A series of experiments were conducted to examine protein digestion in the young bird and the physiological changes that affect protein digestion as the bird matures. Trial one determined the effect of age on pH of the gastrointestinal tract. The results showed that the pH of the proventriculus and gizzard decreases with age suggesting that gastric acid secretion increases proportionally with age and this may impact protein digestion. Experiment two examined the effect of age on ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility of feed ingredients. AA digestibility increased from 5 to 21 d and the degree of improvement differed among ingredients and specific AA. This finding coupled with the low AA content of some ingredients demonstrates the importance of using appropriate nutrient digestibility values for young birds when formulating pre-starter and starter diets. Experiment three determined the acid binding capacity (ABC) of feed ingredients and the effect of formulating diets based on ABC on diet ABC, gastrointestinal pH and performance. The research confirmed dramatic differences in ABC among ingredients and that diets could be formulated on the basis of ingredient ABC. However, the range in diet ABC was less than predicted suggesting interactive effects among ingredients. Intestinal pH was reduced however broiler performance was not improved when diets low in ABC were fed. Experiment four examined the effect of diet acidification with HCl on diet ABC, gastrointestinal pH, ileal amino acid digestibility and broiler performance. Improvements in performance and reductions in mortality were observed when broilers were fed acidified diets. Adding acid to diets did not improve AA digestibility and therefore was not the reason for improved performance indicating an alternative mechanism of action. It is concluded that acid production by the proventriculus of young birds is low and increases with age however this does not impact protein digestion. Methods of improving performance of broiler chickens may include diet acidification however this is not the effect of remedying the low acid production by young birds. Therefore, alternative mechanisms are positively affecting broiler performance.

Face à la crise actuelle d'extinction des espèces, la compréhension des mécanismes reliant la biodiversité au fonctionnement des écosystèmes est devenue primordiale. Malgré une réduction des émissions atmosphériques de SO2 et NOx, l'acidification des eaux de surface demeure une cause majeure d'érosion de la biodiversité. Cette situation est préoccupante dans les Vosges, où une restauration par épandages aériens d'amendements a été adoptée comme alternative potentielle. 2 bassin-versants ont ainsi fait l'objet d'apports calco-magnésiens. La proximité d'écosystèmes acidifiés, restaurés et sains offre l'opportunité d'étudier, in situ, les relations biodiversité/fonctionnement. La décomposition de la MO allochtone dont les principaux acteurs sont les hyphomycètes aquatiques et les invertébrés détritivores, représente un processus clé du fonctionnement des cours d'eau de tête de bassin. Une expérience de dégradation de feuilles a été réalisée dans 6 ruisseaux présentant différents degrés d'acidité, avant et après amendement de 2 d'entre eux. Nos résultats montrent que l'acidification affecte la vitesse de dégradation des litières, ainsi que les communautés de détritivores et de décomposeurs, en particulier la diversité des hyphomycètes. L'amélioration chimique d'un ruisseau amendé, s'est rapidement accompagnée d'une recolonisation fongique et d'une restauration fonctionnelle partielle. Une relation entre la richesse en hyphomycètes et les taux de décomposition a été mise en évidence. Leur diversité influencerait ce processus, en augmentant l'appétence des litières pour certains déchiqueteurs. L'hypothèse d'un réseau trophique dépendant de la richesse fongique a été proposée.

Pteropods are holoplanktonic gastropod molluscs found globally. Although species diversity is greater at lower latitudes, species abundance is greater at temperate and polar latitudes. Declines in pteropod populations have not only been correlated to declines of their major predators, but pteropods have also been used as bioindicators of global environmental changes such as ocean acidification. With high latitude abundances, pteropods provide significant sustenance for species such as the Atlantic salmon in the Atlantic Ocean and Pleuragramma antarcticum in the Southern Ocean. Because pteropods eat phytoplankton and other pteropods, factors that affect pteropod abundance influence many trophic levels. This dissertation explores ecological, physiological and trophodynamic relationships of pteropods when considering the influences of environmental factors observed to be altering the western Antarctic Peninsula's marine ecosystem. Over the last few decades very few studies have reported the distributions of pteropods along the western Antarctic Peninsula, in particular south of the Gerlache Strait. The ecological study provided the first detailed report of the pteropods Spongiobranchaea australis and Clione antarctica along the western Antarctic Peninsula south of the Gerlache Strait, and their local distribution was correlated to the region's major water masses and mesoscale water mass circulation. The physiological study of S. australis and C. antarctica yielded the first account of their metabolism, ratios of oxygen consumed to nitrogen excreted, proximate body composition, primary substrates oxidized, and enzymatic activities along the study's latitudinal gradient; the first report of S. australis' physiology anywhere around Antarctica. The final chapter utilized a comprehensive Ecopath with Ecosim model of the western Antarctic Peninsula's marine ecosystem. The model was used to explore the trophodynamic significance of pteropods within their polar marine ecosystem as well as changes in whole ecosystem trophodynamics by employing various climate change scenarios expected to alter the Peninsula's marine ecosystem over the next 40 years. The sum of these studies provides a foundation for exploring pteropods as bioindicators of environmental change along the western Antarctic Peninsula, a region currently experiencing considerable climate anomalies.

published_or_final_version / Biological Sciences / Master / Master of Philosophy

Under sommaren 2014 bröt den största skogsbranden ut i modern svensk historia. Branden startade i närheten av Sala och totalt brann cirka 14 000 ha. Till följd av klimatförändringar förväntas medeltemperaturen öka och nederbörden minska under sommarhalvåret i Sverige, vilket ökar risken för skogsbränder. Skogsbränder kan ha betydande effekter för akvatiska ekosystem och ett flertal studier av skogsbränders effekter har visat på förhöjda halter av näringsämnen, bas- och anjoner. Det branddrabbade området domineras av skogsmark, öppna torvmarker samt sjöar. Området har påverkats av ett intensivt skogsbruk och försurning. Med syfte att analysera brandens hårdhet och dess vattenkemiska effekter, utvärderades och klassificerades brandhårdheten. Analysen indikerade att ökad brandintensitet orsakat ökad brandhårdhet samt att skogsbeklädda dikade torvområden varit känsligare än öppna torvmarker. I området provtogs nio bäckar och tio sjöar. Under de första tre månaderna efter branden observerades höga halter av ammoniumkväve och sulfat i samtliga bäckar och i de flesta sjöarna inom det branddrabbade området. I Gärsjöbäcken var medianhalterna av ammoniumkväve 79 gånger högre efter branden. De höga ammoniumkvävehalterna medförde höga nitratkvävehalter till följd av nitrifikation. Surhet bedöms ofta genom pH och ANC (Acid neutralicing capacity) som är ett vattens förmåga att neutralisera en stark syra. Den initiala sulfatpulsen orsakade en sänkningav ANC i samtliga bäckar. Efter pulsen ökade ANC till följd av ökat läckage av kalium, kalcium och magnesium efter branden. Buffertkapaciteten varierade i bäckarna och i Myckelmossbäcken observerades högst sulfathalter och lägst ANC-värden. I april var ANC fortfarande lägre i Myckelmossbäcken än i övriga bäckar. Totalfosforhalterna ökade efter branden men inte i samma utsträckning som ammoniumkvävehalterna. Korrelationsanalyser gjordes mellan brandhårdhet och vattenkemiska parametrar. Maxhalterna av ammoniumkväve korrelerade positivt med svedd öppen torvmark och hårt brända kronor i skogsbeklädd torvmark. Det indikerade att när organiskt material förbränndes i öppna och skogsbeklädda torvmarker vid måttliga förbränningstemperaturer ökade läckaget av ammoniumkväve. / During the summer of 2014 the largest wildfire in Swedish modern history occurred. The fire was ignited in a forest close to the Swedish town Sala and incinerated a total of 14 000 ha. The frequency of wildfires is expected to increase, due to effects of climate change such as increased temperature and decreased precipitation during the summer months. Wildfires can have a considerable impact on aquatic ecosystems and previous studies of wildfires have shown elevated concentrations of nutrients, cat- and anions. The area of the fire mainly consists of forestland, peatland and lakes and has been affected by acidification and intensive forestry. To assess the fire severity and the effects on the water chemistry, the fire severity was analyzed and classified. The analysis indicated that increased fire intensity caused increased fire severity and that drained forested areas were more vulnerable to fire than undrained peatland. Measurements of water chemistry were conducted at nine streams and ten lakes inside the affected area. During the initial three months of the post-fire period large peaks of ammonium-nitrogen and sulphate were observed in the streams and in a majority of the lakes. In the stream Gärsjöbäcken the median concentrations of ammonium-nitrogen were 79 times higher after the fire. Due to nitrification the elevated concentrations of ammonium-nitrogen caused elevated concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen. ANC (Acid Neutralizing Capacity) and pH are often used to assess the acidity in surface waters, where ANC is the water’s ability to neutralize a strong acid. The initial peak of sulphate caused a drop in ANC but after the peak had past ANC increased due to elevated concentrations of base cations. The measured streams and lakes had different buffering capacity and in one stream Myckelmossbäcken the highest concentrations of sulphate and weakest buffering capacity were observed. In April ANC were still lower in Myckelmossbäcken than in other measured streams. Correlation analysis of fire severity and water chemistry indicated that the maximum concentrations of ammonium-nitrogen increased with severely burned canopies in drained forested peatlands and in scorched open peatland.

Freshwater ecosystems face unprecedented levels of human-induced stresses and it is expected that the invasion of non-indigenous species will cause the greatest loss of biodiversity in lakes and rivers worldwide. Bythotrephes longimanus is a predatory invertebrate that invaded North America in the early 1980s, first being detected in the Great Lakes, and then moving to a number of inland lakes in Ontario and the northern United States. Using experimental and survey-based approaches, I tested several hypotheses concerning the effects of Bythotrephes on native zooplankton community structure and function. My results indicate that Bythotrephes reduces total abundance, biomass, and richness of zooplankton, especially cladoceran taxa, throughout the ice-free season. As a result of high predation pressure by the invader, total seasonal and epilimnetic zooplankton production was also substantially reduced in invaded lakes, which may have important consequences for the transfer of energy to fish and other taxa that feed on zooplankton. Interestingly, there was some evidence that zooplankton shifted their reproduction in time and space to avoid Bythotrephes, which may buffer the effects of the invader on food web functioning. Other measures of ecosystem function were relatively unaffected by the invasion of Bythotrephes. In addition, Bythotrephes may interact in unexpected ways with other anthropogenic stressors, and act to slow down the process of recovery by preying on species that maintain community abundance during acidification, but also affecting species attempting to recolonize historically acidified lakes. Although dispersal of zooplankton may maintain some of the ecosystem functions provided by zooplankton communities, loss of biodiversity may be a permanent result of invasion. The effects of the continued spread of invasive species across the landscape may be profound, as the invader Bythotrephes has demonstrably altered zooplankton communities and may reduce the ability of freshwater ecosystems to respond to future environmental change and maintain ecosystem functioning. / Thesis (Ph.D, Biology) -- Queen's University, 2007-07-19 14:56:57.102

The current study developed a paleolimnological approach to assess changes in diatom assemblages (class Bacillariophyceae) from present-day lake sediments in comparison to those deposited before significant human impact (ca. pre-1850) from 51 Halifax (Nova Scotia, Canada) region lakes in conjunction with a regional diatom-based transfer functions for pH and total phosphorus. All 51 lakes showed changes in diatom assemblages between the present-day and pre-industrial assemblages that was greater than would be expected (i.e. similarity between ‘top’ and ‘bottom’ samples was much less than the similarities within triplicate ‘top’ and ‘bottom’ samples). To help identify the most important environmental stressors impacting diatom assemblages in these lakes, diatom-based reconstructions of inferred changes in pH (DI-pH) and total phosphorus (DI-TP) that were greater than the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of the respective inference models were reconstructed for each of the 51 lakes. For example, a decrease in DI-pH greater than the RMSE of the pH model would be a strong indication of recent acidification, whereas an increase in DI-TP greater than the RMSE of the model indicates nutrient enrichment. Based on this approach, 4% of the lakes are showing acidification-related trends occurring in lakes with low pre-industrial pH values and relatively undisturbed watersheds. Almost 14% of the study lakes have been impacted by nutrients and characterized by watershed development and high concentrations of TP. Approximately 4% of lakes showed oligotrophication and acidification. Diatom assemblages from almost 20% of the study lakes that were relatively unimpacted by the afore-listed environmental stressors show trends consistent with climate warming. These lakes show an increase in DI-pH greater than the RMSE of the inference model, and floristic changes typically showed a decrease in the relative abundance of Aulacoseira distans paralleled with increase in Cyclotella stelligera and other planktonic diatoms in the modern sediments. In addition, Diatoma tenue and Diploneis parma, diatoms tolerant of high conductivity, increased in 45% of the study lakes suggesting road salt as an additional stressor. This thesis provides a rapid paleolimnological-based technique to assess regional water-quality changes, and further demonstrates the complexity of ecological changes within freshwater resources. / Thesis (Master, Biology) -- Queen's University, 2009-09-10 15:18:07.01

Despite recent interest in understanding long-term trends in ocean acidity, natural variations of carbon chemistry on short timescales are still poorly understood. Unfortunately, historical observations of the oceanic CO2 system are relatively few in number. Such data are particularly scarce along the highly productive Canadian Pacific coast. However, hydrographic data such as temperature, salinity, oxygen and nutrients have been collected regularly in this region. I developed a fully cross-validated statistical model to predict the aragonite saturation state (Ωarag), a biologically relevant measure of the carbonate system. Different sensitivity tests were performed to assess the robustness of the statistical modelling skill to different model structures. In particular, this study found that in situ temperature and O2 used together were strong predictors of Ωarag. The carbon data used to build this statistical model came from five hydrographic surveys along the Pacific coast of Canada (in July 1998, August 2004, late May 2007, February 2010 and early August 2010) that contain direct measurements of CO2 system parameters. Only data from a depth range of 0-750 m were used, as data from below 750 m showed biases due to calcium carbonate dissolution. Although processes such as solar warming and gas exchange occur in the surface and could possibly introduce biases in the model, I show that these surface data can be included. The ability of the statistical models to compute robust estimates of Ωarag was assessed by exploring the generalizability of the model through cross-validation procedures using different partitions of the data. By predicting lnΩarag rather than Ωarag directly, I obtained a strong and robust predictive relationship. This MLR model form yielded a high value in the squared correlation coefficient between predicted and observed values (0.96) and a low percentage in erroneous prediction of undersaturated conditions (3.1%). This relationship was found to be insensitive to changes in spatial domain or interannual variability in the data. These results suggest that the model can be used to estimate the distribution of Ωarag along the outer west coast of Canada when basic hydrographic data on temperature and O2 are available. Predictions of Ωarag from historical observations (1980-2009) in this region reveal that the saturation horizon (Ωarag=1) tended to be more stable in winter and spring and highly variable and occasionally shallow in summer and fall during and following the upwelling season. Undersaturation with respect to aragonite was more likely to occur at shallower depths over the shelf relative to adjacent offshore waters likely as a result of upwelling. The Ωarag saturation horizon tended to be more variable in depth on the shelf compared to offshore waters. The saturation horizon tended to occur at deeper depths over the Queen Charlotte Sound (QCS) shelf and be more stable with respect to the west coast of Vancouver island (WCVI). Thus, the WCVI may experience adverse effects of ocean acidification more acutely than QCS. The use of this approach may provide insight into natural variability and the key controls of Ωarag in future studies at a low cost. However, this predictive model cannot hind-cast data to evaluate the presence of the anthropogenic signal. / Graduate

A Holocene lake sediment record spanning 7300 years from Wishart Lake, in the Turkey Lakes Watershed central Ontario, was produced to determine the main drivers of long-term change in the lake ecosystem. The mid-Holocene sediments are dominated by benthic diatoms, around 4000 yrs BP, diatoms in the genera Cyclotella and Tabellaria increase. Comparisons with nearby pollen records show that changes in local vegetation and diatom assemblages occurred synchronously, suggesting a response to nutrient changes caused by vegetation succession. The most recent sediments, dated using activity of 210Pb and the Ambrosia pollen rise, show increases in planktonic Cyclotella spp., particularly around the Ambrosia rise (1880 AD). Thus, the diatom changes in the recent sediments suggest a response to multiple stressors. However, due to some buffering capacity in watershed soil, recent acidification of the lake has not taken place despite nearby industrial air pollution, tracked since 1980 by an on-site monitoring program.

A Holocene lake sediment record spanning 7300 years from Wishart Lake, in the Turkey Lakes Watershed central Ontario, was produced to determine the main drivers of long-term change in the lake ecosystem. The mid-Holocene sediments are dominated by benthic diatoms, around 4000 yrs BP, diatoms in the genera Cyclotella and Tabellaria increase. Comparisons with nearby pollen records show that changes in local vegetation and diatom assemblages occurred synchronously, suggesting a response to nutrient changes caused by vegetation succession. The most recent sediments, dated using activity of 210Pb and the Ambrosia pollen rise, show increases in planktonic Cyclotella spp., particularly around the Ambrosia rise (1880 AD). Thus, the diatom changes in the recent sediments suggest a response to multiple stressors. However, due to some buffering capacity in watershed soil, recent acidification of the lake has not taken place despite nearby industrial air pollution, tracked since 1980 by an on-site monitoring program.