Este estudo analisa os diversos mecanismos adotados pela Central de Marcação de consultas da Secretaria Municipal de Piraí, para operacionalização do complexo regulador municipal, considerado como importante estratégia de regulação do acesso, da circulação e do acompanhamento dos usuários entre os diversos níveis de atenção, tanto na rede própria quanto na privada. A implantação dos complexos reguladores vem sendo fortemente articulada pelo Ministério da Saúde, no sentido de formar uma rede integrada de informações relativas à oferta disponível de serviços e proporcionar maior agilidade no atendimento à população. Os dispositivos utilizados no setor de marcação municipal têm influenciado de forma comprometedora a acessibilidade dos usuários, o que determinou uma reorganização do processo de trabalho, tendo sido adotado recentemente o Sistema de Gerenciamento de Agendas, desenvolvido pelo Ministério da Saúde, o Sisreg, para marcação de consultas e exames de média complexidade da rede hospitalar própria. Este sistema vem se confirmando como um importante instrumento de gestão, o que possibilitará a distribuição equânime dos recursos de saúde para a população com vistas à melhoria do acesso e da integralidade.

Rural accessibility planning in developing countries over the last few decades has primarily focused on increasing rural communities access to rural roads. It has been considered that road building improves access to health, education, markets and employment opportunities, and hence promotes economic development. It is argued in this thesis that accessibility, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, has not improved to the desired extent because the problem of mobility, in terms of access to vehicle services, has not been addressed. The provision of rural roads and transport services have been taken as synonymous with each other, but in reality this has not proved to be the case. This thesis attempts to redress that balance by seeking to change the mindset of policy makers to think about mobility and increase the emphasis placed on the promotion of transport services, both motorised and non-motorised. The findings relate to surveys undertaken in Thailand, Sri Lanka, Ghana, Zimbabwe and Pakistan where data were collected on vehicle operating costs (VOC's) and performance for a wide range of commonly used rural vehicles. These included human porterage and non-motorised vehicles such as bicycles and animal transport, as well as motorised vehicles such as conventional trucks and pickups, agricultural tractors and simple engine-powered vehicles. Analysis of the data demonstrated large differences in the VOC's and transport charges for rural transport services between the generally efficient systems in the Asian countries and the inefficient ones in the African countries studied. These findings form the foundation for the development of the Rural Transport Planner (RTP) and the framework which identifies the relationships between transport charges, VOC's, and factors relating to the vehicles operating environment. The RTP provides the first known attempt at producing a model for rural vehicle selection and for recommending interventions to improve the operating environment for rural transport services.

Orientador: Renata Cardoso Magagnin / Banca: Obede Borges Faria / Banca: Gustavo Garcia Manzato / Resumo: Os edifícios escolares projetados e construídos em períodos anteriores à leis e normas técnicas de acessibilidade podem comprometer o aprendizado e a inclusão dos alunos com algum tipo de necessidade especial nas escolas de educação infantil. Diante desta realidade, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar o grau de inclusão escolar através da análise da acessibilidade espacial em edifícios escolares de ensino infantil do município de Bauru, para alunos com deficiência física e visual. O estudo de caso foi realizado em cinco escolas municipais de ensino infantil, localizadas no município de Bauru, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Para esta análise foram utilizados os seguintes métodos: análise da acessibilidade espacial nas edificações através da utilização da técnica de vistoria técnica, cálculo do índice de acessibilidade espacial das escolas; análise dos deslocamentos lineares e utilização dos ambientes através da leitura da planta humanizada e registro fotográfico. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa conduziram às seguintes conclusões: i) as escolas municipais de ensino infantil estão recebendo alunos deficientes (físico, visual, intelectual, etc.); no entanto, nem todos os espaços foram projetados ou adaptados para receber estes alunos; em alguns casos, estas adaptações não contribuem para a efetiva inclusão escolar; e ii) a partir dos problemas elencados nesta pesquisa, o município pode formular e implantar ações a curto, médio e longo prazos para tornar as escolas infan... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: School buildings designed and constructed in previous years the laws and technical accessibility standards can compromise learning and the inclusion of students in preschools. Given the above, this research aims to verify the degree of school inclusion by analyzing the spatial accessibility in a children's school, located in the city of Bauru, São Paulo State Brazil; for students with physical and visual disabilities. For this analysis the following methods were used: analysis of spatial accessibility in buildings through the use of technical inspection, determination of the spatial of accessibility index of preschools; analysis of linear displacements and environments through the use of reading and humanized plant and photographic record. The results obtained in this study led to the following conclusions: i) municipal children's education schools have been receiving disabled students (physical, visual, intellectual, etc.), however, not all spaces have been designed or adapted to receive these students; in some cases, these adaptations do not contribute to the effective school inclusion; and ii) from the listed problems in this research, the municipality can formulate and implement actions in the short, medium and long term to make children's schools more accessible and more inclusive. / Mestre

L’objectif de la thèse est de proposer une modélisation des comportements résidentiels des ménages : le choix de changement de résidence (ou de déménagement) et le choix d’une nouvelle localisation. Ce type de modèles vise à prévoir la probabilité qu’un ménage change de résidence et son choix en matière de nouvelle localisation, en fonction d’un certain nombre de variables explicatives. Dans notre cas, la modélisation est fondée sur la théorie des choix discrets (approche de l’utilité aléatoire). La recherche s’appuie sur le cas lyonnais, le modèle étant construit sur l’aire urbaine de Lyon, sur des données de l’année 1999. En termes de résultats, du côté de la mobilité résidentielle, il faut retenir que les variables qui expliquent la variation du degré de mobilité (du taux de déménagement) des ménages sont l’âge de la personne de référence du ménage, le nombre d’enfants et le statut d’occupation du logement. En ce qui concerne la localisation des ménages, les préférences des ménages pour une zone ou autre sont liées aux caractéristiques de celles-ci et notamment à l’accessibilité aux différentes opportunités et services, ce qui confirme que parmi les facteurs qui influencent le comportement de localisation des ménages on retrouve les accessibilités, et donc, l’hypothèse de l’existence d’un lien entre transports et urbanisme. On a également trouvé que les caractéristiques des ménages comme l’âge de la personne de référence, le revenu ou le nombre de personnes ont une influence sur leurs choix de localisation. L’étude et les résultats des modèles suggèrent que des améliorations et nouvelles pistes de recherche sont possibles. Ainsi, du côté de la mobilité résidentielle, il pourrait y avoir d’autres variables qui motivent les ménages à changer de logement, comme des caractéristiques des logements, de l’environnement résidentiel ou d’autres caractéristiques des ménages non observées. Il serait aussi intéressant d’estimer le modèle de localisation a un niveau géographique encore plus fin (à l’îlot). D’autres alternatives de modélisation des décisions résidentielles des ménages seraient de modéliser une structure hiérarchisée des choix, par un modèle logit hiérarchique ou emboîté, ou bien de modéliser la trajectoire de vie, avec ses composantes familiale, résidentielle et professionnelle, qui sont en interdépendance (à condition de la disponibilité des données nécessaires). / The objective of the thesis is to propose a modeling of the residential behaviors of the households: the choice of change of residence (or removal), and the choice of the new location. This type of models aims at envisaging the probability that a household changes residence and its choice of new location, according to a certain number of explanatory variables. In our case, modeling is founded on the discrete choice theory (random utility approach). Research is based on the Lyons case, the model being built on the urban area of Lyon, on data of the year 1999. In terms of results, side of residential mobility, it should be retained that the variables which explain the variation of the degree of mobility (of the rate of removal) of the households are the age of head, the number of children and the statute of occupation of housing. With regard to the households location, the preferences of the households for a zone are related on the characteristics of those and particularly to accessibility on various opportunities and services, which confirms that among the factors which influence the location behavior of the households one finds accessibilities, and thus, the assumption of the existence of a relation between transport and land use. It was also found that the characteristics of the households like age of head, income or household size have an influence on their location choices. The study and the results of the models suggest that improvements and new directions of research are possible. Thus, on the side of residential mobility, there could be other variables which justify the housing change, like characteristics of the residence, residential environment or other characteristics of the households not observed. It would be also interesting to estimate the location model at a finer geographical level (îlot). Other alternatives of modeling of the residential decisions of the households would be to model a hierarchical structure of the choices, by a hierarchical or nested logit, or to model the life cycle, whit its components family, residential and professional, which are in interdependence (in condition of availability of necessary data).

There is a tremendous discrepancy between the number of people likely meeting criteria for a mental disorder or substance dependence in Canada and the number of people actually receiving mental health or substance dependence treatment. Thus, it is important to examine what facilitates entrance into the mental health care system and what prevents people from receiving the treatment they need. Mixed findings exist as to whether socioeconomic status (SES) and other social determinants of health play a role in receiving treatment in Canada. However, due to several methodological issues with previous studies that have examined this issue, three studies were designed to re-examine and add to the literature in this area by investigating: (1) whether SES (i.e., income and education) and other social determinants as well as psychological distress predict the number of services received by any professional for any mental disorder or substance dependence, as well as predict overall satisfaction with the services received (2) the psychometric validity and reliability of the 3-factor model proposed by Statistics Canada to measure barriers due to accessibility, acceptability and availability, and (3) whether SES, other social determinants and psychological distress predict specific barriers to receiving mental health treatment for an unmet need. All data were obtained from the Canadian Community Health Survey, cycle 1.2, Mental Health and Wellbeing. In Study 1, the SES/social determinants model predicted the number of services received for both medication and psychotherapy. Out-of-pocket spending, was the strongest predictor of the number of consultations from any provider, however it was also inversely related to overall satisfaction with services. Higher levels of distress predicted greater dissatisfaction with services received. Study 2 revealed that the three factor model of accessibility, acceptability and availability was invalid and unreliable as a measure of barriers to mental health services. It is, therefore, recommended that each specific barrier be treated as an independent causal indicator of an index measuring overall accessibility to mental health services. Finally, in Study 3, when examining each barrier independently, both education and income played important roles in recognizing there was a problem, seeking services, and actually accessing the services needed. Other social determinants also played important roles which differed depending on the type of barrier being examined. The results of the three dissertation studies indicate a clear relation between SES, other social determinants and psychological distress, and accessibility and barriers to mental health services in Canada for those suffering any mental disorder or issue related to substance dependence. The findings have significant implications in terms of potential policy implications, recommendations for the design of future national level surveys, and recommendations for future research on this topic.

The use of visual aesthetics has been found to contribute to feelings of a positive Web experience. Accordingly, studies report strong correlations between aesthetics and facets of user experience like usability and credibility, but does this hold for accessibility also? Some believe that Web aesthetics impedes accessibility, while most Web designers perceive that the accessibility initiative is restrictive design-wise. These misconceptions have slowed down the advancement of an inclusive Web. Firstly, it is clear that the relationship between Web aesthetics and accessibility is still poorly understood. Secondly, tools capable of analysing the aesthetic quality of Web pages and relaying associated accessibility status information are lacking. This thesis addresses these two problems. In order to investigate this relationship, the aesthetic judgements of 180 users were elicited to help classify Web pages based on their visual quality using Lavie and Tractinsky's framework. The classified Web pages were then technically and manually audited for accessibility compliance using 4 automated tools, and 11 experts who used a heuristic evaluation technique known as the Barrier Walkthrough (BW) method to check for barriers which could affect people with visual impairments. Our results consistently showed that Web pages judged on Lavie and Tractinsky's classical aesthetic dimension as being `clean' had significant correlations with accessibility, suggesting `cleanness' to be a suitable proxy measure for accessibility. Expressive dimensions showed no such correlations. This insight was used to develop the EIVAA tool aimed at predicting the aesthetic quality of Web pages and using the information to provide accessibility ratings for the pages. Quantitative evaluations show that the tool is able to predict aesthetic quality in a way that mimics gold standards, especially along the design dimension `clean' where we observed tool-human correlations as strong as 0.703, thus making the associated accessibility predictions also acceptable. We envision that our findings will give the Web community a more holistic understanding of the interactions between the use of aesthetics and accessibility, and that our tool would inform Web developers of the implications of their designs.

The World Wide Web (Web) has become a key technology to provide access to on-line information. The Mobile Web users, who access the Web using small devices such as mobile phones and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), make errors on entering text and controlling cursors. These errors are caused by both the characteristics of a device and the environment in which it is used, and are called situational impairments. Disabled Web users, on the other hand, have difficulties in accessing the Web due to their impairments in visual, hearing or motor abilities. We assert that errors experienced by the Mobile Web users share similarity in scope with those hindering motor-impaired Web users with dexterity issues, and existing solutions from the motor-impaired users domain can be migrated to the Mobile Web domain to address the common errors.Results of a systematic literature survey have revealed 12 error types that affect both the Mobile Web users and disabled Web users. These errors range from unable to locate a key to unable to pin-point a cursor. User experiments have confirmed that the Mobile Web users and motor-impaired Web users share errors in scope: they both miss key presses, press additional keys, unintentionally press a key more than once or press a key too long. In addition, both small device users and motor-impaired desktop users have difficulties in performing clicking, multiple clicking and drag selecting. Furthermore, when small device users are moving, both the scope and the magnitude of the errors are shared. In order to address these errors, we have migrated existing solutions from the disabled Web users domain into the Mobile Web users domain. We have developed a typing error correction system for the Mobile Web users. Results of the user evaluation have indicated that the proposed system can significantly reduce the error rates of the Mobile Web users.This work has an important contribution to both the Web accessibility field and the Mobile Web field. By leveraging research from the Web accessibility field into the Mobile Web field, we have linked two disjoint domains together. We have migrated solutions from one domain to another, and thus have improved the usability and accessibility of the Mobile Web.

Orientador: Ivani Rodrigues Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T06:51:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Melo_JulianaValeria_M.pdf: 1460851 bytes, checksum: f0e10a4fff49ec7409edfdc45188bfd7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Introdução: O cinema enquanto objeto social pode contribuir para a ampliação do repertório cultural e para a construção de significados sobre o cotidiano das pessoas. Porém as obras fílmicas são, em sua maioria, voltadas ao público ouvinte, o que pode se constituir em uma barreira para o público surdo. Os surdos são um grupo de minoria sociolinguística e cultural usuários, principalmente, da Libras e que a cada dia conquistam mais espaços na sociedade. Esta pesquisa visa descrever as percepções de um grupo de surdos sobre a acessibilidade no cinema e discutir as tecnologias de acessibilidade ¿ legendas descritivas em português, legendas closed caption, e legendas visuais ¿ que buscam incluir o surdo nesse espaço. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza aplicada, com abordagem qualitativa. Este trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa ¿ CEP e está inscrito no CAAE sob nº 19094213.8.0000.5404. Participaram da pesquisa seis alunos surdos do Ensino Médio de uma escola regular inclusiva em uma cidade do interior de São Paulo, que foram entrevistados e assistiram a dois longas-metragens: A Dona da História (2004) com legenda closed caption; Medianeras (2011) com legenda descritiva em português, e um curta-metragem intitulado Cotidiano (2012) editado com legenda visual ¿ janela de Libras. Resultados e discussão: Observou-se que todos os participantes são usuários do cinema, mas não haviam assistido, até a data da pesquisa, nenhum filme brasileiro. Na entrevista, três alunos consideraram que para melhorar o acesso aos conteúdos fílmicos a legenda visual seria a melhor opção. Foram evidenciados os erros gráficos da legenda closed caption que interferiu na preferência pela mesma. No segundo momento da pesquisa, após a visualização de três artefatos fílmicos com legendas diferentes, a opinião dos surdos variou e todos elencaram a legenda descritiva em português como a solução para os problemas de acessibilidade. Considerações finais: Políticas Públicas tem sido pautadas com foco na inclusão da pessoa surda aos espaços sociais, entendendo a legenda oculta (legenda closed caption) e a projeção do intérprete de Libras (legenda visual) como uma solução para as barreiras de acessibilidade. Esta pesquisa mostra, portanto, que a janela visual deve ser problematizada no contexto do cinema pois esse recurso causa uma à competição visual entre a obra e a tradução. Segundo a opinião de um grupo de seis alunos do Ensino Médio, ter o recurso como está previsto em Lei, não garante o acesso aos conteúdos fílmicos. Sugere-se que estudos sejam desenvolvidos de modo a elucidar, com base na avaliação das pessoas surdas, a eficácia e a eficiência das legendas desenvolvidas para o seu uso no cinema, fortalecendo a participação dos surdos no desenvolvimento de soluções que tenham sentido para esse grupo cultural. Sugere-se também fortalecer as ações de criação de novos artefatos fílmicos por cineastas surdos, o que levaria a uma reconfiguração das técnicas de filmagem, iluminação, enquadramento e movimento de câmera, configurando-se assim, um campo vasto para pesquisas futuras / Abstract: Introduction: Cinema as a social object can contribute to the expansion of cultural repertoire and the construction of meaning in people's daily lives. But the movies are mostly addressed to listening public, which may constitute a barrier to the deaf public access. The deaf are a group of sociolinguistic and cultural minority that use mainly the Libras for their communication in Brazil. Also, this group are achieving every day more spaces in society. This research aims to describe the perceptions of a deaf group on accessibility in movies and discuss some accessibility technologies that can serve to include the deaf person in the cinema¿s context: Descriptive Portuguese Subtitles, Closed Caption Subtitles, and Visual Subtitles-. Methodology: This is an applied research with qualitative approach. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (CEP) and is registered under the CAAE 19094213.8.0000.5404. The participants were six deaf high school students at an inclusive regular school in a municipality of São Paulo, who were interviewed and who watched two movies: The Owner of the Story (2004) with subtitles in closed caption; and Medianeras (2011) with descriptive caption in Portuguese. Also watched a short film titled Everyday (2012) edited with visual legend - Libras window. Results and discussion: We observed that all participants were cinema users, but had not watched, until the date of the survey, any Brazilian movie. At first, in the interview three students considered that, to improve access to the content filmic, visual caption would be the best option. The graphical errors of closed caption were put as reason for their preference for visual caption. In the second phase of the research, after viewing the three filmic devices with different subtitles, all participants changed their mind about the subtitles and all deafs chose the descriptive caption in Portuguese as the better solution for their accessibility. Final Thoughts: Public Policy has been guided focused on inclusion of deaf person to social spaces, understanding the caption (closed caption) and the projection with Libras' interpreter (visual caption) as the better solutions to the accessibility barriers. This study therefore showed that the visual window could be problematic in the context of the movie due a visual competition between the scene and the translation. According to the opinion of the group of six high school students, have recourse as provided by law, does not guarantee access to the filmic content. It is suggested that studies be developed to clarify, based on the assessment of deaf people, the effectiveness and efficiency of the subtitles developed for use in movies, strengthening the participation of deaf people in developing solutions that make sense for this cultural group. It is suggested also to create new filmic devices for deaf filmmakers, which would lead to a reconfiguration of filming techniques, lighting, framing and camera movement. Thus there are a wide field for future researches / Mestrado / Interdisciplinaridade e Reabilitação / Mestra em Saúde, Interdisciplinaridade e Reabilitação

abstract: Over the past decade, advancements in neural networks have been instrumental in achieving remarkable breakthroughs in the field of computer vision. One of the applications is in creating assistive technology to improve the lives of visually impaired people by making the world around them more accessible. A lot of research in convolutional neural networks has led to human-level performance in different vision tasks including image classification, object detection, instance segmentation, semantic segmentation, panoptic segmentation and scene text recognition. All the before mentioned tasks, individually or in combination, have been used to create assistive technologies to improve accessibility for the blind. This dissertation outlines various applications to improve accessibility and independence for visually impaired people during shopping by helping them identify products in retail stores. The dissertation includes the following contributions; (i) A dataset containing images of breakfast-cereal products and a classifier using a deep neural (ResNet) network; (ii) A dataset for training a text detection and scene-text recognition model; (iii) A model for text detection and scene-text recognition to identify product images using a user-controlled camera; (iv) A dataset of twenty thousand products with product information and related images that can be used to train and test a system designed to identify products. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Computer Science 2020

Education and skills training are proven remedies in overcoming poverty and unemployment and creating equitable, prosperous and sustainable economies. The government has recognised the critical role post-school education plays in ensuring South Africa realises Vision 2030 which has set a lofty target of 1.25 million student enrolments in Technical and Vocational Education and Training institutions by 2030. While considerable success has been achieved in enrolment rates, student throughputs at these institutions are weak; on average, only 20% of all students who enter these institutions graduate with a qualification. However, despite all these challenges, there is also reason to be optimistic. The dramatic impact of technology on the world today; how we learn and connect with others and the affordability and accessibility of mobile devices have meant that knowledge acquisition is now available to almost everyone. The purpose of this case study is to explore how mobile technology can be used to enhance the learning experience for students at post-school institutions such as Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) colleges. Research participants are drawn from False Bay College in the Western Cape. These 50 young people ranged in age from 18 to 29 years and are split across two study disciplines; namely, Travel and Tourism, and Hospitality. A qualitative case study is conducted, using an inductive approach in a constructivist paradigm. Different data sources (observations, interviews, and WhatsApp group chats) were used to provide an understanding of how mobile technology made the learning experience richer and more rewarding to participants. Data were analysed using Thematic Analyses. The findings indicate that participants feel positive about the use of mobile technology for learning as well as its contribution to the enrichment of their overall learning experience. The accessibility of the technology used in the study, as well as the accessibility afforded by the technology (access to experts, rewards, support services, and industry information) were considered by participants to be the main contributory reasons for the positive enhancement of their learning. However, factors that detract from the use of mobile technology for learning are also listed. Given the increased focus on improving TVET graduate throughput rates, against a backdrop of cost-cutting and demands for a workforce armed with 21st Century skills, educational leaders need to further explore and better understand how ubiquitous technology, like mobile phones, can be used to enhance learning for students to be better equipped to meaningfully participate in the knowledge economy.