O canto de anúncio dos anuros apresenta importância fundamental como mecanismo primário de isolamento reprodutivo. Em decorrência disto, estes cantos têm se mostrado altamente valiosos para a determinação da identidade das espécies, para assegurar uma diagnose confiável, e adicionalmente, têm contribuído para revelar espécies crípticas nos mais variados complexos de espécies. Apesar de alguns estudos na literatura terem investigado o padrão de evolução do canto com uma abordagem comparada incorporando a estrutura filogenética do grupo estudado, apenas na última década têm emergido os primeiros estudos utilizando uma abordagem filogenética para a investigação da evolução do canto em anuros. Pererecas do gênero Scinax Wagler, 1830 são um dos mais abundantes e conspícuos grupos de anuros dos Neotrópicos, sendo reconhecido atualmente como o segundo gênero mais especioso dentre os hilídeos (Hylidae), i.e. 111 spp. descritas. O monofiletismo, a ampla distribuição geográfica, riqueza de espécies, heterogeneidade de ambientes ocupados e a variação morfológica e acústica das espécies de Scinax faz deste um clado interessante para o estudo da evolução da comunicação acústica. No presente estudo os principais objetivos foram contribuir com a taxonomia e zoogeografia do gênero Scinax através da descrição detalhada dos caracteres do canto de anúncio de espécies dos clados S. ruber e S. catharinae, melhorando assim a caracterização biológica (diagnose) destas espécies, e identificar e caracterizar a variação acústica intra-específica para parte das espécies estudadas. Como consequência desta primeira etapa do trabalho, era esperada a produção de uma base de dados acústicos de alta qualidade, de maneira padronizada e detalhada para seu uso subsequente em estudos comparados utilizando uma abordagem comparada filogenética (i.e. segunda etapa do trabalho). Espécies/populações de Scinax foram acusticamente amostradas em 60 localidades (dados inéditos), concentrando-se principalmente nas regiões sudeste, central e sul do Brasil, dentro dos biomas Mata Atlântica e Cerrado. No total, foram analisados cerca de 3.500 cantos de anúncio, pertencentes a 387 indivíduos - 332 indivíduos do clado Scinax ruber e 55 indivíduos do clado S. catharinae (grupo S. catharinae), a maior parte consistindo de dados inéditos (aprox. 75% dos dados). A análise destes dados permitiu a caracterização acústica detalhada de 40 espécies nominais do clado Scinax (i.e. 32 spp. clado S. ruber; 8 spp. clado S. catharinae) - o que corresponde a 36% das espécies atualmente conhecidas do gênero. Diferenças inter-específicas reportadas nas características do canto de anúncio destas espécies forneceram suporte robusto para a diagnose acústica de quase todas as espécies estudadas. Adicionalmente, esta amostragem acústica intensiva para o gênero revelou elevados níveis de diversidade críptica em Scinax, i.e. 33 espécies não descritas. A maior parte dessa diversidade críptica encontrada está oculta sob os nomes S. squalirostris (7 espécies crípticas) e S. fuscomarginatus (4 espécies crípticas). Desta forma, a análise acurada e detalhada dos dados acústicos do canto de anúncio revelaram um profundo impacto sobre a taxonomia do grupo. A base de dados interespecíficos de alta qualidade produzidos e a disponibilidade de hipóteses filogenéticas para Scinax na literatura permitiram a investigação da evolução dos sinais acústicos no grupo, e.g. reconhecer e diferenciar a magnitude de fatores filogenéticos sobre a diversificação inter-específica do canto de anúncio, avaliar se caracteres acústicos associados a morfologia ou comportamento-fisiologia apresentam diferentes níveis de sinal filogenético e investigar o padrão evolutivo dos caracteres acústicos (canto de anúncio) e do CRC em Scinax através do procedimentos de otimização/mapeamento. Estas análises conduzidas revelaram altos níveis de sinal filogenético para a maioria dos caracteres do canto de anúncio investigados (i.e. 16 de 21 caracteres, com ? não diferindo de 1 nesses caracteres), sobre uma topologia de 31 spp. do gênero. A intensidade elevada de sinal filogenético encontrado foi similar aos níveis observados em caracteres morfológicos na literatura, não confirmando a hipótese de que caracteres comportamentais seriam mais lábeis em relação a caracteres morfológicos. As análises de mapeamento de caráter evidenciaram dois padrões principais de canto de anúncio em Scinax, cada padrão associado a um dos grandes clados do grupo, além fornecerem evidência robusta para o suporte de sinapomorfias acústicas para cada clado. / The advertisement call of frogs presents fundamental importance as a primary mechanism of reproductive isolation. As a result, these calls have proven to be highly valuable in determining the species identity, to ensure reliable diagnosis, and additionally, the advertisement calls has helped to reveal cryptic species in various species groups. Although some studies in the literature have investigated the pattern of evolution of the calls with a comparative approach incorporating information about the group phylogeny under study, only in the last decade studies using a phylogenetic approach to investigate the evolution of anurans calls have emerged. Treefrogs of the genus Scinax Wagler, 1830 is one of the most abundant and conspicuous groups of frogs in the Neotropics, actually being recognized as the second most specious genus among the hylids (Hylidae), i.e .111 spp described. The monophyletism, wide geographic distribution, richness of species, heterogeneity of environments occupied and the morphological and acoustic variation makes Scinax an interesting group to the investigation of the evolution of acoustic communication. The main aims of the present study were to contribute to the taxonomy and zoogeography knowledge of the genus Scinax through a detailed description of the characters of the advertisement calls of the species from the clades S. ruber and S. catharinae. Thus, it was possible make better the biological characterization (diagnosis) of these species and allowed to identify and characterize the intra-specific acoustic variation to part of the genus. As a consequence, the first part of this study permitted to produce a high-quality acoustic database, in a detailed and standardized manner to being used in a subsequent comparative phylogenetic approach (second part of the study). Species/populations of Scinax were acoustically sampled at 60 locatilies (original data), mainly concentrated in the southeastern, central, and southern of Brazil, in Atlantic Rain forest and Cerrado biomes. In total, about 3,500 advertisement calls were analyzed from 387 individuals (332 of Scinax ruber clade; and 55 of S. catharinae clade) - the most part consisting of new data (ca. 75%). Data analysis allowed the detailed acoustic characterization of 40 nominal species of the clade Scinax (i.e. 32 spp. of S. ruber clade; 8 spp. of S. catharinae clade), what correponds to 36% of currently known diversity of the genus. Inter-specific differences in the reported characteristics of the advertisement calls provided robust support to acoustic diagnosis for almost all species. Additionally, this intensive acoustic sampling to the genus revealed high levels of cryptic diversity in Scinax, i.e. 33 undescribed species. Most part of these cryptic diversity were under the nominal species S. squalirostris (7 cryptic species) and S. fuscomarginatus (4 cryptic species). Thus, accurate and detailed analysis of acoustic data of the advertisement call revealed a profound impact on the group taxonomy. The interspecific high-quality database here generated, and the availability of phylogenetic hypotheses for Scinax in the literature allowed the investigation of the evolution of acoustic signals in the genus, e.g. to recognize and differentiate the magnitude of phylogenetic factors on the inter-specific diversification of advertisement calls; to assess if acoustic characters related to morphology or behavior-physiology present different levels of phylogenetic signal; and to investigate the pattern of evolution of acoustic characters (advertisement call) and SVL in Scinax through optimization/mapping procedures. These analyses revealed high levels of phylogenetic signal for most of the characters of the advertisement call investigated (i.e. 16 of 21 characters with ?=1), based on a topology of 31 terminals species. The high intensity of phylogenetic signal found was similar to the levels observed for morphological characters in the literature, what is in disagree with the hypothesis that behavioral characters would be more labile than morphological characters. The character mapping analysis revealed two main patterns in Scinax, each one associated with one of the main clades of the genus, besides provide strong evidence to support acoustic synapomorphies for each clade.

Chez les insectes où les males chantent en chorus, l’interférence locale de signaux impose des contraintes majeures à des femelles qui doivent évaluer les mâles individuellement. Les mâles subis des difficultés pour évaluer la compétitivité de leurs voisins et pour montrer clairement aux femelles les caractéristiques de leurs propres chants. J’ai analysé différents aspects de cette problématique chez deux espèces acoustiques : chez la sauterelle ephippiger et une pyrale nocturne qui émettent leurs signaux au sein de regroupements. Nos expériences ont mis en évidence certains mécanismes comportementaux permettant aux femelles de localiser les meuliers males et d’autres permettant aux mâles de se communiquer efficacement et percevoir leur environnement acoustique. / In acoustic insects where males sing in choruses, local signal interference may present major difficulties for females evaluating and individual males. Males too may be prevented from assessing the competitivity of their neighbors as well as from advertising the characteristics of their own signals to females in a clear manner. Moreover, the background noise from local signals may prevent both sexes from perceiving other sounds in the environment, e.g. predator cues. I studied these problems at several levels in two acoustic insect species: in which males broadcast their advertisement songs while remaining in dense clusters. The experiments revealed behavioral mechanisms with which females can identify favored males and others with which males can communicate effectively.

O canto de anúncio dos anuros apresenta importância fundamental como mecanismo primário de isolamento reprodutivo. Em decorrência disto, estes cantos têm se mostrado altamente valiosos para a determinação da identidade das espécies, para assegurar uma diagnose confiável, e adicionalmente, têm contribuído para revelar espécies crípticas nos mais variados complexos de espécies. Apesar de alguns estudos na literatura terem investigado o padrão de evolução do canto com uma abordagem comparada incorporando a estrutura filogenética do grupo estudado, apenas na última década têm emergido os primeiros estudos utilizando uma abordagem filogenética para a investigação da evolução do canto em anuros. Pererecas do gênero Scinax Wagler, 1830 são um dos mais abundantes e conspícuos grupos de anuros dos Neotrópicos, sendo reconhecido atualmente como o segundo gênero mais especioso dentre os hilídeos (Hylidae), i.e. 111 spp. descritas. O monofiletismo, a ampla distribuição geográfica, riqueza de espécies, heterogeneidade de ambientes ocupados e a variação morfológica e acústica das espécies de Scinax faz deste um clado interessante para o estudo da evolução da comunicação acústica. No presente estudo os principais objetivos foram contribuir com a taxonomia e zoogeografia do gênero Scinax através da descrição detalhada dos caracteres do canto de anúncio de espécies dos clados S. ruber e S. catharinae, melhorando assim a caracterização biológica (diagnose) destas espécies, e identificar e caracterizar a variação acústica intra-específica para parte das espécies estudadas. Como consequência desta primeira etapa do trabalho, era esperada a produção de uma base de dados acústicos de alta qualidade, de maneira padronizada e detalhada para seu uso subsequente em estudos comparados utilizando uma abordagem comparada filogenética (i.e. segunda etapa do trabalho). Espécies/populações de Scinax foram acusticamente amostradas em 60 localidades (dados inéditos), concentrando-se principalmente nas regiões sudeste, central e sul do Brasil, dentro dos biomas Mata Atlântica e Cerrado. No total, foram analisados cerca de 3.500 cantos de anúncio, pertencentes a 387 indivíduos - 332 indivíduos do clado Scinax ruber e 55 indivíduos do clado S. catharinae (grupo S. catharinae), a maior parte consistindo de dados inéditos (aprox. 75% dos dados). A análise destes dados permitiu a caracterização acústica detalhada de 40 espécies nominais do clado Scinax (i.e. 32 spp. clado S. ruber; 8 spp. clado S. catharinae) - o que corresponde a 36% das espécies atualmente conhecidas do gênero. Diferenças inter-específicas reportadas nas características do canto de anúncio destas espécies forneceram suporte robusto para a diagnose acústica de quase todas as espécies estudadas. Adicionalmente, esta amostragem acústica intensiva para o gênero revelou elevados níveis de diversidade críptica em Scinax, i.e. 33 espécies não descritas. A maior parte dessa diversidade críptica encontrada está oculta sob os nomes S. squalirostris (7 espécies crípticas) e S. fuscomarginatus (4 espécies crípticas). Desta forma, a análise acurada e detalhada dos dados acústicos do canto de anúncio revelaram um profundo impacto sobre a taxonomia do grupo. A base de dados interespecíficos de alta qualidade produzidos e a disponibilidade de hipóteses filogenéticas para Scinax na literatura permitiram a investigação da evolução dos sinais acústicos no grupo, e.g. reconhecer e diferenciar a magnitude de fatores filogenéticos sobre a diversificação inter-específica do canto de anúncio, avaliar se caracteres acústicos associados a morfologia ou comportamento-fisiologia apresentam diferentes níveis de sinal filogenético e investigar o padrão evolutivo dos caracteres acústicos (canto de anúncio) e do CRC em Scinax através do procedimentos de otimização/mapeamento. Estas análises conduzidas revelaram altos níveis de sinal filogenético para a maioria dos caracteres do canto de anúncio investigados (i.e. 16 de 21 caracteres, com ? não diferindo de 1 nesses caracteres), sobre uma topologia de 31 spp. do gênero. A intensidade elevada de sinal filogenético encontrado foi similar aos níveis observados em caracteres morfológicos na literatura, não confirmando a hipótese de que caracteres comportamentais seriam mais lábeis em relação a caracteres morfológicos. As análises de mapeamento de caráter evidenciaram dois padrões principais de canto de anúncio em Scinax, cada padrão associado a um dos grandes clados do grupo, além fornecerem evidência robusta para o suporte de sinapomorfias acústicas para cada clado. / The advertisement call of frogs presents fundamental importance as a primary mechanism of reproductive isolation. As a result, these calls have proven to be highly valuable in determining the species identity, to ensure reliable diagnosis, and additionally, the advertisement calls has helped to reveal cryptic species in various species groups. Although some studies in the literature have investigated the pattern of evolution of the calls with a comparative approach incorporating information about the group phylogeny under study, only in the last decade studies using a phylogenetic approach to investigate the evolution of anurans calls have emerged. Treefrogs of the genus Scinax Wagler, 1830 is one of the most abundant and conspicuous groups of frogs in the Neotropics, actually being recognized as the second most specious genus among the hylids (Hylidae), i.e .111 spp described. The monophyletism, wide geographic distribution, richness of species, heterogeneity of environments occupied and the morphological and acoustic variation makes Scinax an interesting group to the investigation of the evolution of acoustic communication. The main aims of the present study were to contribute to the taxonomy and zoogeography knowledge of the genus Scinax through a detailed description of the characters of the advertisement calls of the species from the clades S. ruber and S. catharinae. Thus, it was possible make better the biological characterization (diagnosis) of these species and allowed to identify and characterize the intra-specific acoustic variation to part of the genus. As a consequence, the first part of this study permitted to produce a high-quality acoustic database, in a detailed and standardized manner to being used in a subsequent comparative phylogenetic approach (second part of the study). Species/populations of Scinax were acoustically sampled at 60 locatilies (original data), mainly concentrated in the southeastern, central, and southern of Brazil, in Atlantic Rain forest and Cerrado biomes. In total, about 3,500 advertisement calls were analyzed from 387 individuals (332 of Scinax ruber clade; and 55 of S. catharinae clade) - the most part consisting of new data (ca. 75%). Data analysis allowed the detailed acoustic characterization of 40 nominal species of the clade Scinax (i.e. 32 spp. of S. ruber clade; 8 spp. of S. catharinae clade), what correponds to 36% of currently known diversity of the genus. Inter-specific differences in the reported characteristics of the advertisement calls provided robust support to acoustic diagnosis for almost all species. Additionally, this intensive acoustic sampling to the genus revealed high levels of cryptic diversity in Scinax, i.e. 33 undescribed species. Most part of these cryptic diversity were under the nominal species S. squalirostris (7 cryptic species) and S. fuscomarginatus (4 cryptic species). Thus, accurate and detailed analysis of acoustic data of the advertisement call revealed a profound impact on the group taxonomy. The interspecific high-quality database here generated, and the availability of phylogenetic hypotheses for Scinax in the literature allowed the investigation of the evolution of acoustic signals in the genus, e.g. to recognize and differentiate the magnitude of phylogenetic factors on the inter-specific diversification of advertisement calls; to assess if acoustic characters related to morphology or behavior-physiology present different levels of phylogenetic signal; and to investigate the pattern of evolution of acoustic characters (advertisement call) and SVL in Scinax through optimization/mapping procedures. These analyses revealed high levels of phylogenetic signal for most of the characters of the advertisement call investigated (i.e. 16 of 21 characters with ?=1), based on a topology of 31 terminals species. The high intensity of phylogenetic signal found was similar to the levels observed for morphological characters in the literature, what is in disagree with the hypothesis that behavioral characters would be more labile than morphological characters. The character mapping analysis revealed two main patterns in Scinax, each one associated with one of the main clades of the genus, besides provide strong evidence to support acoustic synapomorphies for each clade.

As vocalizações em anuros são comumente conspícuas e, até certo ponto, estereotipadas. Nesse grupo, o principal sinal acústico emitido por machos (canto de anúncio) basicamente codifica dois tipos de informação: a atração de fêmeas coespecíficas e o anúncio da posição do macho em atividade de vocalização, especialmente relevante na orientação espacial e delimitação de sítios de vocalização em espécies territoriais. Mais modernamente, com o devenvolvimento de métodos computacionais para incorporar a informação filogenética disponível para um dado grupo de organismos, tornou-se factível explorar tendências evolutivas e testar hipóteses adaptivas para de maneira mais apropriada, levando em conta a dependência filogenética dos táxons. Leptodactylinae é um grupo de anuros Neotropicais rico em espécies (ca. 95 spp.), cuja distribuição está essencialmente compreendida na região Neotropical. Esse táxon apresenta uma diversidade notável de vocalizações. A diversidade de padrões acústicos em Leptodactylidae por si só ressalta o potencial desse táxon representar um bom modelo para estudos focados no entendimento dos padrões e processos macroevolutivos envolvidos na evolução acústica nesse grupo de vertebrados. Nesse estudo, foi realizada uma revisão detalhada dos sinais acústicos reprodutivos, i.e. canto de anúncio, pela primeira vez analisados para esse táxon através de procedimentos e configurações padronizadas e com quantificações automatizadas. Os resultados das análises acústicas foram então associados aos padrões morfológicos na investigação dos padrões de diversidade críptica e reavaliação taxonômica de algumas populações e espécies em Leptodactylinae, além da abordagem comparativa a partir dos resultados obtidos das análises acústicas a fim de explorar as principais tendências e processos evolutivos dos sinais acústicos nesse grupo de anuros. Os resultados revelaram que existem diferentes padrões de diferenciação fenotípica nesse táxon, apontando para a necessidade de revisões taxonômicas em diferentes clados de Leptodactylinae, com resultados contundentes para o clado L. melanonotus (a reavaliação de sinônimos juniores nesse clado indicaram que duas espécies devem ser revalidadas) e Adenomera (reconhecimento de diversidade críptica em A. hylaedactyla com base em evidência acústica). A exploração de métodos comparativos filogenéticos relevou tendências evolutivas interessantes, como, por exemplo, os surgimentos e desaparecimentos recorrentes de estruturas temporais (pulsos) e mudanças acentuadas na estrutura espectral dos sinais acústicos (deslocamento da frequência fundamental em algumas espécies de Adenomera), tais fenômenos sem relação aparente com tamanho corporal ou estrutura dos habitats ocupados por essas espécies. Os dados acústicos oriundos desse estudo se mostraram eficazes nas resoluções taxonômicas em várias espécies de Leptodactylinae. Estudos futuros focando em aspectos da morfologia do aparato vocal, e biomecânica de produção de som, podem informativos acerca do entendimento dos processos envolvidos em distintos padrões acústicos reconhecidos em Leptodactylinae / In anurans, vocalizations are usually conspicuous and stereotyped to some extent. In this group, the major acoustic signal broadcast by males (advertisement signal/call) basically encodes two kinds of information: the attraction of conspecific females and the advertisement of the position of a calling male, maintaining male spacing functioning as an auditory cue in the delimitation of calling sites in territorial species. More recently, the development of computational methods as a means of incorporation of phylogenetic information available for a given group of organisms allowed scientists to explore evolutionary trends and to test for adaptative hypotheses more properly, taking into consideration phylogenetic dependence among taxa. Leptodactylinae is a species-rich taxon (ca. 95 spp.), whose distribution encompasses the Neotropical region. This frog group exhibits a remarkable diversity of vocalizations. This pattern in Leptodactylinae draws attention to the fact that this group could be a promising model organism to studies focused on macroevolutionary patterns and processes involved in the acoustic evolution in this vertebrate group. In the present study, a comprehensive acoustic review was conducted, and it was the first time for this group that the analytical procedures and standardized settings were employed in an automated fashion for the quantification of acoustic traits. The results of the acoustic analysis was then associated with morphological patterns as a means to investigate the patterns of cryptic diversity and taxonomic reappraisals for some populations and species, as well as the application of comparative methods from the results obtained to explore the major evolutionary trends and processes of acoustic traits in this frog group. The results revealed that there are distinctive patterns of phenotypic differentiation present across Leptodactylinae clades, which indicate that taxonomic reassessments are required, particularly in the L. melanonotus clade (revaluation of the junior synonyms showed that two species should be relavalidated) and Adenomera (cryptic diversity was uncovered under the name A. hylaedactyla based on acoustic evidence). The phylogenetic comparative methods recovered interesting evolutionary trends as, for instance, the convergent appearances and losses of structures related to the time domain (pulses) and remarkable changes in the frequency domain (doubling of the fundamental frequency in some species of Adenomera), both phenomena being apparently unrelated to differences in body size or calling habitats. The acoustic data gathered here was efficient in species discrimination and should represent a good line of evidence to address species-level taxonomy in Leptodactylinae. Future research focused on aspects of the vocal apparatus and the mechanisms of sound production might tell us more about the evolutionary processes involved in the distinctive acoustic patterns that were recognized in Leptodactylinae

L’évaluation des émotions positives chez l’animal est encore délicate. Pourtant, de nombreuses évidences démontrent l’intérêt de favoriser l’expression de ces émotions, notamment dans le but d’améliorer le bien-être des individus. Cette recherche vise à valider et identifier des indicateurs d’émotions positives chez le cheval. Dans un premier temps, une étude expérimentale basée sur l’utilisation d’accéléromètres, tout comme l’observation d’épisodes d’anticipation alimentaire quotidiens en centre équestre, ont permis d’identifier le déclenchement de l’anticipation et de mieux caractériser les comportements exprimés dans ce cadre. Nos résultats dévoilent que les comportements d’anticipation reflètent davantage un état de frustration. Ils ne constituent donc pas un indicateur fiable d’émotions positives. En revanche, une augmentation d’intensité de ces comportements semble indiquer un état de mal-être. Puis, en nous appuyant sur l’utilisation d’un casque permettant la mesure de l’activité électroencéphalographique chez des chevaux éveillés et libres de leurs mouvements, nous avons pu (i) confirmer l’importance de l’hémisphère gauche dans le traitement des émotions positives et de l’hémisphère droit dans le traitement attentionnel, (ii) mettre en évidence le rôle majeur des ondes thêta lors d’un traitement cognitif attentionnel, (iii) souligner l’interaction des processus émotionnels et attentionnels chez le cheval. Par ailleurs, si le test classique d’attention visuelle (VAT) constitue un bon outil de mesure des capacités attentionnelles d’un cheval au travail, ce même test réalisé sans humain apparait être un outil novateur de mesure de l’état de bien-être. Enfin, l’étude de la production de sons non-vocaux, basée sur une approche comparative combinant l’observation de chevaux de centre équestre et des chevaux vivant en condition semi-naturelle (favorable au bien-être), a révélé que l’ébrouement (hors contrainte respiratoire liée à une maladie ou à un équipement mal ajusté) serait un marqueur fiable d’émotions positives d’intensité modérée chez le cheval, puisqu’il exprimerait que ce dernier perçoit de façon positive son environnement. L’ensemble des recherches menées dans ce travail ouvrent vers des perspectives d’applications intéressantes dans le milieu équin, mais aussi d’un point de vue fondamental et méthodologique. / Indicators of positive emotions in animals are still scarce. However, many studies showed that favour these emotions is a promising way to improve individual welfare state. This study aims to validate and identify some indicators of positive emotions in horses. First, based both on an experimental study using accelerometers and the observation of riding school horses during their regular feeding time, we characterized anticipatory behaviours in this specie and showed that they were triggered by an environmental cue. Moreover, anticipatory behaviours were associated with frustration and thus were not reliable indicators of positive emotions. However, an increase of their intensity may reflect a poor welfare state. Then, the use of an EEG helmet designed for awake horses free from their movements, allowed us to (i) confirm the left-hemisphere bias for positive emotions processes and the right hemisphere bias for attentional processes, (ii) highlight the implication of theta waves in cognitive attentional processes, (iii) underline interactions between attentional and emotional processes in horses. Moreover, we showed that the measures of attentional characteristics thanks to a visual attention test (VAT) was useful to define attentional capacities at work. The same test conducted without a human was rather useful to evaluate the horses’ welfare state. Finally, a comparative approach based on the observation of horses living either in restricted or in naturalistic conditions revealed that snort (out of breathing difficulties due to illness or poorly fitting equipment) could be a reliable indicator of positive emotions of low intensity as it would be the expression of the horses’ positive appraisal of a situation. This works opens up promising fundamental and applied perspectives and applications.

Acoustic communication in orthopterans and anurans provides a suitable model system for studying the evolutionary mechanisms of sexual selection mainly because males use acoustic signals to attract females over long distances for pair formation. Females use these signals not only to localize conspecific males but also to discriminate between potential mates. Investigations on the effect of sexual selection on acoustic signals requires an understanding of how female preferences for different features of the acoustic signal affect male mating success under ecological constraints in wild populations. The effect of female preferences on male mating success depends on the mate sampling strategy that females employ to search for potential mates. Despite its relevance, female mate sampling strategies based on male acoustic signals have rarely investigated in orthopterans and anurans, especially in the field. Considering the elaborate knowledge of the role of sensory physiology in female phonotaxis behaviour and characterization of the male acoustic signal, I used the field cricket species Plebeiogryllus guttiventris as a model system in this study. In this thesis, I first investigated the ecology of callers in wild populations. I then investigated female mate sampling strategies by incorporating relevant information on the ecology of signalers and the sensory physiology of receivers. Amount of calling activity is a strong determinant of male mating success in acoustically communicating species such as orthopterans and anurans. While many studies in crickets have investigated the determinants of calling effort, patterns of variability in male calling effort in natural choruses remain largely unexplored. I therefore investigated the spatio-temporal dynamics of acoustic chorusing behaviour in a wild population. I first studied the consistency of calling activity by quantifying variation in male calling effort across multiple nights of calling using repeatability analysis. Callers were inconsistent in their calling effort across nights and did not optimize nightly calling effort to increase their total number of nights spent calling. Next, I investigated calling site fidelity of males across multiple nights by quantifying movement of callers. Callers frequently changed their calling site across calling nights with substantial displacement but without any significant directionality. Finally, I investigated trade-offs between within-night calling effort and energetically expensive calling song features such as call intensity and chirp rate. Calling effort was not correlated with any of the calling song features, suggesting that energetically expensive song features do not constrain male calling effort. The two key features of signaling behaviour, calling effort and call intensity, which determine the duration and spatial coverage of the sexual signal, are uncorrelated and function independently Acoustic signal variation and female preference for different signal components constitute the prerequisite framework to study the mechanisms of sexual selection that shape acoustic communication. Despite several studies of acoustic communication in crickets, information on both male calling song variation in the field and female preference in the same system is lacking for most species. First, I quantified variation in the spectral, temporal and amplitudinal characteristics of the male calling song in a wild population, at two temporal scales, within and across nights, using repeatability analysis. Carrier frequency (CF) was the most repeatable call trait across nights, whereas chirp period (CP) had low repeatability. I further investigated female preferences based on song features with high and low repeatability (CF and CP respectively). Females showed no consistent preferences for CF but were more attracted towards calls with higher rates (shorter CP). I also examined the effect of signal intensity, which is known to play a critical role in female phonotaxis behaviour, on female preferences for faster calls. Females preferred louder calls over faster ones, implying a dominant role for signal intensity in female evaluation of potential mates based on acoustic signals. Call intensity was also the only signal feature that was positively correlated with male size. In the final chapter, I investigated female mate sampling strategies based on acoustic signals using both theoretical and empirical approaches. Analytical models of mate sampling have demonstrated significant differences in individual fitness returns for different sampling strategies. However these models have rarely incorporated relevant information on the ecology of signalers and the sensory physiology of receivers. I used simulation models to compare the costs and benefits of different mate sampling strategies by incorporating information on relative spacing of callers in natural choruses and the effect of signal intensity on female phonotaxis behaviour. The strategy of mating with males that were louder at the female position emerged as the optimal sampling rule in the simulations. When tested empirically in the field using callers in natural choruses, females seemed to follow the optimal strategy of mating with males that were perceived as louder at their position.