In 2003 the Ministry of Education – Zimbabwe, in partnership with UNICEF introduced an HIV and AIDS subject area named the AIDS Action Programme for Schools (AAPS) in secondary schools. It was mandated that AAPS be a compulsory subject area taught alongside other subjects in the curriculum as the objective of the strategy was to use the life-sustaining power of education to reduce the learners’ vulnerability to HIV infection. Despite the innovation there still exists a high prevalence of 11,1% of HIV infection among secondary school learners (UNAIDS 2010183). The high HIV infection rate prompted the study into how secondary school teachers understand, respond to and implement the AAPS. The study was founded upon the Concerns-Based Adoption Model. The sample comprised twenty teachers, four school heads and two Ministry of Education officials from the Masvingo district. Data for the qualitative case study was collected via individual interviews, focus group interviews and open-ended questionnaires. The study found that the AAPS has a low status in schools. Most teachers face numerous challenges regarding their understanding and implementation of the AAPS. It became apparent that teachers had mixed perceptions, were uninformed, ignorant, frustrated or confused regarding the AAPS policy, curriculum requirements and components. They developed negative attitudes because they lacked resources, syllabuses and prescribed textbooks, support, sufficient time for the subject area and a protective policy to cover them when they teach sensitive topics. The lack of understanding among teachers created feelings of helplessness and fear of implementing the subject area. Teachers feared loss of status among colleagues in the schools, and that they or their learners might be labelled as being HIV-positive. Teachers feared teaching orphaned and vulnerable learners in their classrooms, some of whom were infected and affected by HIV and AIDS, without being able to offer them practical solutions. Teachers who had a positive attitude attempted to adapt the curriculum while many were reluctant and ignored implementation of the subject area. Evaluated against the Concerns-Based Adoption Model, it was revealed that many of the teachers implemented the AAPS at low stages of concern and levels of use. Overall, the subject area was implemented with reluctant compliance and compliance with constraints, revealing a disjunction between policy and curriculum requirements and practice in the schools. In the light of these findings, recommendations were made with regard to the study on training and support of teachers. The Ministry of Education should become proactive in developing teachers’ knowledge and skills via significant and ongoing professional development and training for all teachers in HIV and AIDS education. School heads should exercise control and provide support with regard to curriculum implementation. Subject area coordinators, and school heads should deliberately create opportunities for staff to collaborate and exchange creative ideas and information that will improve teachers’ conceptualisation and implementation of the curriculum. Qualified and interested teachers should be appointed in a permanent capacity to teaching HIV and AIDS education. Universities should develop and provide programmes that will prepare teachers to effectively implement the curriculum of the AIDS Action Programme for Schools. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Early Childhood Education / unrestricted

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur behov och åtgärder i ämnet svenska beskrevs i några åtgärdsprogram upprättade för elever i årskurserna 1-3.   Frågeställningarna handlade om hur lärare beskrev elevens behov av stöd och efterföljande åtgärder.   För att besvara frågeställningarna har kritisk diskursanalys använts. Empirin till undersökningen var fjorton åtgärdsprogram från tre olika kommuner. Till hjälp för analys av resultat har de specialpedagogiska perspektiven använts som teoretisk modell.   Det sammantagna resultatet visade att elevens behov vid flera av de granskade åtgärdsprogrammen framställdes som om eleven var bärare av sina problem, eller att eleven behövde träna mer. Behoven framställdes också som om eleven behövde liten grupp eller en resursperson. Åtgärder beskrevs utifrån att eleven var en passiv mottagare av åtgärden. De flesta åtgärderna var åtgärder på individnivå. Speciallärare framstod som åtgärd i flera av de granskade åtgärdsprogrammen. I några åtgärdsprogram var åtgärden beskriven på organisationsnivå, åtgärderna handlade om att lärarna behövde hitta andra arbetssätt.   Sammanfattningsvis utkristalliserades sex olika diskurser, inkluderande diskurs, exkluderande diskurs, pedagogisk diskurs, eleven som problembärande diskurs, akademisk diskurs och kunskapsdiskurs. Flera av diskurserna hör hemma i den traditionella skolan och det kompensatoriska perspektivet. Dock gjordes några diskurser synliga som hör hemma i det kritiska perspektivet, exempelvis inkluderande diskurs, där görs kopplingar till politiska dokument såsom Barnkonventionen och Salamancadeklarationen. En intressant slutsats är att flera diskurser handlade om specialläraren, med hjälp av dilemmaperspektivet påvisades att diskursen kan bli problematiskt beroende på hur vi ser på specialläraren som profession. / The purpose of the study was to examine how the work with special support in the subject Swedish is described in some action programme established for students in grades 1-3.   The paper’s questions were about how teachers described the student’s need for support and the following actions.   Critical discourse analysis was used to answer the questions. The empirical data for the study were fourteen action programmes from three different municipalities. To help in the analysis of the results, the special education perspective as a theoretical model was used.   The combined results showed that the student’s needs at several of the reviewed action programmes were presented as if the student was carrying his problems, or that the student needed to train more. The needs were also presented as if the student needed a small group or an assistant. Actions were described on the basis that the student was a passive recipient of the actions. Most of the actions were on an individual level. Special needs teachers were presented as actions in several of the reviewed action programmes. In some action programmes the actions were described on an organizational level. The measurements used were focused on the teachers where they needed to find other ways of working.   In conclusion, five different discourses emerged; inclusive discourse, excluding discourse, pedagogic discourse, student as the problem bearer, knowledge discourse and academic discourse. Several of the discourses belong in the traditional school and the compensatory perspective. However, there were some discourses revealed that belong in the critical perspective, such as including discourse where connections can be made to political documents such as the child convention and Salamanca declaration. One interesting conclusion is that many discourses were about the special needs teacher, with the help of the dilemma perspective the study shows that the discourse can be problematic depending on how we view the special needs teaching as a profession.

<p>The purpose of this study is to learn about educationalists´ apprehensions and their experiences of working with action programmes within the compulsory school's earlier years. Two issues have been composed in order to meet this purpose. They are also the foundation of the interview questions, which are enclosed at the end of the essay.</p><p>The purpose with the issues is to look into educationalists´ work with action programmes. Another purpose is to find out how they consider an action programme should be formulated in order to function as a support for students in need of special aid.</p><p>From the study the result shows that the apprehensions of working with action programmes are separating from one teacher to another. The informants of the study indicate the importance differs inviting both pupils and parents to participate in the entire process. They also indicate that the advantage of accuracy in the document and the descriptions for example who´s responsible for what and when the evaluation will be implemented. The study also shows the benefits of having distinct goals and intermediate goals, which are crucial for a successful result and good motivation.</p> / <p>Undersökningens syfte är att ta reda på pedagogers erfarenheter och uppfattningar av arbetet med åtgärdsprogram inom grundskolans tidigare år. För att uppfylla detta syfte har två frågeställningar arbetats fram. Dessa ligger även till grund för de intervjufrågor som bifogats i slutet av uppsatsen.</p><p>Frågeställningarnas uppgift är att undersöka pedagogers arbete med åtgärdsprogram. De syftar även till att se hur pedagoger anser att ett åtgärdsprogram bör utformas för att på bästa sätt fungera som en hjälp för elever i behov av särskilt stöd.</p><p>Resultatet från undersökningen visar att uppfattningarna om arbetet med åtgärdsprogram skiljer sig markant. Informanterna påpekar betydelsen av att både elev och vårdnadshavare inbjuds till delaktighet i hela processen kring åtgärdsprogrammet. De beskriver även fördelen med tydligheten i dokumentet, där åtgärden beskrivs, vem som ansvarar för vad samt när uppföljning och utvärdering skall genomföras. Det framgår även att fördelen med att sätta upp tydliga mål- och delmål är avgörande för god motivation och i förlängningen ett lyckat resultat.</p>

The purpose of this study is to learn about educationalists´ apprehensions and their experiences of working with action programmes within the compulsory school's earlier years. Two issues have been composed in order to meet this purpose. They are also the foundation of the interview questions, which are enclosed at the end of the essay. The purpose with the issues is to look into educationalists´ work with action programmes. Another purpose is to find out how they consider an action programme should be formulated in order to function as a support for students in need of special aid. From the study the result shows that the apprehensions of working with action programmes are separating from one teacher to another. The informants of the study indicate the importance differs inviting both pupils and parents to participate in the entire process. They also indicate that the advantage of accuracy in the document and the descriptions for example who´s responsible for what and when the evaluation will be implemented. The study also shows the benefits of having distinct goals and intermediate goals, which are crucial for a successful result and good motivation. / Undersökningens syfte är att ta reda på pedagogers erfarenheter och uppfattningar av arbetet med åtgärdsprogram inom grundskolans tidigare år. För att uppfylla detta syfte har två frågeställningar arbetats fram. Dessa ligger även till grund för de intervjufrågor som bifogats i slutet av uppsatsen. Frågeställningarnas uppgift är att undersöka pedagogers arbete med åtgärdsprogram. De syftar även till att se hur pedagoger anser att ett åtgärdsprogram bör utformas för att på bästa sätt fungera som en hjälp för elever i behov av särskilt stöd. Resultatet från undersökningen visar att uppfattningarna om arbetet med åtgärdsprogram skiljer sig markant. Informanterna påpekar betydelsen av att både elev och vårdnadshavare inbjuds till delaktighet i hela processen kring åtgärdsprogrammet. De beskriver även fördelen med tydligheten i dokumentet, där åtgärden beskrivs, vem som ansvarar för vad samt när uppföljning och utvärdering skall genomföras. Det framgår även att fördelen med att sätta upp tydliga mål- och delmål är avgörande för god motivation och i förlängningen ett lyckat resultat.

yes / The United Nations will convene the `UN Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects¿ in June/July 2001. The `2001 Conference¿ is now the primary focus for international efforts to strengthen and develop co-ordinated and comprehensive global action to prevent and reduce the proliferation and misuse of small arms and light weapons. A powerful international coalition of States, international organisations and civil society groups is uniting to promote effective global action. Expectations for the 2001 Conference are high and public awareness of the opportunities it offers is growing. It is critical that the 2001 Conference is a success. The 2001 Conference must achieve agreement on an effective International Action Programme to prevent and reduce small arms and light weapons proliferation and combat illicit trafficking in such weapons. This International Action Programme should reinforce, co-ordinate and extend measures being taken at local, national and regional levels. In addition to establishing an appropriate set of international norms and standards, the 2001 Conference should achieve agreement on specific international action on the problems associated with small arms and light weapons. The specific objectives of the 2001 Conference are currently undecided. This paper, the first in a series of briefings, outlines a proposed scope for the Conference. It further proposes concrete objectives and practical agreements which could be achieved during the Conference. It is hoped that the proposals and recommendations presented will contribute to efforts to secure a comprehensive and progressive framework for the Conference.

yes / As the agenda for the United Nations (UN) 2001 Conference on The Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects takes shape, governments should begin to identify a set of standards, mechanisms and specific agreements that will help consolidate, reinforce and co-ordinate regional and national measures to address the problem of the proliferation and misuse of small arms. An important element of this approach will be to build upon the wealth of regional and national experiences and perspectives that illustrate the different contexts in which efforts to combat the proliferation and misuse of small arms and light weapons have occurred. At the same time, agreements reached at the UN 2001 Conference should be substantial, establishing an agreed comprehensive `international action programme¿ f o r sustained global effort on this complex problem. However there remain issues and concerns that are common to all regions: these should be identified and addressed internationally within the context of the UN 2001 Conference. This briefing, the second in the Biting the Bullet series, reviews some of the current regional e fforts on small arms and light weapons. It identifies common approaches that have been used in different regions to counter the proliferation and misuse of small arms and light weapons, these include: law enforcement and crime control; supplier restraint and transparency; national legislation and regulation of arms; and arms reduction and control. The briefing analyses initiatives using these approaches that are moving forward in West Africa, Eastern and Southern Africa, the European Union (EU), and the development of cooperation between EU Member States and other countries and regional organizations, including Cambodia and the Southern African Development Community. The briefing identifies the impact and priorities of these initiatives, suggesting ways in which the UN 2001 Conference is both relevant to the region and what the region can contribute to the outcomes of the Conference. The briefing concludes with recommendations on the ways in which regional processes can be reinforced and further developed by the international community, focusing especially on the contribution of the UN 2001 Conference. Experience is showing that much of what happens nationally and regionally needs reinforcement and further development with assistance from the international community. The UN 2001 Conference comes at an important time for providing the framework ¿ through the international action programme ¿ to develop, reinforce and c o-ordinate these national and regional processes, through developing appropriate international norms, standards, programmes and mechanisms. Using the illustration of combating illicit arms trafficking, this briefing outlines some of the processes that could be taken forward through the UN 2001 Conference which would build upon and strengthen national and regional eff o r t s . The briefing contains an annex, which provides background information on many current regional and international initiatives, including those in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe and inter-regionally, such as the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.

yes / Measures to enhance the security and management of legal stocks of small arms and to reduce `surplus¿ weapons are clearly essential components of an effective international action programme to combat illicit trafficking and prevent and reduce the proliferation of small arms. Many of the weapons of concern are lost from official stockpiles through theft, corruption or neglect. Moreover, the existence of large quantities of `surplus¿ small arms is a major factor in the excessive availability and flows of these weapons. The primary responsibility for measures to address these problems lies with governments. Regional and international organisations involved in any way with managing and disposing of small arms also have important responsibilities to take action. Nevertheless, this is a global issue, and the entire international community should play a role in developing policies on the management of stockpiles and the disposal or destruction of surplus weapons. This briefing outlines the dimensions of the issues, drawing on recent experience, and identifies ways in which an international action programme could usefully be developed to address them.

yes / Since April 1998, the Vienna-based UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice has been negotiating the draft Protocol Against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition (hereafter referred to as the Firearms Protocol). This Protocol will be the first global measure regulating international transfers of small arms and light weapons, and should have a tremendous impact on both the legal and the illicit manufacture and trade in firearms. The draft agreement seeks to combat and criminalise trafficking in firearms, through the development of harmonised international standards governing the manufacture, possession and transfer of commercial shipments of these weapons. While the final outcome of the Protocol relies on the outcome of negotiations in February 2001, the draft agreement contains provisions which commit states, among other things, to: l Adopt legislative measures to criminalise the illicit manufacture, trafficking, possession and use of firearms; l Maintain detailed records on the import, export and in-transit movements of firearms; l Adopt an international system for marking firearms at the time of manufacture and each time they are imported; l Establish a harmonised licensing system governing the import, export, in-transit movement and re-export of firearms; l Exchange information regarding authorised producers, dealers, importers and exporters, the routes used by illicit traffickers, best practice in combating trafficking in order to enhance states ability to prevent, detect and investigate illicit trafficking; l Co-operate at the bilateral, regional and international level to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit manufacturing of and trafficking in firearms; and l Consider developing systems to require arms brokers, traders and forwarders to register and obtain licences for their transactions. The Protocol places a premium on international co-operation, information exchange and transparency. The provisions in the Firearms Protocol are an important complement to those being developed for the UN 2001 Conference. Issues such as improving the ability to trace small arms and light weapons through effective marking systems, regulating the activities of arms brokers and building international norms on the responsible disposal of surplus small arms are common to both initiatives.

yes / Efforts to combat and prevent illicit trafficking and proliferation of small arms and light weaponsEfforts to combat and prevent illicit trafficking and proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) are obstructed by lack of capacity to trace sources and lines of supply for arms. Such efforts are necessary in order to identify points of diversion or loss of responsible control so that actions can be taken to tackle the problems. This hampers efforts to prevent future loss and diversion, for example, or to close down unauthorised or destabilising arms supply networks. Measures to enable tracing of sources and lines of supply of SALW are therefore a priority. Because of the international scope of the flows of SALW, such measures need to be taken by all states and all other relevant members of the international community. International standards and mechanisms to enable tracing need to be established and developed as a priority. An effective international system to enable tracing of sources and flows of SALW requires three essential elements: adequate marking to uniquely identify each weapon; detailed and accessible record-keeping; and mechanisms for international co-operation in tracing sources and lines of supply of SALW. At present there are substantial weaknesses and problems in each of these three areas. (SALW) are obstructed by lack of capacity to trace sources and lines of supply for arms. Such efforts are necessary in order to identify points of diversion or loss of responsible control so that actions can be taken to tackle the problems. This hampers efforts to prevent future loss and diversion, for example, or to close down unauthorised or destabilising arms supply networks. Measures to enable tracing of sources and lines of supply of SALW are therefore a priority. Because of the international scope of the flows of SALW, such measures need to be taken by all states and all other relevant members of the international community. International standards and mechanisms to enable tracing need to be established and developed as a priority. An effective international system to enable tracing of sources and flows of SALW requires three essential elements: adequate marking to uniquely identify each weapon; detailed and accessible record-keeping; and mechanisms for international co-operation in tracing sources and lines of supply of SALW. At present there are substantial weaknesses and problems in each of these three areas.

yes / Efforts to combat and prevent illicit trafficking in, and proliferation and misuse of, small arms and light weapons (SALW) are hampered by lack of relevant information-exchange and transparency. International information exchange and transparency arrangements are key elements of each of the main elements of the international action programme on SALW to be launched at the UN 2001 Conference. There is great scope to develop information management and distribution arrangements to disseminate and exchange of relevant information on SALW without seriously compromising national security, necessary commercial secrecy, or law enforcement. Indeed, national security, commerce, crime prevention and law enforcement are generally enhanced by appropriate transparency and information exchange