Introdução: A Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) é considerada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde como o componente essencial para a organização da assistência à saúde. Muitas evidências dos benefícios da APS são descritas, entretanto, verifica-se uma grande heterogeneidade na assistência oferecida, o que repercute nos resultados em saúde. Dessa forma, os estudos que avaliam a qualidade da APS têm sido considerados fundamentais para identificar como o cuidado tem sido oferecido, em que pontos estão ocorrendo falhas e quais são as prioridades para a atuação, buscando aumentar a efetividade e a eficiência da atenção prestada. O Brasil passa, atualmente, por um momento de reestruturação do sistema e de organização da APS. As avaliações realizadas em nosso meio, até o momento, têm verificado alguns impactos positivos, porém os resultados ainda são inconsistentes. Um desses resultados é a manutenção de taxas elevadas de Internações por Condições Sensíveis À Atenção Primária (ICSAP) além da constatação de aumento dessas condições no município de São Paulo. Esse estudo partiu da hipótese de que as altas porcentagens de ICSAP devem estar relacionadas a uma baixa orientação aos princípios norteadores (atributos) da APS dos serviços de atenção básica oferecidos à população infantil. Objetivo: Avaliar os atributos da atenção primária oferecida às crianças moradoras da região oeste do município de São Paulo e que foram internadas por condições sensíveis à atenção primária. Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal de abordagem quanti-qualitativa. A população alvo foram as crianças internadas na enfermaria pediátrica do Hospital Universitário da USP, de 1º de janeiro a 31 de dezembro de 2011, usuárias de uma das 14 Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) da região oeste do município de São Paulo. Foram entrevistados também os profissionais dessas UBS. Os dados quantitativos foram obtidos com o Instrumento de Avaliação da Atenção Primária à Saúde (Primary Care Assessment Tool validado no Brasil - PCATool-Brasil) e os dados qualitativos foram obtidos por entrevista semi-estruturada. As variáveis independentes foram: idade, escolaridade materna, renda familiar, tipo de diagnóstico e modelo de atenção oferecido, e as variáveis dependentes foram os atributos de APS, de acordo com o referencial de Starfield. Realizou-se análises bivariadas e um modelo hierárquico final. Resultados: 65,2% das hospitalizações foram ICSAP. Foram entrevistados 501 usuários e 42 profissionais. Sob a perspectiva dos usuários, com exceção do atributo coordenação, todos os demais apresentaram baixa orientação aos princípios da APS, verificando-se influência das variáveis nos resultados obtidos pelas análises bivariadas. O modelo hierárquico final demonstrou modelo de Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) foi associado a 2 vezes mais chances de uma melhor avaliação do Escore Geral da APS oferecida. Os profissionais atribuíram bons escores para a maioria dos atributos avaliados, com exceção do acesso, observando-se diferenças em comparação às avaliações feitas pelos usuários. Conclusões: A proporção de ICSAP foi alta na população estudada. Sob a perspectiva dos usuários, foi verificada uma baixa orientação aos princípios da APS, com exceção do atributo coordenação. O modelo da ESF apresentou o dobro de chance de que seus usuários avaliassem melhor o serviço. Com exceção do atributo acesso, os profissionais avaliaram bem os serviços de APS oferecidos / Introduction: The World Health Organization considers the Primary Health Care (PHC) as an essential component for the organization of health care. Much evidence of the benefits of APS are described, however, there is a great heterogeneity in the care provided, which affects health outcomes. Thus, studies that evaluate the quality of health care have been considered essential to identify how care has been offered, in which points are occurring faults and what are the priorities for action, seeking to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of care provided. Actually, the Brazilian health system and the PHC organization are being restructured. Evaluations undertaken in our country are showing some positive impacts, but the results are still inconsistent. One of these results is the maintenance of high rates of Hospitalizations for Primary Care Sensitive Conditions (ICSAP) and the increase of these conditions the city of São Paulo. We believe that the high ICSAP percentages must be related to a low orientation to principles (attributes) of PHC offered to the child population. Objective: Evaluate the attributes of primary care offered to children living in the western region of São Paulo who were hospitalized for conditions sensitive to primary care. Methods: It\'s a cross-sectional study with a quantitative and qualitative approach. The target population were children admitted to the pediatric ward of the University Hospital of University of São Paulo, from January 1 to December 31, 2011, users of the 14 Basic Health Units (BHU) in the western region of São Paulo. The UBS\'s professionals were also interviewed. Quantitative data were obtained with the Primary Care Assessment Tool validated in Brazil (PCATool - Brazil) and qualitative data were collected by semi-structured interview. The independent variables were: age, maternal literacy, family income, type of diagnosis and model of care offered, and the dependent variables were the attributes of PHS, according to the Starfield\'s referential. We conducted bivariate analyzes and a hierarchical model approach. Results: 65.2 % of hospitalizations were ICSAP. We interviewed 501 users and 42 professionals. From the perspective of users, the attributes showed lower orientation to the PHC principles, with the exception of the coordination and we observe the influence of the variables on the results from bivariate analyzes. The hierarchical model showed that the Family Health Strategy (FHS) was associated with twice as likely to be better evaluated in relation to the traditional model of care. Professionals assigned scores good for most of the attributes evaluated, with the exception of access, observing differences in comparison to assessments made by users. Conclusions: The proportion of ICSAP was high in this population. From the perspective of users, there was a low orientation to the principles of PHC, with the exception of the coordination attribute. The model presented FHS double the chance that your users better evaluate the service. Except the attribute access, services were better evaluated by professionals

Introdução: A Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) é considerada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde como o componente essencial para a organização da assistência à saúde. Muitas evidências dos benefícios da APS são descritas, entretanto, verifica-se uma grande heterogeneidade na assistência oferecida, o que repercute nos resultados em saúde. Dessa forma, os estudos que avaliam a qualidade da APS têm sido considerados fundamentais para identificar como o cuidado tem sido oferecido, em que pontos estão ocorrendo falhas e quais são as prioridades para a atuação, buscando aumentar a efetividade e a eficiência da atenção prestada. O Brasil passa, atualmente, por um momento de reestruturação do sistema e de organização da APS. As avaliações realizadas em nosso meio, até o momento, têm verificado alguns impactos positivos, porém os resultados ainda são inconsistentes. Um desses resultados é a manutenção de taxas elevadas de Internações por Condições Sensíveis À Atenção Primária (ICSAP) além da constatação de aumento dessas condições no município de São Paulo. Esse estudo partiu da hipótese de que as altas porcentagens de ICSAP devem estar relacionadas a uma baixa orientação aos princípios norteadores (atributos) da APS dos serviços de atenção básica oferecidos à população infantil. Objetivo: Avaliar os atributos da atenção primária oferecida às crianças moradoras da região oeste do município de São Paulo e que foram internadas por condições sensíveis à atenção primária. Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal de abordagem quanti-qualitativa. A população alvo foram as crianças internadas na enfermaria pediátrica do Hospital Universitário da USP, de 1º de janeiro a 31 de dezembro de 2011, usuárias de uma das 14 Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) da região oeste do município de São Paulo. Foram entrevistados também os profissionais dessas UBS. Os dados quantitativos foram obtidos com o Instrumento de Avaliação da Atenção Primária à Saúde (Primary Care Assessment Tool validado no Brasil - PCATool-Brasil) e os dados qualitativos foram obtidos por entrevista semi-estruturada. As variáveis independentes foram: idade, escolaridade materna, renda familiar, tipo de diagnóstico e modelo de atenção oferecido, e as variáveis dependentes foram os atributos de APS, de acordo com o referencial de Starfield. Realizou-se análises bivariadas e um modelo hierárquico final. Resultados: 65,2% das hospitalizações foram ICSAP. Foram entrevistados 501 usuários e 42 profissionais. Sob a perspectiva dos usuários, com exceção do atributo coordenação, todos os demais apresentaram baixa orientação aos princípios da APS, verificando-se influência das variáveis nos resultados obtidos pelas análises bivariadas. O modelo hierárquico final demonstrou modelo de Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) foi associado a 2 vezes mais chances de uma melhor avaliação do Escore Geral da APS oferecida. Os profissionais atribuíram bons escores para a maioria dos atributos avaliados, com exceção do acesso, observando-se diferenças em comparação às avaliações feitas pelos usuários. Conclusões: A proporção de ICSAP foi alta na população estudada. Sob a perspectiva dos usuários, foi verificada uma baixa orientação aos princípios da APS, com exceção do atributo coordenação. O modelo da ESF apresentou o dobro de chance de que seus usuários avaliassem melhor o serviço. Com exceção do atributo acesso, os profissionais avaliaram bem os serviços de APS oferecidos / Introduction: The World Health Organization considers the Primary Health Care (PHC) as an essential component for the organization of health care. Much evidence of the benefits of APS are described, however, there is a great heterogeneity in the care provided, which affects health outcomes. Thus, studies that evaluate the quality of health care have been considered essential to identify how care has been offered, in which points are occurring faults and what are the priorities for action, seeking to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of care provided. Actually, the Brazilian health system and the PHC organization are being restructured. Evaluations undertaken in our country are showing some positive impacts, but the results are still inconsistent. One of these results is the maintenance of high rates of Hospitalizations for Primary Care Sensitive Conditions (ICSAP) and the increase of these conditions the city of São Paulo. We believe that the high ICSAP percentages must be related to a low orientation to principles (attributes) of PHC offered to the child population. Objective: Evaluate the attributes of primary care offered to children living in the western region of São Paulo who were hospitalized for conditions sensitive to primary care. Methods: It\'s a cross-sectional study with a quantitative and qualitative approach. The target population were children admitted to the pediatric ward of the University Hospital of University of São Paulo, from January 1 to December 31, 2011, users of the 14 Basic Health Units (BHU) in the western region of São Paulo. The UBS\'s professionals were also interviewed. Quantitative data were obtained with the Primary Care Assessment Tool validated in Brazil (PCATool - Brazil) and qualitative data were collected by semi-structured interview. The independent variables were: age, maternal literacy, family income, type of diagnosis and model of care offered, and the dependent variables were the attributes of PHS, according to the Starfield\'s referential. We conducted bivariate analyzes and a hierarchical model approach. Results: 65.2 % of hospitalizations were ICSAP. We interviewed 501 users and 42 professionals. From the perspective of users, the attributes showed lower orientation to the PHC principles, with the exception of the coordination and we observe the influence of the variables on the results from bivariate analyzes. The hierarchical model showed that the Family Health Strategy (FHS) was associated with twice as likely to be better evaluated in relation to the traditional model of care. Professionals assigned scores good for most of the attributes evaluated, with the exception of access, observing differences in comparison to assessments made by users. Conclusions: The proportion of ICSAP was high in this population. From the perspective of users, there was a low orientation to the principles of PHC, with the exception of the coordination attribute. The model presented FHS double the chance that your users better evaluate the service. Except the attribute access, services were better evaluated by professionals

"A distributed queueing Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is used in Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB) networks. A modified version of the MAC protocol was proposed by R.R. Pillai and U. Mukherji in an attempt to overcome some of the shortcomings of the DQDB MAC protocol. They analyzed the performance of the system for Bernoulli arrivals and for large propagation delays between the nodes. We extend the performance analysis of the modified MAC protocol for a DQDB type of Network. The parameter of interest to us is the bus access delay. This has two components, viz., the request bus access delay and the data bu6 access delay. We use the model at the request point at node and present methods to evaluate the delay experienced in such a model. The model is an n-priority ./D/l queue with D vacations (non-preemptive priority) where n is the number of nodes sending requests on the request bus for transmission on the data bus. The methods presented help to evaluate the request bus access delay when the arrivals at each node are Markovian Arrival Processes (MAPs). The algorithms for evaluating the mean request bus access delay are based on matrix geometric techniques. Thus, one can use the algorithms developed in the literature to solve for the finite buffers case too. This model, for the request bus access delay, holds irrespective of the propagation delay between the nodes. We also evaluate the inter-departure time of class 1 customers and virtual customers in a 2-priority M/G/l system with G vacations (non-preemptive priority). In the case of Poisson arrivals at all the nodes, we would have a 2-priority M/D/l system with D vacations (non-preemptive priority). We thus evaluate the inter-arrival time of the free slots on the data bus as seen by Node 2. Note that this is independent of the number of active nodes in the network We then develop methods to evaluate the mean data bus access delay experienced by the customers at Node 2 in a three-node network with 2 nodes communicating with the third when the propagation delay between the nodes is large. We consider the case of finite Local Queue buffers at the two nodes. Using this assumption we arrive at process of arrivals to the Combined Queue and the process of free slots on the data bus to be Markov Modulated Bernoulli processes. The model at the combined queue at Node 2 then has a Quasi Birth-Death evolution. Thus, this system is solved by using the Ramaswami-Latouche algorithm. The stationary probabilities are then used to evaluate the mean data bus access delay experienced at Node 2. The finite buffer case of this system can be solved by G.Wi Stewart's algorithm. The method in modelling the system and the results are presented in detail for Poisson arrivals. The extension of this to more complex processes is also explained. We encounter in the analysis an explosion of the state-space of the system. We try to counter this by considering approximations to the process of free slots on the data bus. The approximations considered are on the basis of what are known as Idealized Aggregates. The performance of the approximation is also detailed. It works very well under low and moderate load but underestimates the mean delay under heavy load. Thereafter, we discuss the performance of the system with reference to the mean of the access delay and the standard deviation of the access delay under varying traffic at the two nodes. For this part we use simulation results to discuss the performance. The comparison between the performance measures at both the nodes is also done. Then we develop methods/techniques to understand the performance of the system when we have finite propagation delays between the nodes. We concentrate on the 3-node problem and calculate performance bounds based on linear programs. This is illustrated in detail for Bernoulli arrivals for the case of 1 slot propagation delay between the nodes as well as for the case of 2 slots propagation delay. The performance of the bounds obtained is also detailed. The presence of an idling system at the combined queue of Node 2 makes the bounds somewhat loose. Finally, we discuss the performance of the system with reference to the mean access delay and the standard deviation of the access delay under varying load on the system. Again, we rely on simulation studies. Finally, we study the performance of the system as a multiplexer. For this, we re­strict the traffic to Markov Modulated Processes (or those which would satisfy the Gartner-Ellis Theorem requirements). The traffic is characterized by what are known as Envelope Processes - Lower and Upper. The class of processes which satisfy the conditions of the Gartner-Ellis theorem come under the category where both the Envelope Processes exist and the Minimum Envelope Rate and the Maximum Lower Envelope Rate are the same. We use the system evolution equations at the combined queue at any node to develop re­lations between the various input and output processes. First, this is done for a. system of this kind, in isolation. Then, we consider this system as a part of the modified protocol and present relations, among the various input and output processes, which are specific to the modified protocol. The possible use of all of the above to do Admission Control at the entry point to the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) network is also presented.