cross-border looking, which necessarily goes through internationalization processes. In this competitive scenario, it was arisen the concept of the entrepreneurial universities, which seek to face the current economic challenges through the practice of entrepreneurship. One of the alternatives for that challenge is higher education internationalization. Based on this context, it was conducted a multi-case study involving nine entrepreneurial higher education institutions (HEI’s) from seven countries of Latin America and Europe which are members of a cooperation network. Data collection was done by interviewing the leaders of those HEI’s, as well as by conducting a documentary survey and direct observation. Data analysis implicated the triangulation of such information with the support of qualitative analysis software (NVivo). The given conceptual model pinpointed six essential internationalization process elements of the entrepreneurial universities: internationalization as a strategic pillar, entrepreneurial capacity of the leaders, a culture of integrated internationalization, reciprocities practices among institutional partners, concerning about parity in these partnerships, and, finally, approaching to the industry. As result of this study, five propositions were suggested in order to compose the conceptual model to be used in future researches / Esta tese tem como objetivo desenvolver um modelo conceitual para análise do processo de internacionalização de uma universidade empreendedora. A globalização exigiu de todas as organizações competitivas mundiais um olhar além-fronteiras, o que necessariamente passa pelos processos de internacionalização. Neste contexto competitivo, surge o conceito das universidades empreendedoras, que buscam enfrentar os desafios econômicos da atualidade por meio da prática do empreendedorismo. Uma das alternativas para este desafio é a internacionalização do ensino superior. Com base neste cenário, foi realizado um estudo de casos múltiplos envolvendo nove instituições de ensino superior (IES) empreendedoras de sete diferentes países da América Latina e Europa, pertencentes a uma rede de cooperação. A coleta de dados se deu pela realização de entrevistas com dirigentes destas IES, bem como levantamento documental e observação direta. A análise de dados envolveu a triangulação destes dados com ajuda de software de análise qualitativa (NVivo). O modelo conceitual proposto identificou seis elementos essenciais do processo de internacionalização das universidades empreendedoras: a internacionalização como pilar estratégico, a capacidade empreendedora do(s) dirigente(s), uma cultura de internacionalização integrada, as práticas de reciprocidade entre parceiros institucionais, a preocupação com a paridade nestas parcerias e, por fim, a aproximação com a indústria. Com estes elementos, foram feitas cinco proposições para futuras pesquisas que compõem o modelo conceitual

Submitted by Joana Azevedo (joanad@id.uff.br) on 2017-08-08T14:33:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Isabella Stroppa Rodrigues.pdf: 1327591 bytes, checksum: fc98fb32d877001047045439792c4e06 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-09-15T16:46:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Isabella Stroppa Rodrigues.pdf: 1327591 bytes, checksum: fc98fb32d877001047045439792c4e06 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-15T16:46:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Isabella Stroppa Rodrigues.pdf: 1327591 bytes, checksum: fc98fb32d877001047045439792c4e06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-15 / Esta pesquisa visou contribuir para a compreensão da complexidade de fatores envolvidos no relacionamento entre a universidade e outros entes, sendo, neste caso específico, o foco direcionado para as empresas e o governo, a partir das perspectivas da Tripla Hélice e da Universidade Empreendedora. A universidade brasileira, inserida desde sua criação em um contexto de constantes modificações e reformas, passa constantemente pelo questionamento acerca do seu papel. Recebendo inicialmente a atribuição de ser formadora de mão de obra, inquietações começam a surgir no sentido de enriquecer a atuação da universidade com a possibilidade de formação crítica dos indivíduos e criação de conhecimentos inovadores. Este conflito de percepções perpassa décadas e chega aos dias atuais inserido em um cenário onde se vislumbra o desinvestimento no ensino público brasileiro, o que torna atrativo para as universidades trilhar o caminho de formação de profissionais de acordo com o perfil requisitado pelo mercado, bem como direcionar as pesquisas da universidade para as necessidades das empresas devido à possibilidade de serem elas as potenciais financiadoras das atividades da universidade. No entanto, esta concepção não é linear e nem homogênea no cenário universitário em geral, e também não o é no contexto que envolve a Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, onde se aplicou a presente pesquisa utilizando o método do estudo de caso. O intuito desta pesquisa foi compreender como a Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora se relaciona com a indústria e o governo e, ao mesmo tempo, identificar se ela está demonstrando possuir as características prescritas pelo modelo de Universidade Empreendedora. Neste sentido, foram analisados os três entes envolvidos a partir do estudo de seus posicionamentos oficiais e também, no caso da indústria e da universidade, de entrevistas realizadas com atores institucionais. Este estudo se balizou pela busca da produção de conhecimento capaz de contribuir para o enriquecimento da compreensão acerca desse complexo fenômeno de aproximação da esfera pública com a iniciativa privada, não se limitando apenas a descrições, mas também a explorar as problemáticas decorrentes do tema. / Entrepreneurial University. The Brazilian university, inserted since its creation in a context of constant changes and reforms, constantly goes through the questioning about its role. Initially receiving the assignment of being a trainer of labor, concerns begin to emerge in order to enrich the performance of the university with the possibility of critical formation of individuals and creation of innovative knowledge. This conflict of perceptions goes through decades and reaches the current days inserted in a scenario where the disinvestment in the Brazilian public education is envisaged, which makes it attractive for universities to follow the path of professional training according to the profile required by the market, as well as to direct university research to the needs of companies due to the possibility that they are the potential financiers of university activities. However, this conception is neither linear nor homogeneous in the university scenario in general, nor is it in the context involving the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, where the present research was applied using the case study method. The purpose of this research was to understand how the Federal University of Juiz de Fora relates to industry and government and, at the same time, to identify if it is demonstrating the characteristics prescribed by the Entrepreneurial University model. In this sense, the three entities involved in the study were analyzed from their official positions and also, in the case of industry and university, from interviews with institutional actors. This study was based on the search for the production of knowledge capable of contributing to the enrichment of the understanding about this complex phenomenon of approaching the public sphere with the private initiative, not only being limited to descriptions, but also exploring the problems arising from the theme.

In today's knowledge-based society academic spin-offs are considered as one important form of technology transfer. However, most related entrepreneurial efforts fail. When looking at determining factors, researchers have to be regarded as members of a complex social network consisting not only of academic peers but also of participants from industry, policy, and supporting institutions, and friends and family members. This network is the academic entrepreneur's general framework of operation characterized by resource and communication flows of differing nature. The thesis tries to answer the question under what conditions technological spin-offs emerge from the academic community with special emphasis on the entrepreneurs' social capital expressed in terms of their social networks. Thus, a detailed analysis of the characteristics of the social network academic entrepreneurs operate in at the different stages of the spin-off process is effected. By means of social network analysis effected by a survey among Austrian academic entrepreneurs, it is examined which network structures favor the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities and their realization in the form of a spin-off company. Thus generated insights are intended to contribute to nascent academic entrepreneurs' awareness how to optimally use their social contacts and networks in setting up their new ventures. Moreover, the work intends to provide valuable insights for political decision-makers as to the provision of necessary framework conditions supporting respective social dynamics required for the creation of innovative knowledge- und technology-intensive companies in Austria. (author's abstract)

Die Arbeit thematisiert die Veränderungen im deutschen Wissenschafts- und Hochschulsystem. Im Mittelpunkt steht die "unternehmerische Mission" von Universitäten. Der Blick wird auf das Aufgabenfeld Wissens- und Technologietransfer (WTT) gerichtet. Anhand dessen werden die Veränderungen, die innerhalb des deutschen Universitätssystems in den vergangenen Jahren erfolgten, nachgezeichnet. Die Erwartungshaltungen an Universitäten haben sich verändert. Ökonomische Sichtweisen nehmen einen immer größeren Stellenwert ein. Die Arbeit baut auf den Prämissen der neoinstitutionalistischen Organisationstheorie auf. Anhand dieser wird gezeigt, wie Erwartungen externer Stakeholder Eingang in Hochschulen finden und sich auf ihre organisatorische Ausgestaltung auswirken. Der Arbeit liegt ein exploratives, qualitatives Untersuchungsdesign zugrunde. In einer Fallstudie werden zwei Universitäten als Fallbeispiele untersucht. Die Untersuchung liefert Antworten auf die Fragen, wie der WTT als Aufgabenbereich an deutschen Universitäten umgesetzt wird, welche Strukturen sich herausgebildet haben und inwieweit eine Institutionalisierung des WTTs an Universitäten erfolgt ist. In der Arbeit werden verschiedene Erhebungsinstrumente im Rahmen einer Triangulation genutzt. Experteninterviews bilden das Hauptanalyseinstrument. Ziel der Untersuchung ist neben der Beantwortung der Forschungsfragen, Hypothesen zu bilden, die für weiterführende Untersuchungen genutzt werden können. Darüber hinaus werden Handlungsempfehlungen für die Umsetzung des WTTs an deutschen Hochschulen gegeben. Die Arbeit richtet sich sowohl an Wissenschaftler als auch Praktiker aus dem Bereich Wissens- und Technologietransfer. / German universities are confronted with ongoing changes. One of these changes encompasses a paradigm shift, which affects the university and research system as a whole. This paradigm shift is the so called "third mission" - or "entrepreneurial mission" - of universities. Universities are asked to make contributions to the economic system via transfer of knowledge and technology. Economic perspectives have an increasing influence on universities and the research system. For this reason, the expectations of external stakeholers are growing. The dissertation shows how these expectations affect the organizational shape of universities. By using neoinstitutional organizational theory, this work finds answers to the following questions: How do universities integrate the "entrepreneurial mission" in their organizational structures? Which organizational structures have emerged? How far has an institutional process been taken place? An explorative, qualitative research design is used and a case study is performed, which includes two universities as examples. Two dimensions were investigated: The structures of universities in the field of technology and knowledge transfer, and the central actors of universities. The main research instrument consists of interviews with experts in the field. Apart from answering the questions posed above, the central aim of the survey is to get a deeper understanding of how German Universities fulfill their “entrepreneurial mission”. Several hypotheses are generated that can be used for further investigations. Furthermore, some practical input is provided for implementing knowledge and technology transfer at German universities. The target audience of this thesis are researchers and practitioners in the field of knowledge and technology transfer.

Since its inception, in the eleventh century, the university was born with the primary mission of teaching, adding over time, research and extension. Are currently being investigated by several researchers incorporating the economic and social development as a new mission in IFES, showing that institutional perspective, in which the elements of the old model are retained and processed, generating actions and entrepreneurial attitudes in the university, to promote and coordinate interaction "entrepreneurial university", establishing strategies for joint teaching, research and extension with society. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the entrepreneurial behavior of teaching units of directors of UFSM and its influence on perception of the entrepreneurial university. It was adopted as the research method qualitative approach, exploratory, based on empirical research. The units of analysis were the directors of teaching units UFSM. Data were analyzed using content analysis technique, categorical, enunciation and lexicométrica, and the analysis of categories defined a priori and not a priori (Bardin, 2011). The a priori categories - opportunities and initiative, planning and take calculated risks (McClelland, 1972); and economic and social development, junior company and interaction with the community (Guaranys, 2010) were defined based on the theoretical framework and the aim of this study; and the category does not a priori - structure and management of people - emerged from the speech of respondents. In addition, it was used as a secondary source to Self Assessment Research Institutional 2014 / UFSM, in order to contribute as "adjunct" to analyze the results of illustrative discussion of the results in this study. The entrepreneurial characteristic opportunities and initiative was the one that stood out as the main feature of the respondents; followed by the feature planning and take calculated risks, which were matched. As for the category structure and personnel management, it was emphasized by the majority of respondents, of which it is positioned in a similar way as the observations and findings on matters involving these two aspects. As the interviewees' perceptions about entrepreneurial university, the aspect that proved better understood was the interaction with the community, followed by the junior company of understanding and finally, economic and social development, as being the least understood by respondents. In order to meet the objective of the study - to examine the entrepreneurial behavior of teaching units of directors of UFSM and its influence on the perception of the entrepreneurial university - it was concluded that the entrepreneurial behavior of these directly influence their perception of the entrepreneurial university. / Desde a sua criação, no século XI, a universidade nasceu com a missão precípua do ensino, agregando ao longo do tempo, a pesquisa e a extensão. Atualmente vem sendo investigado por vários pesquisadores a incorporação do desenvolvimento econômico e social como uma nova missão nas IFES, evidenciando outra perspectiva institucional, na qual os elementos do modelo antigo são retidos e transformados, gerando ações e atitudes empreendedoras na universidade, para promover e coordenar a interação universidade empreendedora , estabelecendo estratégias para articular ensino, pesquisa e extensão com a sociedade. Nesse sentido, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o comportamento empreendedor de diretores de unidades de ensino da UFSM e sua influência na percepção quanto à universidade empreendedora. Adotou-se como método de pesquisa a abordagem qualitativa, do tipo exploratório, baseado em pesquisa empírica. As unidades de análise foram os diretores de unidades de ensino da UFSM. Os dados foram analisados utilizando a técnica de análise de conteúdo, categorial, enunciação e lexicométrica, sendo as categorias de análise definidas a priori e não a priori (BARDIN, 2011). As categorias a priori oportunidades e iniciativa, planejamento e assumir riscos calculados (MCCLELLAND, 1972); e, desenvolvimento econômico e social, empresa júnior e interação com a comunidade (GUARANYS, 2010) foram definidas com base no referencial teórico e no objetivo deste estudo; e a categoria não a priori estrutura e gestão de pessoas emergiu da fala dos entrevistados. Além disso, utilizou-se como fonte secundária a Pesquisa de Autoavaliação Institucional 2014/UFSM, no intuito de contribuir como coadjuvante para análise dos resultados encontrados, de caráter ilustrativo na discussão dos resultados neste estudo. A característica empreendedora oportunidades e iniciativa foi a que mais se destacou, como a característica principal dos entrevistados; seguida pela característica planejamento e assumir riscos calculados, que ficaram igualadas. Quanto à categoria estrutura e gestão de pessoas, a mesma foi ressaltada pela maioria dos entrevistados, nos quais se posicionaram de forma semelhante quanto às observações e constatações acerca dos assuntos que envolvem esses dois aspectos. Quanto à percepção dos entrevistados acerca de universidade empreendedora, o aspecto que se mostrou melhor compreendido foi a interação com a comunidade, seguido pelo entendimento de empresa júnior e por fim, desenvolvimento econômico e social, como sendo o menos compreendido pelos entrevistados. De modo a responder o objetivo do estudo analisar o comportamento empreendedor de diretores de unidades de ensino da UFSM e sua influência na percepção quanto à universidade empreendedora se concluiu que o comportamento empreendedor dos mesmos influenciam diretamente na sua percepção quanto à universidade empreendedora.

The digital development of the 1990s and early 2000s had a major effect on the Swedish media industry, including newspapers. Still, it is not clear what role academia had during this process. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to examine the role of the university in the digital development of the Swedish news media industry. To investigate this, a case study has been performed, focusing on the Swedish technical university KTH Royal Institute of Technology. A theoretical background was created, consisting of the three waves of digitalization by Yoo et al. (2010), the emerge of the entrepreneurial university, and the Triple Helix model. Data were collected through archival research consisting of the Swedish magazines Ny Teknik and Pressens Tidning, and semi-structured interviews with seven individuals. The results showed that the digital development of the Swedish news media industry was characterized by the rise of the Internet, which generated both new news channels and contributed to digitally develop the printing industry. The results indicate that KTH’s role in this development was to provide the industry with well-educated engineers as well as innovations through research projects, to help media companies handle the opportunities and the challenges the digital development offered. The results also indicate that KTH in some ways can be compared to an entrepreneurial university, since the university has contributed to economic activities in society. However, most of these activities would not have been possible without the participation of the media industry, demonstrating that the concept of the Triple Helix to some extent also can be applied to this case study. / Den digitala utvecklingen av 1990- och tidigt 2000-tal hade en stor effekt på den svenska medieindustrin, inklusive tidningsindustrin. Det är dock inte klart vad för roll universiteten hade under denna process. Syftet med denna uppsats är därför att undersöka universitetets roll i den digitala utvecklingen av den svenska nyhetsmedieindustrin. För att undersöka detta har en fallstudie genomförts, som fokuserar på det svenska tekniska universitetet KTH Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan. En teoretisk bakgrund togs fram, bestående av de tre vågorna av digitalisering av Yoo et al. (2010), framväxten av det entreprenöriella universitetet och modellen Triple Helix. Data samlades in genom arkivforsknings bestående av de svenska tidningarna Ny Teknik och Pressens Tidning, samt semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju personer. Resultaten visade att den digitala utvecklingen av den svenska nyhetsmedieindustrin karaktäriserades av uppkomsten av Internet, vilket genererade både nya nyhetskanaler och bidrog till en digital utveckling av tryckeribranschen. Resultaten indikerar att KTH:s roll i denna utveckling bestod av att bidra med välutbildade ingenjörer till industrin, likväl som innovation genom forskningsprojekt, vilket hjälpte industrin hantera möjligheterna och utmaningarna som den digitala utvecklingen medförde. Resultaten indikerar också att KTH i viss utsträckning kan jämföras med det entreprenöriella universitetet, eftersom universitetet har bidragit till ekonomiska aktiviteter i samhället. De flesta av dessa aktiviteter hade dock inte varit möjliga utan medieindustrins delaktighet, vilket demonstrerar att modellen Triple Helix i viss utsträckning kan appliceras på denna fallstudie.

A literatura de gestão tecnológica reconhece o planejamento como fonte de sucesso para o desenvolvimento de inovações, e traz recomendações e sugestões para sua elaboração. Quando a inovação é gerada à partir de conhecimento científico, os líderes de grupos de pesquisa habitualmente adotam como fundamento o planejamento da pesquisa acadêmica. Quais as práticas de planejamento de tecnologia utilizadas por líderes de grupos de pesquisa no ciclo de vida da pesquisa acadêmica? Há correspondência entre tais práticas e as recomendações das teorias sobre Plano Tecnológico? Há lacunas entre os conteúdos identificados e as práticas adotadas? Estas questões são investigadas por meio de um estudo comparativo entre quatro líderes de pesquisa de áreas da engenharia, inseridos em ecossistemas de inovação distintos: Brasil e Canadá. Os relatos dos líderes sobre sua experiência no desenvolvimento da inovação foram comparados à luz das práticas e conteúdos identificados em revisões de literatura em Gestão de Tecnologia, Gestão de Desenvolvimento de Produtos, Gestão de Projetos e Empreendedorismo Tecnológico. Conclui-se que há suficiente evidência para elaboração de uma metodologia para aplicação do plano tecnológico no contexto de grupos de pesquisa e consequentemente o monitoramento da efetiva relevância junto aos seus líderes, bem como a melhoria deste instrumento quanto à sua assertividade como facilitador na tomada de decisão em pesquisa quanto na criação e transferência de novas tecnologias. / The technological management literature recognizes planning as a source of success for the development of innovations, bringing recommendations and suggestions for its elaboration. When innovation emerges from scientific knowledge, research group leaders usually base their planning on academic research. What are the technology planning practices used by research group leaders for the academic research lifecycle? Are there any correspondence between such practices and the recommendations of the theories regarding Technological Plan? Are there any gaps between the identified content and the practices adopted? These questions are investigated through a comparative study between four research leaders from engineering areas, inserted in different innovation ecosystems: Brazil and Canada. The leaders\' reports on their innovation development experience were compared in the light of the practices and contents identified in literature reviews in Technology Management, Product Development Management, Project Management and Technological Entrepreneurship. It is concluded that there is sufficient evidence to elaborate a methodology for a technological plan application in the research groups context and consequently monitoring its effectiveness and relevance along with research group leaders, as well as the improvement of this instrument regarding its assertiveness as a research facilitator and as a support to create and transfer of new technologies.