<p>General Aviation (GA) is a category of aircraft operations, exclusive of all military and commercial operations. According to Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), fixed-wing aircraft (also known as airplanes) account for 76.2% of all the estimated registered GA fleet in the United States. Out of all the GA accidents that the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigated in 2017, 87.7% of the accidents involved fixed-wing aircraft. The NTSB reports on all GA accidents and records the accident details in their database. The NTSB database has an abundance of accident data, but the data is not always logically complete and has missing information. Many researchers have conducted several studies to provide GA fixed-wing accident causation using the NTSB accident data. The quantitative analyses conducted by the researchers focused on a chain of events approach and identified the most frequent events in accidents. However, these studies provided little insight into why the events in the accidents happened. In contrast, the qualitative analyses conducted an in-depth study of limited accidents from the NTSB database. This approach helps in providing new findings but is difficult to apply to large scale datasets. Therefore, our understanding of GA fixed-wing accident causation is limited. This research uses a state-based approach, developed by Rao (2016), to provide a potentially better understanding of causes for GA fixed-wing accidents. I analyzed 10,500 fixed-wing accidents in 1982–2017 that involved inflight loss of control (LOC-I) using the state-based approach. I investigated the causes of LOC-I using both a conventional approach and a state-based approach. I analyzed fatal, non-fatal and overall LOC-I accidents in three timeframes: 1989–1998, 1999–2008 and 2008–2017. This multi-year analysis helped in discerning changes in the causation trends in the last three decades. A mapping of the LOC-I state definition to the NTSB codes helped in identifying 2350 more accidents in the database that were not discernible using the conventional approach. The conventional analysis revealed “directional control not maintained” as the top cause for the LOC-I accidents, which provides little information about how loss of control happened in accidents. The state-based analysis highlighted some important findings that contribute to LOC-I accidents that were not discernible using the conventional approach. The state-based analysis identified preflight mechanical issue as one of the new causes for LOC-I with a presence in 5.1% of LOC-I accidents in 2009–2017. It also helped in inferring some of the missing information in the accident data by modeling the accidents in a logical order. Using the logic rules in the state-based approach, I inferred that the pilot’s tendency to hit objects or terrain caused loss of control in 19.9% of LOC-I accidents in 2009–2017. Further, the logic rules helped in inferring that 7.5% of LOC-I accidents in 2009–2017 involved hazardous condition of an aircraft before the start of flight. A comparison of the findings from state-based approach with the GAJSC (General Aviation Joint Steering Committee) safety enhancements revealed that the state-based approach encompassed all the potential issues addressed in the safety enhancements. Additionally, a state-based analyses of larger datasets of fatal and non-fatal accidents suggested some new potential issues (such as improper maintenance) that were not explicitly addressed in the GAJSC safety enhancements. </p>

在中国，绝大多数煤矿事故主要是由煤矿瓦斯和煤矿突水造成。统计数据显示，目前煤矿水灾引起的直接经济损失已经排在了所有煤矿灾害之前，煤矿水灾已经日益成为最危险的一种煤矿灾害。现阶段在煤矿完全方面主要目标就是尽量减少发生煤矿瓦斯爆炸和水灾的隐患。因此，对于预防和处理煤矿水灾来说，设计一种快速且准确的煤矿水灾的风险评价方法是非常急需的。传统的风险评价方法需要进行大量的广泛的地质调查来寻找地表裂隙等引起煤矿水灾的分险源。这些裂隙主要是因为地面形变造成，这种地面形变在煤矿区一般是由于地下采矿活动或者煤火造成塌陷引起的，或者两者共同作用引起的。一般情况下，煤矿区地处偏远，高海拔，不宜居住的地方，尤其是有煤火的地方，更加不易进行全面地调查。因此，我们认为使用卫星遥感数据对煤矿区大范围周期性的监测，并及时提取与煤矿水灾相关的信息进行风险分析的方法相对与传统方式来说更为便捷，更为及时。经过对乌达煤矿区的野外调查，我们确定了一些会引起乌达煤矿水灾的致灾因素，例如煤火，剥挖坑，渣堆等特有的因素。 / 本论文提出一个利用遥感，地理信息技术以及水文模型相结合的煤矿区水灾分险评估模型。在这个模型中，首先根据地质和水文数据确定了14个引起该地区水灾灾害的主要影响因素。通过野外调查，专家组一致认为降雨，特别是大暴雨，剥挖坑和地表裂隙是乌达煤矿区最重要的几个因素。分析野外调查成果，可以发现煤火和沉降与试验区地表裂隙有着正相关性。因此在这个模型中，引入煤火和沉降信息来代替实际地表裂隙情况。煤火和沉降信息可以通过多种遥感数据获得。在获得所有致灾因素的信息后，结合专家组的意见，通过层次分析法（AHP）来建立致灾因素的层次并通过成对比较矩阵计算各个致灾因素的权重。最后，通过模型计算得到最终的煤矿区风险评估图。本文得到的结果与神华（北京）遥感勘查有限责任公司实地调查后形成的风险评估图进行对比，结果显示风险分布基本相同。本文也探讨了可能造成两者差异的原因。最后，针对某一高风险区进行实地的钻孔和地震探测验证，结果显示该地区的致灾因素特征明显，具备高风险特性。 / 验证结果表明，本文提出的方法是具有可操作性的且准确高效，具有一定的煤矿水灾预测作用。我们希望该方法通过进一步的改进，能够应用到实际的煤矿水灾风险评价预测中去。 / In China, coal mine accidents were mainly caused by gas and water inrush. Recently, the direct economic loss caused by coal mine flood has been ranked the first among all kinds of coal mine disasters. Reducing water inrush accidents become the main direction and aiming of coal mine security control. From the statistics of coal mine disasters, we learned that the coal mine flood disasters have become the most dangerous mine disaster. There is, therefore, an urgent need to design and provide a coal mine flood risk assessment timely and accurately for mine companies to prevent and deal with the coal mine flood. Traditional approaches investigate the geological condition and find out the exactly numbers and width of fissures caused by coal mining or coal fires burnt. However, the shortcomings of these methods are time consuming, difficult to repeat, and costly to apply over large areas, especially, for many coal mine area located in isolated region, high up in the mountains, in dense forests, and other inhospitable terrains. Hence the use of GIS technology and remote sensing data, particularly satellite remote sensing with a capability of repeated observation of the earth surface, was considered as a very effective approach to detect, analyze and monitor information of mine flood in coal mine area over a large areas. / In this research a risk assessment model was proposed to assess the mine flood risk in Wuda coal mine area using RS, GIS techniques and basic hydrological model. First of all, we analyzed the major factors causing coal mine flood in Wuda coal field, based on the geological and hydrological data. According to the investigated material and the experiences from geologists and coal mining experts, four main criteria including water sources, surface condition, water conductors and water containers as well as fourteen factors were selected to participate the assessment, among which, rainfall, stripping digging pits and fissures were considered as the three main factors to cause mine flood in Wuda coal mine area. The rainfall and sinks information were easily to derive. However, the fissures information was difficult to obtain. Based on the analysis of investigation, the positive correlation between fissures and coal fires or subsidence was obtained. Therefore, the coal fire factor and ground subsidence factor were imported to indicate the fissures information. Then, a method for deriving these impact factors was proposed for coal mine flood risk assessment model. After obtaining the all factors related information, the weights of these factors were calculated by pair-wise comparison method, which depend on the specialists’ opinions. A risk assessment analysis approach based on AHP was created for combining these factors and calculating the results. / Finally, based on the result from risk assessment model, a risk assessment indication map was generated using GIS software. By comparing our assessment result with the Wuda coal flood risk map from Shenhua Group, we noticed that the distribution and levels of coal mine flood risk are similar. Some other auxiliary techniques, for instance, the geological drilling and geological radar detection, were used to validate the result of our study. These techniques also proved the final result is reasonable and acceptable. After the investigation and evaluation, some conclusions and suggestions, were proposed for coal mine companies to avoid or reduce the risk from coal mine flood. / The results indicate that the methodology is effective and practical; thus, it has the potential to forecast the ood risk for coal mine ood risk management. Therefore, it can be used as a final risk assessment model for mine flooding in coal fire area. In the future, we will conduct such risk analysis to mitigate the impact from coal mine flood disasters. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Wang, Shengxiao. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-174). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / TABLE OF CONTENT --- p.vi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.ix / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.x / Acknowledgements --- p.xiii / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Coal mine disasters in China --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Coal mine flood in China --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Background of Wuda coal mine area --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Research objectives --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Structure of the thesis --- p.11 / Chapter 2. --- Background --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1 --- Coal mine flood --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Classification of coal mine flood --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Current rescuing situation of coal mine flood --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Longwall coal mining --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3 --- Coal mining Subsidence --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Subsidence Mechanisms --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Subsidence and Fissures --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Previous investigations --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4 --- Coal fire and fissures --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Definition and Classification --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Combustionmechanism --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Production of coal fire - Minerals and Burnt rock --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Ground temperature related to the coal fire --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Fissures caused by Coal fire --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Detecting Coal Fires Using Remote Sensing --- p.34 / Chapter 2.5 --- Assessment methods review --- p.37 / Chapter 3. --- Description of the study areas & data sets --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1 --- Study area --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2 --- Geography --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Geographical position --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Climate --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3 --- Geology --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Geology structure --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- The stratigraphy of coal --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4 --- Hydrology --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Hydrogeological characteristics --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Surface hydrological characteristics --- p.46 / Chapter 3.5 --- Three major coal mine overviews of the assessment area --- p.48 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Suhaitu coal mine --- p.48 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Huangbaici coal --- p.51 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Wuhushan coal --- p.53 / Chapter 3.6 --- Data available --- p.55 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Data available for this research --- p.55 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Collection materials and data for reference --- p.55 / Chapter 4. --- Investigation and Analysis of Risk Factors --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1 --- Currentstatus of Wuda Coalfield --- p.57 / Chapter 4.2 --- Water source --- p.58 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Rain fall --- p.58 / Chapter 4.3 --- Surface Condition --- p.59 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Flood ditches and surfacerunoff --- p.59 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Stripping digging pits --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Slag heap --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Water yield of three main coal mine --- p.71 / Chapter 4.4 --- Water conductors investigation --- p.72 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Faults --- p.73 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Fissures investigation --- p.75 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Investigation and analysis of fissures --- p.81 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Abandoned tunnel and (illegal) private coal mine --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Subsurface Detection- Geological radar --- p.84 / Chapter 5. --- Methodology and Information acquisition --- p.87 / Chapter 5.1 --- Evaluation Index System --- p.87 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Methodologies in Establishing the Evaluation Index System --- p.87 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Principles for Establishing Evaluation Index System --- p.88 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Method in Establishing Evaluation Index System --- p.89 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Flow chart --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2 --- Storm Rainfall Design --- p.91 / Chapter 5.3 --- Drainage network and fill sinks extraction --- p.94 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Surfacerunoff model --- p.94 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Fill Sinks (peaks) --- p.96 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Flow Direction --- p.97 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Flow accumulation --- p.98 / Chapter 5.4 --- Traditional methods of derived Fissures area and depth --- p.101 / Chapter 5.5 --- The method of obtaining coal fire information --- p.103 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Remote sensing data --- p.105 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Land use classification --- p.105 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Temperatureretrieval based on TM/ETM+ --- p.107 / Chapter 5.5.4 --- Results of coal fire retrieval --- p.110 / Chapter 5.6 --- The method of obtaining coal mine subsidence area --- p.113 / Chapter 5.7 --- Illegal private coal mine detecting --- p.115 / Chapter 5.8 --- The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) --- p.118 / Chapter 5.8.1 --- Introduction of AHP --- p.118 / Chapter 5.8.2 --- The procedure of AHP --- p.120 / Chapter 6. --- Evaluation and validation --- p.122 / Chapter 6.1 --- Workflow --- p.122 / Chapter 6.2 --- Develop a decision hierarchy structure --- p.122 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Choosing evaluation indicator --- p.123 / Chapter 6.3 --- Weights distribution --- p.124 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Establishment of comparison matrix --- p.125 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Weight Calculation and Consistency Check --- p.127 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Global weight calculation and global consistency check --- p.131 / Chapter 6.4 --- Data Preparation and Classification --- p.133 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Rainfall classification --- p.134 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Classification of surface condition --- p.135 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Classification of conductor --- p.138 / Chapter 6.5 --- Result of Factor weight overlay --- p.140 / Chapter 6.4.1. --- Results --- p.140 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Compare with Risk Map from Shenhua Group --- p.143 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Fieldwork Validation --- p.145 / Chapter 7. --- Conclusions and suggestions --- p.150 / Chapter 7.1 --- Results and conclusions --- p.150 / Chapter 7.2 --- Eliminate potentialdangerous source --- p.152 / Chapter 7.3 --- Flood prevention measures recommended --- p.153 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- Mainly measures for flood prevention --- p.154 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- General prevention and control of surface water --- p.155 / Chapter 7.3.3 --- Establish mechanisms and systems to prevent coal mine flood --- p.156 / Chapter 7.3.4 --- Strengthen the basic work to prevent coal mine accidents --- p.158 / Chapter 7.3.5 --- Investigation and remediation work to prevent coal mine accidents --- p.159 / Chapter 7.4 --- Future work --- p.160 / References --- p.162

Pedestrians and bicyclists are the most vulnerable road users and suffer the most severe consequences when crashes take place. An extensive literature is available for crash severity in terms of driver safety, but fewer studies have explored non-motorized users' crash severity. Furthermore, most research efforts have examined pedestrian and bicyclist crash severity in urban areas. This study focuses on state roads (mostly outside major urban areas) and aims to identify contributing risk factors of fatal and severe crashes involving pedestrians and bicyclists in state roads. Two ordinal regression models were developed (one for pedestrian and the other for bicyclist crashes) to examine crash severity risk factors. Additional models were developed to investigate road and traffic characteristics that could increase the likelihood of fatal crashes. In the model for pedestrian crash severity risk factors such as age, vehicle type and movement, light conditions, road classification, traffic control device, posted speed limit, location of the pedestrian and wet road surface during clear weather conditions are statistically significant. The bicyclist crash severity model indicates that age, crash location, vehicle movement and alcohol intoxication during dark conditions are statistically significant. In terms of road characteristics and traffic conditions, the models suggested risk factors such as arterials, light conditions, posted speed limit, roadways, and high heavy vehicle volume, increased the odds of a crash being fatal. The results seem to suggest that besides improvements in roadway characteristics, additional countermeasures to reduce crash severity for vulnerable users should include separation of vulnerable users from traffic, educational campaigns, more strict control of alcohol intoxicated drivers, and protection strategies of senior pedestrians.

No description available.

Abstract not available

This thesis describes original research that examines the extent to which organisational culture, and psychosocial aspects specifically, relate to individuals??? ???normal??? performance within Australian Defence Force (ADF) aviation. The primary rationale for the research relates to the ???safety record??? of ADF aviation, whereby more than fifty ???peace time??? fatalities have occurred in ADF aviation accidents since 1990 and many of these have links to organisational culture attributes. The secondary rationale relates to a more general perspective: previous research identifies human functioning in military aviation ??? more than any other aviation domain ??? as being dependent upon psychosocial attributes including interpersonal collaboration, communication and coordination. However, the depth to which such qualities impact the safety of a sociotechnical system remains substantially uncharted. This thesis firstly examines both scientific and Australian military literature on organisational behaviour, culture and human factors. Subsequently, it describes the design and implementation of a new 45-item questionnaire ??? the Australian Defence Force Aviation Questionnaire (ADFAQ). More than four hundred ADF aircrew and engineers completed the ADFAQ. The data analysis involved quantitative and qualitative consideration of survey responses and comparisons between numerous demographic criteria. Following this, the thesis describes the design and implementation of an interview study that was designed to both cross-examine key ADFAQ results and explore more deeply other issues that were only superficially identified by the (largely psychometric) composition of the ADFAQ. The research results offer three main contributions to scientific knowledge. These relate to: (1) the efficacy of triangulated and contextualised methodology in building an understanding of organisational culture; (2) the nature of the safety culture concept and its relationship with organisational culture; and (3) rank-based homogeneity of attitudes. This research shows that survey methodologies are not a panacea, but they can illuminate the nature of attitudes to safety and provide empirical guidance for other methods to explore more deeply the cultural roots of such attitudes and associated behaviours.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2003.

Experience feedback from accidents is important for preventive work in companies, authorities and other organisations. This thesis focused on experience feedback from accidents that take place in everyday life, in our neighbourhoods, in our workplaces, in our schools, in traffic and transportation. Essay I is an overview of the literature on learning from accidents and incidents. The focus in this essay is on literature that evaluates the effectiveness and usefulness of different methods in accident investigations. Conclusions drawn from this literature review are that the dissemination of results and knowledge from accident investigations must be improved, and experience feedback systems should be integrated into overall systems of risk management. Essay II is based on an evaluation of the investigation board for workplace accidents (HAKO) that was carried out on commission of the Swedish Work Environment Authority. It was concluded that the accident reports published by HAKO had a high qualitative level but the dissemination of results from the investigations was weak. Essay III investigates twenty-eight supervision cases from eleven Swedish local Environment and Health Administrations. The overall goal of the study was to find out how, and to what extent, experience feedback occurs in Swedish municipalities. Two major problems relevant for the experience feedback have been found; namely that the inspectors do not have enough guidance on how to interpret the law and that they would like more information on what happens to legal cases that they have handed over to the public prosecutors and the police. Essay IV is a document study of incident reports from two municipal fire and rescue services. The overall purpose of this study was to investigate if information from the rescue services could be used to improve experience feedback in sectors where it is weak or non-existent. In the 1120 incident reports that were studied, we found 217 proposals for improvement but these proposals were not used for experience feedback. It is concluded that the reports contain valuable information but this information is not used to prevent future accidents. Essay V investigates experience feedback in Swedish authorities working with accident prevention. The essay is based on two interview studies. In the first study, 21 Swedish authorities participated, and several of these authorities seem to have a functioning experience feedback despite the lack of systematic routines and methods. Yet, only four of the 21 authorities actually handle the whole experience feedback process. These four have at least one common denominator; they have an experience feedback that is turning more inwards than outwards. The second study was a follow-up study of some of the results from the first study, concerning the dissemination of results from experience feedback. / QC 20101209

A risk assessment model (MAcRisk) have been developed to forecast the probability and the risk of maritime accidents on Bosphorus. Accident archives of Undersecretariat Maritime Affairs Search and Rescue Department, weather conditions data of Turkish State Meteorological Service and bathymetry and current maps of Office of Navigation, Hydrography and Oceanography have been used to prepare the model input and to forecast the accident probability. Accident data has been compiled according to stated sub-regions on Bosphorus and event type of accidents such as collision, grounding, capsizing, fire and other. All data that could be obtained are used to clarify the relationship on accident reasons. An artificial neural network model has been developed to forecast the maritime accidents in Bosphorus.

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 119 pages. / Thesis (M.S.P.H.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: Occupational slip, trip, and fall, (STF), incidents are a significant cause of traumatic occupational injuries and has been identified as NORA priority area. Objective: The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in collaboration with Liberty Mutual Research Center for Safety and Health, the Finnish Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and BJC Health System is conducting a 3 year study titled "Slip and Falls Prevention in Health Care Workers". A key component of the overall study is the descriptive analysis of 72 months (1996-2001) of STF incidents. Setting: This analysis encompasses data from the James A. Haley Veteran's Administration Medical Center, (JAH). Results: Forty- five months of historical STF data from the ASISTS database was analyzed. / ABSTRACT: Of 279 STF incidents, 71.22%, (240) were female, the median age was 49 years, RN's were the most common occupational category (70 =21.74%), trips were the most common type of incident, (105 = 33.44%), the parking lot was the most common location, (75 = 23.70%), Non- specified slick surfaces (56 = 17.83%) and non- patient related objects were the most common cause (56 =17.83%), 70.85%, (192) returned to full duty, and 83.67%, (246) had no lost work time. Wilcoxon Ranked Sum test comparing those with affected work time found no significant difference in age (p= 0.4133). Analysis could not be performed using exact number of lost work days and days on light duty because of discrepancies between the ASISTS and Safety Office alternative databases. Conclusion: Efforts and resources to decrease the number of STF incidents at the JAH would be best concentrated in the following areas: Occupations, locations, and causes associated with the highest frequencies of STF incidents. / ABSTRACT: Proposed improvements in the method of data collection include: Identify what STF questions want to be answered. Decide what data is required to answer the question. Design a data collection system around this. Strive for a more integrated approach; encourage employee reporting; altering VA form 2162. Given the downward trend in the three year analysis of STF incidents, caution should be used in analyzing the results of a pre and post intervention study. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.