A new resistive Geodesic Acoustic Mode (GAM) theory is developed by two-fluids analysis and resistive gyro-kinetic formulation in this thesis. An analytical expression is obtained for the resistive GAM frequency. This theory suggests a large collision frequency will prohibit the parallel current in tokamak, which establishes the cross-field charge neutrality condition ∇·J⊥= 0 for the existence of GAM at the edge plasma of tokamak. Therefore, the resistive GAM theory provides a more plausible explanation to edge GAM phenomena. Various probe arrays are designed and installed in the STOR-M tokamak to search for the poloidal GAM phenomena. A series of experiments were conducted in the L-mode and RMP discharges. The FFT and wavelet analyses indicate the existence of GAM phenomena in STOR-M, and the observed GAM frequencies match the theoretical predication using the resistive GAM model.

Esta dissertação se propõe a uma investigação teórica sobre a propagação de ondas de Alfvén e geodésicas no plasma de um Tokamak, destacando suas funcionalidades na viabilidade da construção de um futuro reator de fusão nuclear para a produção de energia. O Tokamak se trata de uma câmara toroidal onde o plasma fica confinado sob efeitos de um forte campo magnético a fim de alcançar altas temperaturas, necessárias para atingir as condições necessárias para a fusão nuclear. Foram abordadas as ondas de Alfvén e mais profundamente os Modo Acústico Geodésicos. Para ondas de Alfvén estão descritas, a sua natureza, uma onda comum a qualquer plasma sujeito a um campo magnético, quando devidamente perturbado ondas de Alfvén se propagam ao longo destas linhas de campo, também são relatadas suas possíveis aplicações. É descrito um estudo teórico onde se encontra os modos de Alfvén em coordenadas cilíndricas, uma aproximação para tokamaks com alta razão de aspecto. No caso dos Modos Acústico Geodésicos, GAM, onde sua origem está na curvatura toroidal do Tokamak, se tratam de perturbação de pressão que se propaga poloidalmente, tendo configurações simétricas ao longo do toroide, possuindo número toroidal $N=0$, e número poloidal $M=0,\\pm 1,\\pm 2 , ... $. É abordado suas possíveis aplicações e também um efeito de natureza estranha onde modos de Alfvén interagem com GAM. Por fim, segue uma investigação teórica sobre os efeitos de rotação de elétrons e íons, na forma do fluxo de cada partícula ao longo das linhas de campo magnético, na relação de dispersão e instabilidades de GAM. Em prosseguimento à investigação teórica sobre os efeitos de rotação, segue uma breve análise de dados fornecidos pelo Instituto de Física de Plasma da Academia Tcheca de Ciências, obtidos no COMPASS, onde é demonstrada uma possível correspondência qualitativa da dispersão e instabilidades de GAM com a teoria desenvolvida. / This work intends to present a theorical treatment of Alfven and geodesic wave behavior in tokamak plasma, showing their function on the viability study for the construction of a fusion reactor for energy production. The Tokamak is a toroidal chamber where the plasma stays confined under effects of a strong magnetic field where its can reach high temperature in necessary conditions for nuclear fusion. It is presented the behavior of Alfvén waves and deeper Geodesic Acoustic Modes. For Alfvén waves, it is described it\'s nature, a comum wave in any plasma under magnetic field, when properly perturbed, Alfvén waves can propagate on the magnetic field line, also it is presented possible applications. It\'s presented a theorical treatment where Alfvén modes in cilindrical coordinates, approximation for Tokamak with high aspect ratio. In Geodesic Acoustic Mode, GAM, driven by the todoidal curvature and symmetry of Tokamak, it is showed possible applications and a interaction with Alfvén waves. A perturbation that propagate in poloidal direction, symmetrical in toroidal direction, with toroidal number $N=0$ and poloidal number $M = 0, \\pm 1, \\pm 2 , ...$, a theorical treatment on rotation effects of electrons and ions in form of flux along the magnetic field line, on dispersion relation and instability of GAM is presented. In the end, it is presented a data analysis on COMPASS shoots, where is showed a possible qualitative correspondence between GAM dispersion and instabilities with the theory and experiment.

Esta dissertação se propõe a uma investigação teórica sobre a propagação de ondas de Alfvén e geodésicas no plasma de um Tokamak, destacando suas funcionalidades na viabilidade da construção de um futuro reator de fusão nuclear para a produção de energia. O Tokamak se trata de uma câmara toroidal onde o plasma fica confinado sob efeitos de um forte campo magnético a fim de alcançar altas temperaturas, necessárias para atingir as condições necessárias para a fusão nuclear. Foram abordadas as ondas de Alfvén e mais profundamente os Modo Acústico Geodésicos. Para ondas de Alfvén estão descritas, a sua natureza, uma onda comum a qualquer plasma sujeito a um campo magnético, quando devidamente perturbado ondas de Alfvén se propagam ao longo destas linhas de campo, também são relatadas suas possíveis aplicações. É descrito um estudo teórico onde se encontra os modos de Alfvén em coordenadas cilíndricas, uma aproximação para tokamaks com alta razão de aspecto. No caso dos Modos Acústico Geodésicos, GAM, onde sua origem está na curvatura toroidal do Tokamak, se tratam de perturbação de pressão que se propaga poloidalmente, tendo configurações simétricas ao longo do toroide, possuindo número toroidal $N=0$, e número poloidal $M=0,\\pm 1,\\pm 2 , ... $. É abordado suas possíveis aplicações e também um efeito de natureza estranha onde modos de Alfvén interagem com GAM. Por fim, segue uma investigação teórica sobre os efeitos de rotação de elétrons e íons, na forma do fluxo de cada partícula ao longo das linhas de campo magnético, na relação de dispersão e instabilidades de GAM. Em prosseguimento à investigação teórica sobre os efeitos de rotação, segue uma breve análise de dados fornecidos pelo Instituto de Física de Plasma da Academia Tcheca de Ciências, obtidos no COMPASS, onde é demonstrada uma possível correspondência qualitativa da dispersão e instabilidades de GAM com a teoria desenvolvida. / This work intends to present a theorical treatment of Alfven and geodesic wave behavior in tokamak plasma, showing their function on the viability study for the construction of a fusion reactor for energy production. The Tokamak is a toroidal chamber where the plasma stays confined under effects of a strong magnetic field where its can reach high temperature in necessary conditions for nuclear fusion. It is presented the behavior of Alfvén waves and deeper Geodesic Acoustic Modes. For Alfvén waves, it is described it\'s nature, a comum wave in any plasma under magnetic field, when properly perturbed, Alfvén waves can propagate on the magnetic field line, also it is presented possible applications. It\'s presented a theorical treatment where Alfvén modes in cilindrical coordinates, approximation for Tokamak with high aspect ratio. In Geodesic Acoustic Mode, GAM, driven by the todoidal curvature and symmetry of Tokamak, it is showed possible applications and a interaction with Alfvén waves. A perturbation that propagate in poloidal direction, symmetrical in toroidal direction, with toroidal number $N=0$ and poloidal number $M = 0, \\pm 1, \\pm 2 , ...$, a theorical treatment on rotation effects of electrons and ions in form of flux along the magnetic field line, on dispersion relation and instability of GAM is presented. In the end, it is presented a data analysis on COMPASS shoots, where is showed a possible qualitative correspondence between GAM dispersion and instabilities with the theory and experiment.

O objetivo do presente estudo é a procura de evidências da presença de modos GAM nas descargas do tokamak TCABR, em distintos regimes de operação. As descargas selecionadas foram classicadas segundo a maneira de obter a melhora no connamento do plasma. Nós zemos essa procura nas descargas ôhmicas com incremento espontâneo da densidade do plasma, em descargas onde o plasma foi perturbado externamente pela injeção de ondas de Alfvén e pela alteração do campo elétrico radial via eletrodo de bias. Por causa da natureza eletrostática da oscilação GAM, nas descargas selecionadas foi relevante a presença das sondas eletrostáticas (conhecidas também como sondas de Langmuir). As bobinas de Mirnov foram importantes para identicar as oscilaçes MHD. Diversos métodos de análise espectral e estatístico foram usados na análise dos sinais experimentais como ajuda para identicar os modos GAM. Os métodos usados foram: correlação, espectro de auto-potência, espectro de potência cruzado, coerência e densidade espectral em número de onda e frequência. Para as bobinas de Mirnov, só o espectro de autopot ência foi usado. Os resultados da análise realizada nas descargas com crescimento espontâneo da densidade e nas descargas aquecidas com ondas de Alfvén, não mostram nenhuma presença de GAMs. Nessas descargas somente ocorreu um pequeno incremento na correlação que foi causado pela atividade MHD. Para as descargas com bias, a análise mostra a presença de um modo de f 40KHz, modo que não se observa nas bobinas de Mirnov e que tem simetria poloidal e toroidal. / The goal of the present study is to search for evidences of the presence of GAM modes in plasmas discharges of the TCABR tokamak at dierent operational regimes. The selected discharges were classied according to the way used to obtain plasma improvement of connement. We perform this search in pure ohmic discharges with a spontaneous increment of the plasma density and in discharges where the plasma was externally perturbed by the injection of Alfvén waves and by electrostatic edge biasing. Given the electrostatic nature of the GAM oscillation, in the selected discharges were relevant the presence of electrostatic probes (also known as Langmuir probes). The signals from Mirnov coils was important too, for identify the MHD oscillations. Several statistical and spectral methods were used to analyze the experimental signals in order to helps the identication of the GAM modes, correlation, auto-power spectra, cross-power spectra, coherence and spectral density in wave number and frequency (S(k; f)). For the Mirnov coil just auto-power spectra was used. The results of the analysis performed on the discharges with spontaneous increase of density and for those with Alfvén heating did not show any presence of GAMs. There was just an few increment of the correlation but it was due to the MHD activity. For the discharges with edge biasing, the analysis shows the presence of a f 40kHz mode that was not present in the Mirnov coil and that has toroidal and poloidal symmetry.

La faisabilite de la fusion magnetique est dependante de notre capacite a confiner l'energie des particules supra-thermiques liberees a haute energie par les reactions de fusion, dans les meilleures conditions de securite et d'efficacite. Dans ce but, il est necessaire de comprendre l'interaction entre les particules energetiques et le plasma thermo-nucleaire qui constitue l'environnement des reactions de fusion, afin de la controler. La these que nous presentons ici s'inscrit dans cet effort. Le coeur du travail mene est l'etude d'un type d'instabilite, le Beta Alfven Eigenmode (BAE), que peuvent exciter les particules energetiques, et dont on peut craindre qu'il degrade fortement non seulement le confinement des particules energetiques mais aussi le confinement du plasma dans sa globalite. Dans un premier temps, nous nous attacherons a decrire les caracteristiques de ce mode et nous deriverons sa relation de dispersion ainsi que sa structure. Dans une seconde partie, nous effectuerons l'etude de la stabilite lineaire de ce mode en presence de particules energetiques. Cette etude nous a permis de definir un critere analytique rendant compte de la capacite des particules energetiques a exciter le BAE. Ce critere sera discute et confronte aux resultats d'experiences menees durant la these. Cette etude lineaire presentant cependant quelques limites, il nous est apparu important de nous poser la question de la possibilite d'une modication de la stabilite du BAE liee a l'utilisation d'une description non-lineaire. Nous suggererons dans cette presentation un processus, verifie analytiquement et numeriquement, dont peut resulter l'existence d'etats meta-stables pour le BAE.

O objetivo do presente estudo é a procura de evidências da presença de modos GAM nas descargas do tokamak TCABR, em distintos regimes de operação. As descargas selecionadas foram classicadas segundo a maneira de obter a melhora no connamento do plasma. Nós zemos essa procura nas descargas ôhmicas com incremento espontâneo da densidade do plasma, em descargas onde o plasma foi perturbado externamente pela injeção de ondas de Alfvén e pela alteração do campo elétrico radial via eletrodo de bias. Por causa da natureza eletrostática da oscilação GAM, nas descargas selecionadas foi relevante a presença das sondas eletrostáticas (conhecidas também como sondas de Langmuir). As bobinas de Mirnov foram importantes para identicar as oscilaçes MHD. Diversos métodos de análise espectral e estatístico foram usados na análise dos sinais experimentais como ajuda para identicar os modos GAM. Os métodos usados foram: correlação, espectro de auto-potência, espectro de potência cruzado, coerência e densidade espectral em número de onda e frequência. Para as bobinas de Mirnov, só o espectro de autopot ência foi usado. Os resultados da análise realizada nas descargas com crescimento espontâneo da densidade e nas descargas aquecidas com ondas de Alfvén, não mostram nenhuma presença de GAMs. Nessas descargas somente ocorreu um pequeno incremento na correlação que foi causado pela atividade MHD. Para as descargas com bias, a análise mostra a presença de um modo de f 40KHz, modo que não se observa nas bobinas de Mirnov e que tem simetria poloidal e toroidal. / The goal of the present study is to search for evidences of the presence of GAM modes in plasmas discharges of the TCABR tokamak at dierent operational regimes. The selected discharges were classied according to the way used to obtain plasma improvement of connement. We perform this search in pure ohmic discharges with a spontaneous increment of the plasma density and in discharges where the plasma was externally perturbed by the injection of Alfvén waves and by electrostatic edge biasing. Given the electrostatic nature of the GAM oscillation, in the selected discharges were relevant the presence of electrostatic probes (also known as Langmuir probes). The signals from Mirnov coils was important too, for identify the MHD oscillations. Several statistical and spectral methods were used to analyze the experimental signals in order to helps the identication of the GAM modes, correlation, auto-power spectra, cross-power spectra, coherence and spectral density in wave number and frequency (S(k; f)). For the Mirnov coil just auto-power spectra was used. The results of the analysis performed on the discharges with spontaneous increase of density and for those with Alfvén heating did not show any presence of GAMs. There was just an few increment of the correlation but it was due to the MHD activity. For the discharges with edge biasing, the analysis shows the presence of a f 40kHz mode that was not present in the Mirnov coil and that has toroidal and poloidal symmetry.

La fusion par confinement magnétique est prometteuse en tant que future source d’énergie. Son efficience est cependant limitée par le transport de particules et de chaleur résultant de la turbulence du plasma. Une compréhension approfondie de la turbulence et des mécanismes qui la tempère est donc nécessaire. Le mode géo-acoustique (GAM) est une oscillation de l’écoulement du plasma, radialement localisée, qui contribue à la réduction du transport turbulent en cisaillant le champ de vitesse. Dans cette thèse on étudie le comportement fondamental du GAM par une étude expérimentale systématique de ses propriétés dans le tokamak ASDEX Upgrade. En particulier, le rôle de la géométrie du plasma sur les lois d’évolution de la fréquence et de l’amplitude du GAM, ainsi que sa structure radiale sont étudiés en détail. Les données expérimentales ont été obtenues à l'aide du diagnostic de réflectométrie Doppler par micro-ondes. Le type d’évolution de la fréquence du GAM est comparé à de multiples modèles qui reproduisent la loi de comportement fondamental attendu, mais sans fournir de prédiction précise de manière satisfaisante. L'amplitude GAM est étudiée en relation avec les taux d'amortissement prédits par les modèles pour les processus d'amortissement collisionnel et Landau non collisionnel. On trouve que les effets de largeur d'orbite finie doivent être pris en compte et que les effets d'amortissement collisionnel ne peuvent pas être négligés. En étudiant la structure radiale du GAM, trois états distincts sont identifiés pour différentes conditions de plasma. Les transitions entre ces états sont observées en variant la géométrie du plasma / Magnetic confinement fusion is a promising candidate for a future energy source. Its efficiency is limited by particle and heat transport due to plasma turbulence. A thorough understanding of the turbulence and turbulence moderation mechanisms, is therefore needed. The geodesic acoustic mode (GAM) is a radially localised plasma flow oscillation which contributes to the reduction of turbulent transport through velocity shearing. This thesis investigates the fundamental behaviour of the GAM through a systematic experimental study of its properties in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak. In particular, the role of the plasma geometry on the scaling of the GAM frequency and amplitude, as well as the GAM radial structure are investigated in detail. The experimental data was obtained with the aid of the microwave Doppler reflectometry diagnostic. The GAM frequency scaling is compared with multiple models which reproduce the expected fundamental scaling behaviour, but do not give a satisfyingly accurate prediction. The GAM amplitude is studied in connection with damping rates predicted by models for collisional and collisionless Landau damping processes. It is found that finite orbit width effects need to be considered and that collisional damping effects cannot be neglected. In studying the GAM radial structure, three distinct states are identified for different plasma conditions. Transitions between these states are observed under variations of the plasma geometry

Forced response which is blade vibration due to an external excitation can lead to blade failure. The estimation of the level of vibration is dependent on the determination of aerodynamic damping. This thesisinvestigates the determination of aerodynamic damping at high reduced frequencies in turbomachines. The aerodynamic damping was calculated by a linearized Navier-Stokes flow solver with exact 3D non-reflecting boundary conditions. The method was validated using the two-dimensional test cases (Standard Configuration 5 and 8). Thereafter, two 3D profiles were also investigated: an aeroelastic turbine rig (AETR) which is a subsonic turbine case, and a virtual integrated compressor (VINK) which is a transonic compressor case. In AETR case, the first bending mode with reduced frequency 2.0 was studied. The 3D acoustic modes were calculated and the rate of decay was plotted as a function of nodal diameter and radial order. This plot identified six acoustic resonant points which included two points corresponding to the first radial order. The six resonance points correspond to six peaks in the damping curve. In VINK case, the fifth mode (1854 Hz, reduced frequency 3.1) was investigated. Acoustic resonance was predicted to occur for the first and second radial orders at the inlet. It was concluded that the higher order resonance points are influencing the damping curve. There were some inconsistencies in the results and grid convergence was not achieved. These inconsistencies were due to the difficulty in calculating the acoustic modes at the transonic inlet with an impinging shock. / Aerodynamiskt påtvingade vibrationer, som är bladvibrationer på grund av en extern excitation kan leda till haveri. Prediktering av vibrationen är beroende av bestämning av aerodynamisk dämpning. I detta arbete undersöks bestämningen av aerodynamisk dämpning vid höga reducerade frekvenser i turbomaskiner. Den aerodynamiska dämpningen beräknades genom en linjäriserad Navier-Stokeslösare med exakta 3D icke-reflekterande gränsvillkor. Metoden validerades med hjälp av de tvådimensionella testfallen (Standardkonfiguration 5 och 8). Därefter undersöktes två 3D-profiler: en aeroelastisk turbinrigg (AETR), som är en subsonisk turbinenhet och en virtuell integrerad kompressor (VINK) som är ett transoniskt kompressorfall. I AETRfallet undersöktes det första böjningsformen med reducerad frekvens 2.0. 3D akustiska lägen beräknades och graden av förfall visades som en funktion av noddiameter och radiell grad. Denna metod identifierade sex akustiska resonanspunkter som innehöll två punkter som motsvarade den första radiella graden. De sex resonanspunkterna motsvarar sex toppar i dämpningskurvan. I VINK-fallet undersöktes den femte svängningsformen (1854 Hz, reducerad frekvens 3.1). Akustisk resonans förutspåddes inträffa för första och andra radiella graden vid inloppet. Slutsatsen drogs att de högre ordningens resonanspunkter påverkar dämpningskurvan. Det fanns vissa inkonsekvenser i resultaten och gridkonvergens uppnåddes inte. Dessa inkonsekvenser berodde på svårigheten att beräkna de akustiska svängningsformerna vid det transoniska inloppet med en stötvåg.

Avec l’avènement du laser femtoseconde il est devenu possible de mesurer comment la démagnétisation femtoseconde peut permettre de sonder l’interaction d’échange dans les métaux ferromagnétiques. La démagnétisation induite par laser d’un matériau avec un fort couplage magnéto-élastique amène à la relaxation des contraintes mécaniques, générant ainsi des ondes acoustiques longitudinales (L) et transversales (T). Dans ce travail de thèse, la génération d’impulsions acoustiques picosecondes T par le mécanisme de démagnétostriction dans des matériaux fortement magnétostrictifs est traitée analytiquement et montrée expérimentalement dans le cas d’un alliage de Terfenol. En premier lieu, nous avons développé un modèle phénoménologique de magnétostriction directe dans un film monocristallin de Terfenol. Les expériences pompe-sonde linéaire MOKE résolues en temps montrent que la relaxation transitoire des contraintes magnéto-élastiques du film amène à l’excitation d’ondes GHz acoustiques L at T. Ces résultats sont la première observation expérimentale de l’excitation d’ondes acoustiques transversales picoseconde par mécanisme de démagnétostriction induit par laser. En second lieu, nous avons analysé le processus d’interaction d’ondes acoustiques L avec l’aimantation d’un film mince de Terfenol. L’onde acoustique picoseconde produit un changement de magnétisation du film et induit la conversion de modes acoustiques. C’est une autre voie de génération d’ondes acoustiques T que nous avons mis en évidence. La gamme de fréquence des impulsions générées est liée à l’échelle de temps de démagnétisation, qui corresponds à quelques centaines de GHz - 1 THz. / With the advent of femtosecond lasers it became possible to measure how femtosecond optical demagnetization can probe the exchange interaction in ferromagnetic metals. Laser-induced demagnetization of materials with strong magneto-elastic coupling should lead to the release of its build-in strains, thus to the generation of both longitudinal (L) and shear (S) acoustic waves. In this thesis, generation of shear picosecond acoustic pulses in strongly magnetostrictive materials such as Terfenol is processed analytically and shown experimentally. In case of Terfenol with strong magneto-crystalline anisotropy, laser induced demagnetostriction is responsible for S excitation. First, the phenomenological model of direct magnetostriction in a Terfenol monocrystalline film is developed. The shear strain generation efficiency strongly depends on the orientation of the film magnetization. Time-resolved linear MOKE pump-probe experiments show that transient laser-induced release of the magnetoelastic strains lead to the excitation of GHz L and S acoustic waves. These results are the first experimental observation of picosecond shear acoustic wave excitation by laser-induced demagnetostriction mechanism. Second, the interaction of an optically generated L acoustic pulse with the magnetization of a Terfenol thin film is reported. Arrival of the picosecond strain wave alters a change of its magnetization and leads to acoustic mode conversion, which is another pathway of shear acoustic wave generation. The frequency bandwidth of the generated acoustic pulses matches the demagnetization timescale and lies in the range of several hundreds of GHz, close to 1 THz.