Significant advances in modern ac/ac power converter technologies and demands of industries have reached beyond standard ac/ac power converters with voltage-source inverters fed from diode rectifiers. Power electronics converters have been matured to stages toward compact realization, increased high-power handling capability, and improving utility interface. Modern ac/ac power converter topologies with various control strategies have been introduced for the further improvements, such as matrix converters, current-fed converters, PWM rectifiers, and active power filters. In this dissertation, several new converter topologies are proposed in conjunction with developed control schemes based on the modern ac/ac converters which enhance performance and solve the drawbacks of conventional converters. In this study, a new fault-tolerant PWM strategy is first proposed for matrix converters. The added fault-tolerant scheme would strengthen the matrix converter technology for aerospace and military applications. A modulation strategy is developed to reshape output currents for continuous operation, against fault occurrence in matrix converter drives. This study designs a hybrid, high-performance ac/ac power converter for high power applications, based on a high-power load commutated inverter and a mediumpower voltage source inverter. Natural commutation of the load commutated inverter is actively controlled by the voltage source inverter. In addition, the developed hybrid system ensures sinusoidal output current/voltage waveforms and fast dynamic response in high power areas. A new topology and control scheme for a six-step current source inverter is proposed. The proposed topology utilizes a small voltage source inverter, to turn off main thyristor switches, transfer reactive load energy, and limit peak voltages across loads. The proposed topology maximizes benefits of the constituent converters: highpower handling capability of large thyristor-based current source inverters as well as fast and easy control of small voltage source inverters. This study analyzes, compares, and evaluates two topologies for unity power factor and multiple ac/ac power conversions. Theoretical analyses and comparisons of the two topologies, grounded on mathematical approaches, are presented from the standpoint of converter kVA ratings, dc-link voltage requirements, switch ratings, semiconductor losses, and reactive component sizes. Analysis, simulation, and experimental results are detailed for each proposed topology.

This thesis deals with the design and implementation of a feedback control scheme for a DC Hybrid Active Power Filter used to filter harmonics from a Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) Drive load. Power electronic systems are non-linear & dynamic [1,3,5]. Power electronic systems employ switching circuits to maximize their efficiency at the penalty that switching circuits generate electrical noise called ripple current and voltage or conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI). The ripple current drawn by the power electronic systems needs to be attenuated to an acceptable level. Filters attenuate this to an acceptable level. Traditionally filters with passive inductors and capacitors are used. Active filters contain switching elements in addition to passive inductors and capacitors which reduce overall size of passive components used. Two control approaches, full-state state space, and plain proportional feedback, are evaluated for this filter. Circuit models are simulated in SPICE and mathematical models are simulated in Matlab/Simulink for evaluating these control approaches. Proportional feedback control was chosen for implementation and the reason for this is provided in the thesis. The active filter was tested with chosen feedback control and experimental results were compared with simulation results. Inferences and scope for further work are finally presented.

Intrinsically safe (IS) active power supplies subjected to certain transient load conditions can deliver power to a circuit at significantly higher levels than indicated on their nameplate ratings. During a transient load such as an intermittent short-circuit, energy is transferred from the power supply to the short-circuit and an electrical arc may form when the short-circuit is applied or removed. This poses a spark ignition risk as energy is transferred from the arc to the surrounding atmosphere. Currently various International and Australian Standards define the performance requirements for IS electrical apparatus. A duly accredited laboratory is required to establish the intrinsic safety compliance of an apparatus with the Standards. It involves an assessment of the apparatus and may include testing. The assessment of the apparatus determines adequate segregation, separation, construction, and selection of components. The tests performed on the apparatus include a temperature rise test and in some cases, the sparking potential of the circuit is tested using the spark test apparatus (STA). Testing the sparking potential of active power supplies to establish compliance adds significantly to the time and costs involved in establishing compliance. A new alternative assessment method is proposed in this report to augment or replace the testing phase of the compliance certification process for active power supplies. The proposed alternative assessment method (PAAM) is derived from a determination of the steady-state and transient output characteristics of the active power supply under consideration. Parameters such as peak output current, time constant of peak current decay, and the output voltages at these times are measured from the circuit's output characteristics. These measurements can subsequently be used to derive the topology and component values of an equivalent circuit. The resulting equivalent circuit is then considered like a linear power supply and the sparking potential can be determined using existing assessment methods. This thesis investigates in detail the equivalent circuit of a number of direct current (DC) active power supplies whose transient output characteristics exhibit predominantly capacitive behaviour. The results of the PAAM using the equivalent circuit are then compared with results achieved using the current testing procedure with a STA. A small sample of active power supplies is used to generate data from which a relationship between the current testing procedure and the PAAM can be established. The PAAM developed in this research project can be used as a pre-compliance check by designers, manufacturers, or IS testing stations. A failure of this test would indicate that the active power supply's sparking energy is not low enough to be regarded as intrinsically safe. The PAAM requires fewer resources to establish a result than the STA. The benefits of a simplified spark ignition test would flow on from designers and manufacturers to end users.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The slip synchronous permanent magnet generator (SSG) is a direct-driven direct-grid connected generator developed to alleviate the need for expensive gearboxes and solid-state power converters on wind turbine generators. This study identifies certain key areas where the current wind turbine generator (WTG) system does not comply with the grid code for wind energy facilities (WEF) as specified by the National Energy Regulator of South Africa. The current WTG system does not have a reactive power compensation device. The main focus in this study is the development of an on-load tap changer (OLTC) transformer to control the terminal voltage of the generator. By controlling the terminal voltage of the generator the excitation-mode of the SSG can be changed allowing for control over the reactive power output of the SSG. An OLTC transformer utilising a solid-state assisted mechanical diverter circuit is built and tested to determine the viability of using an OLTC as a reactive power control device. Practical test results show that the OLTC can successfully control the terminal voltage of the SSG without interrupting the load current. The required accuracy regarding power factor control capability was not met due to the large change in reactive power output per tap change operation. A method of using small shunt capacitor banks to provide additional reactive power in between consecutive tap changes is evaluated in simulation. Simulation results show that the addition of these small shunt capacitor banks dramatically improves the reactive power control accuracy. Additionally the grid code specifies that a WEF must have the ability to curtail the active power output during frequency disturbances. The effects of frequency disturbances on the SSG output is simulated and it was found that the SSG will comply with the minimum connection requirements as specified in the grid code. A method of using an IGBT switched DC load to limit the active power output of the WEF is developed and simulated. From the simulation results it was found that the proposed active power curtailment device will meet the minimum power curtailment response time requirements as specified in the grid code. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die glip sinchroon permanente magneet generator (SSG) is ʼn direkte dryf, direkte netwerk gekoppelde wind generator wat ontwikkel is om behoefte aan duur ratkaste en drywing elektroniese omsetters te verlig. Hierdie studie identifiseer sekere sleutel areas waar die huidige wind generator opstelling nie aan die netwerk kode spesifikasie soos uiteengesit deur die Nasionale Energie Reguleerder van Suid-Afrika voldoen nie. Die wind turbine generator stelsel beskik nie oor ʼn reaktiewe drywing beheer meganisme nie. Die belangrikste fokus in hierdie studie is die ontwikkeling van ʼn transformator tap wisselaar wat gebruik sal word om die generator se terminale spanning te beheer. Deur die terminaal spanning te beheer kan die opwekking modus van die generator verander word om dan die uittree reaktiewe drywing te beheer. ʼn Tap wisselaar wat gebruik maak van ʼn drywingelektronies gesteunde meganiese skakelaar is ontwikkel en getoets om die lewensvatbaarheid van die tegniek te ondersoek. Praktiese toets resultate toon dat die tap wisselaar suksesvol beheer oor die generator se terminaal spanning kon uitvoer, sonder om die las-stroom te onderbreuk. Ongelukkig is die vereiste akkuraatheid ten opsigte van die reaktiewe drywing beheer nie gehaal nie. Die rede hiervoor is dat die verandering in uittree reaktiewe drywing baie groot is vir opeenvolgende tap verstellings. ʼn Metode waar twee klein kapasitor banke geskakel word om reaktiewe drywing te lewer, tussen opeenvolgende tap veranderinge, is deur middel van simulasie ondersoek. Die simulasie resultate toon aan dat die toevoeging van die kapasitors ʼn drastiese verbetering in die beheerbaarheid van die uittree reaktiewe drywing het. Verder spesifiseer die netwerk kode ook dat ʼn wind plaas oor die vermoë moet beskik om die aktiewe drywing te verminder tydens ʼn netwerk frekwensie versteuring. Die effek wat ʼn frekwensie versteuring op die SSG het, is deur middel van simulasie ondersoek en daar is gevind dat die SSG aan die netwerk verbinding spesifikasie sal voldoen. ʼn Metode waarby ʼn IGBT geskakelde GS las gebruik word om die aktiewe drywing van die wind generator te beperk is ondersoek en gesimuleer. Vanaf die simulasie resultate is daar gevind dat die drywing beperkings toestel aan die minimum drywing en reaksie tyd spesifikasies soos vereis sal voldoen.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-05-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:09:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nascimento_bm_me_ilha.pdf: 1604913 bytes, checksum: f565cd826c9093459f7a60aa26c658fb (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A tendência dos sistemas de energia elétrica é uma operação cada vez mais próxima de seus limites operacionais. A presença de equipamentos que utilizam a eletrônica de potência, no controle e condicionamento da energia, é cada vez mais freqüente. A utilização de conversores como fonte de tensão, associados a elementos armazenadores de energia como, por exemplo, a bateria de sódio-enxofre, com alta densidade de energia, alta eficiência na carga e descarga e ainda um longo ciclo de vida, é a configuração básica de um Compensador Regenerativo de Potência Ativa. Compensação regenerativa de potência é um conceito que permite o armazenamento de energia em períodos favoráveis sob o ponto de vista dos custos da energia elétrica. Este conceito de compensação baseia-se no armazenamento da energia excedente ao longo do dia, nos períodos de menor tarifação, para utilizá-la nos horários de ponta (sobre-tarifa), aproveitando-se as vantagens contratuais de consumo de energia fora de ponta e promovendo-se uma melhor equalização de consumo, permitindo uma redução no contrato de demanda. Portanto, na compensação regenerativa de potência ativa, os períodos de consumo de energia são deslocados, com o objetivo de se obter redução na tarifa. Este conceito mostra-se interessante em sistemas com tarifação do tipo horo-sazonal, como é o caso brasileiro. Com o objetivo de se verificar tal troca de potência ativa, um modelo trifásico foi implementado e simulado. Os controles da potência ativa trocada entre o compensador e o sistema e da tensão na barra na qual o mesmo está instalado são realizados independentes e por controladores do tipo PID. Os sinais de controle dos interruptores semicondutores que compõe o conversor como fonte de tensão são gerados a partir do DSP TMS320F2808 da Texas Instruments, o que está embarcado no módulo didático eZdsp F2808 da Spectrum Digital / Nowadays, electric power systems are expected to work closer to their operating limits. Power electronics based controllers, such as voltage sourced converters, are increasingly present in power systems. Electronic devices are often used to energy controlling and conditioning. The use of voltage sourced converters, associated to high-density storage elements, is the basic configuration of a Regenerative Active Power Compensator. Regenerative Active Power Compensator is a concept which proposes the energy storage as a possibility for revaluation of electrical energy cost with demand contracts. This concept is based on storing energy surplus during off peak periods, when the energy cost is cheaper, and injecting it back to the system during the overpriced peak periods. This procedure allows a better equalization of energy consumption and a reduction in electric power demand contracts. Therefore, using regenerative active power compensation, the consumption is dislocated from peak periods, resulting in a reduction of energy costs for the consumer. This concept is especially attractive for countries that use hour-seasonal fees police, as in the Brazilian case. This work proposes a three-phase model simulation with digital signal processor controller to investigate the active power flow control between the power system and the compensator, using a proportional-integral-derivative control strategy. The control signals are generate using the Texas Instruments DSP TMS320F2808, witch is embedded into the eZdsp F2808 didactic module, from Spectrum Digital

Submitted by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-05T13:46:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.PDF: 4508623 bytes, checksum: 8e1affd5d5c342bcac7e265720885b0c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-05T13:46:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.PDF: 4508623 bytes, checksum: 8e1affd5d5c342bcac7e265720885b0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work presents an active power filter for three-phase three-wire systems without an inductor when compared to the usual structure of a shunt active power filter. For the determination and control of the references it was used the Park’s transformation, it means that all control was done in synchronous axes. The active filter of this work is in parallel configuration acting therefore as a current source and should correct the power factor and current harmonics selectively of the power grid. Simulation results were presented validating the control strategy. / Neste trabalho é apresentado um filtro ativo de potência trifásico para sistemas a trifásicos a três fios com um indutor a menos em comparação com a estrutura usual de um filtro ativo shunt. Para a determinação das referências e controle foi utilizada a transformada de Park, ou seja, todo o controle foi feito em eixos síncronos. O filtro ativo deste trabalho está na configuração paralela funcionando, portanto, como uma fonte de corrente e deverá corrigir o fator de potência e harmônicos de corrente da rede elétrica, estes últimos de forma seletiva. Foram apresentados resultados de simulação validando a estratégia de controle.

Submitted by Haroudo Xavier Filho (haroudo.xavierfo@ufpe.br) on 2016-03-01T13:09:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Silva Filho, Luis Rodrigues da.pdf: 5874183 bytes, checksum: 60b4246d84e077fb2131d50faca19bd3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-01T13:09:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Silva Filho, Luis Rodrigues da.pdf: 5874183 bytes, checksum: 60b4246d84e077fb2131d50faca19bd3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-30 / CAPES / Atualmente, um grande número de computadores e outras cargas elétricas sensíveis ligadas à rede elétrica são diretamente afetados por problemas de qualidade de energia. Uma das questões mais importantes está relacionada com as correntes harmônicas geradas pelo aumento do número de cargas não-lineares conectadas ao sistema elétrico, tais como retificadores a diodo e tiristores. Como consequência, estes harmônicos podem causar distorções na tensão, perdas adicionais no sistema de energia e mau funcionamento de equipamentos eletrônicos sensíveis. A literatura apresenta diferentes topologias de filtros híbridos de potência visando a compensação harmônica de corrente. Este trabalho apresenta o estado da arte de algumas topologias, realizando uma análise comparativa entre elas. Em comum, todas as topologias possuem um reduzido número de chaves. Adicionalmente, é apresentada uma nova topologia chamada six-switch two-leg hybrid power filter, que além de apresentar um número reduzido de chaves quando comparada a outras topologias com dupla compensação, é capaz de fornecer compensação total, mesmo para cargas com um alto conteúdo harmônico. Os resultados experimentais são apresentados para um protótipo, a fim de demonstrar que o desempenho de compensação harmônica da proposta cumpre a norma IEEE 519. / Nowadays, a large number of computers and other sensitive electrical loads connected to the power grid are directly affected by power quality problems. One of the most important issues is related to current harmonics generated by the increasing number of nonlinear loads connected to the power grid, such as diode and thyristor front-end rectifiers. As consequence, these harmonics can cause voltage distortions, additional losses in the power system and malfunction of sensitive electronic equipment. The literature presents several hybrid power filters topologies, aiming current harmonic compensation. This work presents some state of - art topologies with reduced number of switches and performs a comparative analysis among them. Additionally, a six-switch two-leg hybrid power filter topology, that presents a reduced number of switches when compared with dual topologies, is proposed. The solution is capable of providing fully compensation even for loads with high harmonic content. Experimental results, obtaneid by a prototype, are presented in order to demonstrate that the harmonic compensation performance meets the IEEE 519 standard.

Este trabalho apresenta o estudo, análise e a implementação de três topologias de condicionadores ativos de energia elétrica, utilizados para a melhoria da qualidade da energia em sistemas elétricos trifásicos a quatro fios. Estes condicionadores de qualidade de energia podem trabalhar tanto como um condicionador unificado de qualidade de energia (UPQC), bem como uma fonte de alimentação ininterrupta (UPS), permitindo: (i) a supressão das correntes harmônicas da carga; (ii) a compensação de energia reativa da carga; (iii) compensação dos desequilíbrios das correntes de carga; (iv) a compensação de desequilíbrios de tensão da rede; (v) supressão das tensões harmônicas da rede elétrica; (vi) a regulação das tensões de saída (tensões de carga); e (vii) fornecimento de energia ininterrupta para as cargas críticas (sistema UPS). Dentre as três topologias de UPQC/UPS estudadas, uma delas é proposta neste trabalho com o intuito de reduzir a tensão no barramento CC. Além disso, todas as topologias em estudo são constituídas por dois conversores PWM, nos quais é adotada uma estratégia de controle dual. Desse modo, o conversor colocado em paralelo com a carga, funciona como uma fonte de tensão senoidal, enquanto que o conversor colocado em série entre a rede elétrica e a carga, é controlado para operar como uma fonte de corrente senoidal. Tanto os controladores de tensão, quanto os de corrente são implementados no referencial síncrono dq0. Além disso, a técnica de modulação vetorial espacial tridimensional (3-D-SVM) é empregada nos conversores. Testes experimentais são apresentados para validar o desenvolvimento teórico e verificar o bom desempenho estático e dinâmico dos condicionadores ativos de energia elétrica, operando como UPQC, bem como sistema UPS. / This work presents the study, analysis and implementation of three topologies of active power conditioners, which are used to improve the power quality in three-phase four-wire systems. These power quality conditioner can work as unified power quality conditioner (UPQC), as well as an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system allowing: (i) suppression of load harmonic currents; (ii) compensation of load reactive power; (iii) load unbalances compensation; (iv) utility voltage unbalances compensation; (v) utility voltage harmonics suppression; (vi) regulation of the output voltages (load voltages); and (vii) uninterruptible power for critical loads when working as UPS system. Among the three topologies of UPQC/UPS studied, one of them is proposed in this work in order to reduce the DC-bus voltage. Besides, all the topologies are comprised of two PWM converters, where a dual control strategy is adopted. The first converter, which is placed in parallel with the load, operates as a sinusoidal voltage source, while the second, which is placed in series between the utility grid and the load, is controlled to operate as a sinusoidal current source. Both the voltage and current controllers are implemented into the synchronous rotating reference frame (dq0-axes). In addition, the series and parallel converters use the three-dimensional space vector modulation (3-D-SVM) technique. The experimental tests are presented to validate the theoretical development and to verify the effective static and dynamic performance of the proposed active power conditioners, operating as UPQC and UPS.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:53:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bartolomeu ferreira.pdf: 2681101 bytes, checksum: 05d2fad3f69568c193c20ccd8addecd7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The goal of loss allocation methodologies is to share the responsibility for transmission losses among generators and loads. Several loss allocation methods have been developed to solve this problem. However, there is not consensus regarding to the most appropriated approach methodology. There are some methods presenting suitable accuracy, however, still remains the equity question. It can say that there isn t an ideal method, although it is desirable that any method achieve efficient allocation criteria. In this work, it is proposed a methodology for active power transmission loss allocation, based on circuit laws, proportional sharing and superposition principles. The methodology uses a load flow solution to share the global loss of the system among market participants. The problem is divided into operation scenarios and taking into account transmission paths used by generators to supply the loads. Tests, analyses and comparison with some methods proposed in literature are performed, using a five bus test system, and IEEE 30 and IEEE 118 systems. / Os métodos de alocação de perdas têm como objetivo distribuir entre os geradores e cargas a responsabilidade por perdas no sistema de transmissão, de uma forma equilibrada. Embora existam vários métodos de alocação propostos na literatura para resolver este problema, ainda não existe um consenso sobre o melhor critério a ser seguido, sendo que atualmente cada país utiliza uma metodologia diferente com maior ou menor grau de aproximação. Há alguns métodos que poderiam ser considerados como exatos , entretanto a questão da equidade ainda continua em aberto. Pode-se afirmar que ainda não existe nenhum método ideal, embora seja desejável que qualquer metodologia objetive atingir a critérios eficientes de alocação. Neste trabalho é proposta uma metodologia para alocação de perdas ativas de transmissão, baseada nas leis de circuito, no princípio da divisão proporcional e no teorema da superposição. A metodologia utiliza os resultados de um fluxo de carga para alocar eficientemente a perda total do sistema entre os participantes do mercado, dividindo o problema em cenários de operação e considerando os caminhos de transmissão utilizados pelos geradores para suprir as demandas das cargas. São realizadas simulações e análises e comparações com alguns métodos já propostos na literatura, utilizando-se: um sistema teste de cinco barras, e os sistemas IEEE 30 e IEEE 118.

The purpose of this study is to model an operational wind farm in DIgSILENT PowerFactory® using manufactures specifications and investigate the active power energy losses. The model is tested with the operational recorded data from the wind farm and is validated. Meeting the increased demand for renewably generated electricity drives the growth in wind energy which in turn gradually decrease the suitable locations to construct wind farms. On the other hand, the market forces persuade the wind farm developers to maximize the return on investments. Therefore, it is imperative to have optimized wind farm designs as well as accurate financial prognosis. Accurate models are important to estimate the wind farm characteristics while realistic loss estimations are needed for precise financial forecasting. One of the major components of the wind farm is the internal collector network through which the generated electricity is fed to the national electricity grid. With this study, modeling of internal collector network of an operational wind farm is carried out and the capability of the wind farm to maintain the stipulated voltage levels at the point of common coupling is examined together with the amount of cable loading. In addition, the active power energy losses, the impact of the internal collector network arrangement to the active power energy losses are investigated and a proposal to reduce the cost of cable laying for 4 cable sections is proposed for future wind farm designs. The findings of this report show that the internal collector network of the considered wind farm can maintain required voltage levels at the medium voltage busses of the network for different grid voltage levels. The operational data of power loss of the cables of the network match with the simulated results but the total loss does not. The reasons behind this mismatch could be the limited amount of operational data and measurement errors. Further analysis and comparison are suggested with larger sets of data together with the respective list of events to increase number of data points for the simulation.