En esta investigación, se analiza el impacto financiero de los reportes de sostenibilidad en los ingresos y acceso al crédito en las empresas que reportan al GRI en Lima entre los años 2016 y 2018, para lo cual se obtuvo una muestra de 32 empresas de una población de 40. El trabajo se divide en 5 capítulos, donde en el capítulo 1, se definieron los principales conceptos: reportes de sotenibilidad, los 4 aspectos del reporte del GRI, impacto financiero en los ingresos y en el acceso al crédito. En el capítulo 2, referido al plan de investigación, se estableció el problema, las hipótesis y objetivos. En el capítulo 3, se definió la metodología de investigación a utilizarse, estableciéndose cada instrumento de la investigación (cualitativa y cuantitativa). En el capítulo 4, se realizó el desarrollo de la investigación, realizándose entrevistas de profundidad a 3 expertos en temas de sostenibilidad desde diferentes puntos de vista (Global Reporting Initiative, la Superintendencia de Mercado de Valores y Perú 2021). Así mismo, se realizaron encuestas a las 32 empresas de la muestra, para obtener información sobre la importancia de los reportes de sostenibilidad y su relación con el impacto financiero y el acceso al crédito. En el capítulo 5, se realizó el análisis de los resultados de nuestra investigación utilizando una herramienta estadística que nos permitió corroborar las hipótesis planteadas de cómo los reportes de sostenibilidad impactan en los ingresos y el acceso al crédito de las empresas que los generan. Finalmente, se brindaron las conclusiones y recomendaciones, concluyendo que el generar reportes de sostenibilidad trae beneficios económicos y financieros que no solo contribuirá a que las empresas sean sostenibles y más rentables en el tiempo, sino que en el largo plazo favorecerá a la economía, la sociedad, el medio ambiente y el país. / Abstrac: This research analyzes the financial impact of sustainability reports on income and access to credit in companies that report to the GRI in Lima between the years 2016 and 2018. For this purpose, a sample of 32 companies from a population of 40 was obtained. The work is divided into 5 chapters, where in chapter 1, the main concepts were defined: sustainability reports, the 4 aspects of the GRI reports, and financial impact on income and access to credit. In chapter 2, concerning the research plan, the problem, hypotheses and objectives were established. In chapter 3, the research methodology to be used was defined establishing each research instrument (qualitative and quantitative). In chapter 4, the research was developed, conducting in-depth interviews with 3 experts on sustainability issues from different points of view (Global Reporting Initiative, the Superintendence of Securities Market and Peru 2021). Surveys were also conducted on the sample's 32 companies to learn about the importance of sustainability reports and their relationship to financial impact and access to credit.In chapter 5, the analysis of the results of our research was carried out using a statistical tool that allowed us to corroborate the hypotheses raised about how sustainability reports impact income and access to credit of the companies that generate them. Finally, conclusions and recommendations were provided, concluding that generating sustainability reports brings economic and financial benefits that will not only contribute to companies being sustainable and more profitable over time, but also in the long term will favour the economy, society, the environment and the country. / Trabajo de investigación

El nivel de educación de una población tiene un gran impacto en distintas variables como el crecimiento económico, el nivel de productividad y la inclusión financiera. El objetivo de la presente investigación se centra en evaluar el efecto de la educación en la inclusión financiera medida a través del acceso al crédito. Para ello, se utilizó la data de la Encuesta Nacional de Demanda de Servicios Financieros y Nivel de Cultura Financiera realizada en el año 2016 por la Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros y AFP en Perú. Luego de trabajar la data, se utilizó el modelo econométrico probit con la variable de ingreso como variable endógena corregida por el nivel de educación como variable instrumental con el fin de estimar la probabilidad de que una persona se enfrente a un racionamiento de crédito, es decir, que se le niegue el crédito. El modelo propuesto comprueba la hipótesis planteada de modo que el nivel de educación y el nivel de ingreso son variables significativas en el modelo y mantienen una relación inversa con la probabilidad de racionamiento. Por lo tanto, se concluye que, una persona con mayor nivel de educación tiene menor probabilidad de que se le niegue un crédito / The level of education of a nation has a great impact on different variables such as economic growth, the level of productivity and financial inclusion. This paper aims to assess the effect of the level of education on financial inclusion measured through credit access. For this purpose, based on data from the National Survey of Demand for Financial Services and Level of Financial Culture carried out in 2016 by the Superintendence of Banking, Insurance and AFP in Perú. Next, with a Probit econometric model with income level as an endogenous variable corrected by the level of education as instrumental variable, the likelihood that the person faces credit rationing is estimated, in other words, that credit is denied. The proposed model proves the hypothesis so that the level of education and the level of income are statistically significant variables in the model and both have an inverse relationship with the probability of rationing. Therefore, this paper concludes that a persona with a higher level of education is less likely to be credit denied. / Trabajo de investigación

Land is a major factor in agricultural production, so agricultural land allocated to smallholder farmers through Land Reform Program or by traditional leader need to be actively utilised for enhancement of agricultural business. The study assessed land utilisation by small and emerging farmers in the Greater Tzaneen Municipality. Data was collected from 86 farms and analysed using SPSS Version 23. The results indicate that 74% of the farmers fully utilised their farm lands. Results of Logit model revealed that, the amount received from leasing, value adding to products, annual farm income and savings had positive significant impact on the area of cultivation, while skills pertaining to farming activities and the proportion of farm inputs purchased with the farmer’s own money had negative impact. The significant variables should be considered to influence full farmland utilisation by small and emerging farmers in the study area; farmers need production inputs, affordable loans and other forms of funding to improve farmland utilisation / Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

Land is a major factor in agricultural production, so agricultural land allocated to smallholder farmers through Land Reform Program or by traditional leader need to be actively utilised for enhancement of agricultural business. The study assessed land utilisation by small and emerging farmers in the Greater Tzaneen Municipality. Data was collected from 86 farms and analysed using SPSS Version 23. The results indicate that 74% of the farmers fully utilised their farm lands. Results of Logit model revealed that, the amount received from leasing, value adding to products, annual farm income and savings had positive significant impact on the area of cultivation, while skills pertaining to farming activities and the proportion of farm inputs purchased with the farmer’s own money had negative impact. The significant variables should be considered to influence full farmland utilisation by small and emerging farmers in the study area; farmers need production inputs, affordable loans and other forms of funding to improve farmland utilisation / Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Willians Osorio.pdf: 1082658 bytes, checksum: 73921d0f02d430dfae4fa6fce3d3d35c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-08 / The small business is one of the main pillars of the economy, both the number of establishments and geographical desconcentration, as its ability to generate jobs statistically proven facts. For this reason, they become deserving of public policies to support and encourage the growth, profitability and business sustainability. From this evidence, the limitation of the study includes understanding the importance of this segment to the country, combined with the effectiveness of public policies intended for, in the context of differential treatment guaranteed by the fundamental rule. / A empresa de pequeno porte constitui um dos principais pilares de sustentação da economia, tanto pelo número de estabelecimentos e desconcentração geográfica, quanto pela sua capacidade de gerar empregos fatos comprovados estatisticamente. Por essa razão, tornam-se merecedoras de políticas públicas de apoio e incentivo ao seu crescimento, rentabilidade e sustentabilidade empresarial. A partir dessa constatação, a limitação do estudo abarca a compreensão da relevância desse segmento para o país, articulada com a efetividade das políticas públicas a ele destinadas, no contexto do tratamento diferenciado garantido pelo Texto Fundamental.

Dpartment of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness / MSc.AEC

The potential of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in promoting economic growth in both developed and developing countries is widely accepted and documented by both scholars and policy makers. Particularly lacking are studies on the evidence in support of the importance of credit rationing to the sustainability of SMEs in an emerging economy like South Africa’s. This specific problem, especially in the developing countries, has been identified as the major bottleneck in realising socio-economic potentials of SMEs in those countries. However, one of the major ways of addressing the challenge of inadequate funding that exists within the SME sector is the use of bank credit. This study was therefore undertaken to explore the role of commercial banks in the provision of credit to the SMEs in South Africa. This study focuses on the issue of the relationship between the banking industry and SMEs. In particular, the problem of credit rationing of, and discrimination against SMEs by commercial banks was investigated. Because credit rationing and finance gaps can stem from imperfections on either supply-side (banks), or demand-side (SMEs), or both, the intention of the study was to examine both of these variables in order to uncover the implications of their relationships. The empirical analysis is based on survey data collected by means of a structured questionnaire which was distributed amongst banks and SME borrowers in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. Contrary to the general view that commercial banks are disinclined to provide credit to SMEs, the study found that South African banks are keen to serve the SMEs and are therefore making efforts to penetrate this potentially profitable market segment. However, several obstacles are potentially restricting the involvement of banks with SMEs in South Africa. The findings revealed that regulations such as the Financial Intelligence Centre Act (FICA) and the National Credit Act (NCA) came out strongly as major hindrances of bank financing to SMEs. Furthermore, it was shown that compliance with the NCA was ranked higher than credit history and profitability as a factor hindering the approval of SME loans. - iii - However, by using the structural equation modelling (SEM), the results also show that there is a positive and significant influence of lending technology and collateral on the supply of credit to SMEs. Variables such as creditworthiness, collateral and e-banking were found to have a positive and significant impact on the provision of credit to SMEs by commercial banks. For both the supply- and demand-side analysis, technology came out as the most important predictor of SME access to finance. This means that banks should strive to align their lending techniques with the dynamic technological developments so as to reach as many SMEs as possible even in the geographically dispersed regions. It is anticipated that improving SME access to bank credit could be the key to the growth and sustainability of SMEs, the alleviation of poverty and unemployment; and consequently leading to the growth of the South African economy. / Business Management / D. Com. (Business Management)