No description available.

There is a gap in the theory of acquisition, little investigation have been made on the acquired firm within the acquisition process and in service industries. Because of the lack of research in this area, this research is focusing on acquisition theory and how it positions to the acquired firm rather than the firm making the acquisition. Therefore a need to investigate the acquisition theory on acquired firms on SME: s in the IT-service industry is interesting. To do so, three case studies have been made on three firms that have been acquired. The empirical results from the case studies have shown how the relationship between the parent company and the subsidiary has differences. The company culture and the relationship to the parent firm differs if the parent firm is foreign or not; and if the acquisition process is mutual between two firms rather than a market extension acquisition. By analyzing the data of this research the study show that the previous theories of acquisition are adaptable to implement on firms that have been acquired on SME:s in the IT-service industry.

The objective of this study was to uncover the critical success factors that have significant value-added impacts on corporate acquisitions in the lodging industry. Specifically, this study attempted to systematically discover evidence about the determinants of a successful pre-acquisition management process, and the determinants of successful post-acquisition integration, as well as to identify an appropriate evaluation criteria for determining the post-acquisition performance of an acquisition deal. In addition, this study tried to identify important acquisition objectives of hotel acquirers. This study employed an integrated and holistic viewpoint that includes the most critical corporate acquisition issues simultaneously and in a multi-dimensional framework. As a research methodology, a Delphi technique, which is a non-face-to-face communication method, was employed and proved its effectiveness throughout the study. The key question guiding this research is, what are the critical factors in the overall acquisition process that contribute to successful acquisitions? The findings of this study indicate that the most important acquisition objective for acquirers in the lodging industry is to accelerate the growth of their firms. Further, the most important critical success factor for hotel acquirers before the deal is completed is the identification of the trend of the target firm's cash flow from operations, and reliable and valid information about the target is the most significant dimension in the pre-acquisition management phase. The study results suggest that the most significant key success factor in the post-acquisition integration stage for the lodging industry is to plan and establish a post-acquisition strategy as early as possible, even before the deal is done, while the development of an effective post-acquisition transition strategy immediately after the deal is closed is the most crucial dimension in the post-acquisition integration phase. One of the most significant findings of this study was that hotel executives gave relatively higher importance to pre-acquisition management strategy than to the post-acquisition integration process. In terms of post-acquisition performance evaluation criteria, measures from a value-based management (VBM) approach received the highest rank in evaluating the economic gains of corporate acquisitions in the lodging industry. The study results can help to improve hospitality industry academics' and practitioners' understanding of important M&A phenomena leading to significant changes in the industry's competitive landscape. / Ph. D.

No description available.

In business today efforts are being taken in order to grow, while some firms slowly grow organically others decide to perform a merger or an acquisition (M&A). Firms performing M&As have a high failure rate and many times this is caused by a poorly handled post-acquisition process. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have, according to researchers, not the same ambition to grow compared to large firms, and the research area concerning the post-acquisition process is often from a large firm perspective. However, SMEs do perform M&As as well and therefore it is in our interest to investigate the post-acquisition process in SMEs and see how the post-acquisition process is performed in these firms. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the post-acquisition process in SMEs, this to highlight the SME characteristics in a post-acquisition process. Our methodological approach in this study is hermeneutic. To collect empirical information we performed an interview study, where semi-structured interviews with the managing director or a member of the management team in four SMEs have been conducted. A model for analyzing has been constructed, which helped us to process the empirical information from a hermeneutic perspective. The reason why the studied firms performed a M&A was to get access to a new customer base and to strengthen their market positions. The focus in the post-acquisition process has been on external value creation since the customers are highly valuated, and this can be related to the uncertain financial and environmental situation that SMEs experience. All firms in the study have chosen a high level of integration, though the planning in the firms has not been that extensive as the post-acquisition literature suggests. Further, several elements within the human resource area have been neglected in their planning, despite this three of the firms experienced a limited amount of resistance to change and this ought to be related to their SME characteristics. The employees are willing to follow the direction stated by the managing director, who has a high influence on the organization’s culture. In the firms we studied the centralization of power is one important element and the acquiring firms have preferred a unicultural organization, and in most cases a congruence con-cerning culture have occurred.

<p>In business today efforts are being taken in order to grow, while some firms slowly grow organically others decide to perform a merger or an acquisition (M&A). Firms performing M&As have a high failure rate and many times this is caused by a poorly handled post-acquisition process. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have, according to researchers, not the same ambition to grow compared to large firms, and the research area concerning the post-acquisition process is often from a large firm perspective. However, SMEs do perform M&As as well and therefore it is in our interest to investigate the post-acquisition process in SMEs and see how the post-acquisition process is performed in these firms.</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the post-acquisition process in SMEs, this to highlight the SME characteristics in a post-acquisition process.</p><p>Our methodological approach in this study is hermeneutic. To collect empirical information we performed an interview study, where semi-structured interviews with the managing director or a member of the management team in four SMEs have been conducted. A model for analyzing has been constructed, which helped us to process the empirical information from a hermeneutic perspective.</p><p>The reason why the studied firms performed a M&A was to get access to a new customer base and to strengthen their market positions. The focus in the post-acquisition process has been on external value creation since the customers are highly valuated, and this can be related to the uncertain financial and environmental situation that SMEs experience. All firms in the study have chosen a high level of integration, though the planning in the firms has not been that extensive as the post-acquisition literature suggests. Further, several elements within the human resource area have been neglected in their planning, despite this three of the firms experienced a limited amount of resistance to change and this ought to be related to their SME characteristics. The employees are willing to follow the direction stated by the managing director, who has a high influence on the organization’s culture. In the firms we studied the centralization of power is one important element and the acquiring firms have preferred a unicultural organization, and in most cases a congruence con-cerning culture have occurred.</p>

Acquisitions are common in today’s business and people involved in acquisitions face challenges when they become part of this process. This thesis aims to provide an understanding of the human factors that determine the outcome of acquisition integration. Various frameworks exist in the literature that focuses on human and task integration as measures for success. In addition to these, the author explores an additional aspect, customer integration, as an important measure to determine overall integration success. Execution is the key to successful acquisition integration. Employees of a technology company were surveyed to gauge their acquisition experiences over three past acquisitions. The survey was a limited targeted case study that focused on analytical value, rather than statistical value. The survey data is analyzed and aligned with the literature data to identify some possible best practices the technology company could follow in future acquisitions. The survey results are used to establish the implications for the company’s acquisition process and to help the development of a playbook for acquisition integration. / text

Abstract                “Due diligence - A resource demanding process” Date:                     June 8th 2012 Level:                    Master thesis in business economics, 15 ECTS Institution:           School of Sustainable development of society and technology, Mälardalen University Authors:                Erdinc Kirik                                  Pär Matsson                                11th January 1987                      31th May 1985 Title:                      Due diligence - A resource demanding process Tutor:                     Staffan Boström Keywords:             Due diligence, the acquisition process, acquisitions, business valuation Research questions:              What are the main factors that Bank X, Nordea and Almi is focused on an examination of a due diligence for an acquisition, focusing on private limited companies? Does the approach between the various banks and Almi differ? Purpose:                The purpose of this paper is to create a checklist for private limited companies to use in the context of application for funding Method:                 The study was based on a qualitative study, based on primary data in terms of interviews in the subject of due diligence. Secondary data used in the study consisted of relevant literature and scientific articles. Conclusion:            The study showed that the respondents in general focuses on the same areas within Due diligence. The most important point which the respondents agreed on was profitability and repayment capacity. In overall, all elements in a Due diligence process that has an impact on profitability is important to examine. Including management, especially in smaller private companies, has an important role. They must perform in the business plan and convince the respondents that there is a repayment capacity. / Sammanfattning    ”Due diligence – En resurskrävande process” Datum:                   24 maj, 2012 Nivå:                       Magisteruppsats i företagsekonomi, 15 ECTS Institution:            Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, HST, Mälardalens Högskola Författare:             Erdinc Kirik                                  Pär Matsson                                 11 januari 1987                          31 maj 1985 Titel:                       Due diligence – En resurskrävande process Handledare:            Staffan Boström Nyckelord:              Due diligence, förvärsprocessen, företagsförvärv, företagsvärdering Frågeställning:       Vilka är de viktigaste faktorerna som Bank X, Nordea och Almi fokuserar på vid granskning av en Due diligence inför ett företagsförvärv, med fokus på privata aktiebolag? Skiljer sig tillvägagångssättet mellan de olika bankerna och Almi? Syfte:                     Syftet med uppsatsen är att skapa en checklista som privata aktiebolag kan använda sig utav i samband med ansökan om finansiering. Metod:                    Uppsatsen gjordes utifrån en kvalitativ undersökning och baserades på primärdata i form av intervjuer inom ämnet Due diligence. Sekundärdata som använts i uppsatsen bestod av relevant litteratur samt vetenskapliga artiklar. Slutsats:                 Uppsatsen visade att respondenterna i stort fokuserar på samma områden inom Due diligence. Den allra viktigaste punkten som respondenter var eniga om var lönsamhet och återbetalningsförmåga. I det stora hela är, alla faktorer i en Due diligence som har en inverkan på lönsamheten viktiga att granska. Även företagsledningen, speciellt i mindre privata aktiebolag, har en viktig roll. De måste prestera i affärsplanen och kunna övertyga respondenterna om att återbetalningsförmågan finns.

Företagsförvärv är i dagens samhälle vanligt förekommande när företag har som målsättning att växa. Det finns en del tidigare forskning kring detta området, däremot finns det inte lika mycket forskat kring aktiva aktörer vid förvärvsprocessen. Vi har valt att inrikta oss på en specifik aktör i denna studien, revisorn. Detta för att revisoryrket kan innebära flera olika roller och arbetsuppgifter, till exempel revisorn som granskare, revisorn som rådgivare samt en roll där revisorn har en legitimerande funktion. I denna studie är det framförallt revisorn som rådgivare som behandlas och det vi vill undersöka är var i förvärvsprocessen revisorn är delaktig samt vad den då bidrar med. Syftet med denna studie är att öka förståelsen för processen vid ett företagsförvärv samt vad revisorn bidrar med i denna. I denna studie har fem fallstudier genomförts där semistrukturerade intervjuer har gjorts med revisorer som har eller har haft koppling till företagsförvärv. Teorin från referensramen användes vid vår analys av de empiriska resultaten, detta gjordes för att se hur tidigare teori förhåller sig till vår empiri. Studiens resultat visar att revisorns roll under förvärvsprocessen fungerar som en rådgivare, det är däremot ovanligt att revisorn är delaktig under hela processen. Den del i processen där revisorn bidrar med mest är vid företagsbesiktningen, som även kan nämnas som due diligence. Vidare kan vi konstatera att ett företagsförvärv oftast innebär en väldigt stor och komplex process där det kan uppstå problem dock är det väldigt ovanligt att ett företagsförvärv avbryts. / Background: Acquisitions are a common occurance today as a means for corporation growth. Various research has previously been conducted in this field, however a focus on the actors participating in the acquistation process is uncommon. In this study we focus on one specific actor, the auditor. Our focus on the auditor is due to this actor's variety of roles and assignments, e.g. the auditor as a reviewer , as an advisor or the auditor with a legimitising role. In this study we are predominately concerned with the auditor as an advisor, thus what we examine is at which point in the acquistion process the auditor partakes and how the controller contributes to the process. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding of the acquistion process and the auditor's role in this process. Method: In this study we have conducted five case studies based on semi-structured interviews with auditors who currently are or previously have been involved with acquisitions. We have applied the theory from our frame of reference in the analysis of our findings in order to examine how our findings relate to this theory. Conclusions: This study's results indicate that the auditor's role during the acquisition process is mainly as an advisor and that it is rare for the auditor to partake during the entire process. The part of the process where the auditor contributes the most is in the due diligence process. Furthermore we can conclude that an acquisition in most cases is an extensive and complex process where various problems can arise. Despite these aggravating factors it is very rare for an acquisition to be cancelled.

Acquisitions for a value of approximately $2 trillion are conducted globally every year with the motives of i.e., enhanced market power and increased shareholder value. Despite the interest in acquisitions the failure rate on acquisitions in 2011 was estimated to 70-90 %. Thus researchers have called for further examination on acquisitions and especially on the acquisition process, and strategic fit and organizational fit, which is believed to facilitate the outcome of the acquisitions. The acquisition process is described as a linear process con- sisting of two sub processes, pre-acquisition and post-acquisition, that acquiring organiza- tions progress through step-wise. The purpose of this study is to examine how the acquisition process and strategic fit and organizational fit can be handled to facilitate successful acquisitions. In order to get a deep and comprehensive understanding of the acquisitions process, the authors of this thesis have conducted a case study. The company, ITAB Shop Concept AB, has a background of 20 successful acquisitions, which have contributed to a steady growth in both turnover and share price. ITAB Shop Concept AB has been researched through in- depth interviews with key persons in the management, responsible for the acquisitions conducted. By adopting a dynamic approach to the acquisition process and taking an overall view of the strategic fit and organizational fit in each phase of the acquisition process, organiza- tions can understand and prevent the possible issues leading to failure. Furthermore organ- izations might benefit from having an acquisition process adapted for each acquisition tar- get. For example it is found that by conducting due-diligence in the post-acquisition pro- cess instead of the pre-acquisition process, and keeping the same persons in the acquisition team, more efficient use of resources and prior experience is facilitated.