The purpose of this study is to model an operational wind farm in DIgSILENT PowerFactory® using manufactures specifications and investigate the active power energy losses. The model is tested with the operational recorded data from the wind farm and is validated. Meeting the increased demand for renewably generated electricity drives the growth in wind energy which in turn gradually decrease the suitable locations to construct wind farms. On the other hand, the market forces persuade the wind farm developers to maximize the return on investments. Therefore, it is imperative to have optimized wind farm designs as well as accurate financial prognosis. Accurate models are important to estimate the wind farm characteristics while realistic loss estimations are needed for precise financial forecasting. One of the major components of the wind farm is the internal collector network through which the generated electricity is fed to the national electricity grid. With this study, modeling of internal collector network of an operational wind farm is carried out and the capability of the wind farm to maintain the stipulated voltage levels at the point of common coupling is examined together with the amount of cable loading. In addition, the active power energy losses, the impact of the internal collector network arrangement to the active power energy losses are investigated and a proposal to reduce the cost of cable laying for 4 cable sections is proposed for future wind farm designs. The findings of this report show that the internal collector network of the considered wind farm can maintain required voltage levels at the medium voltage busses of the network for different grid voltage levels. The operational data of power loss of the cables of the network match with the simulated results but the total loss does not. The reasons behind this mismatch could be the limited amount of operational data and measurement errors. Further analysis and comparison are suggested with larger sets of data together with the respective list of events to increase number of data points for the simulation.

This dissertation aims to present a detailed analysis of the grid voltage disturbance in frequency domain for the current control design in the grid-tie inverter applications and to propose current control techniques in order to minimize its impact and maximize feasibility of the power conditioning system in distributed generations. Because the grid voltage is constantly changing, the inverter must be able to response to it. If the inverter is unable to respond properly, then the grid voltage power comes back to the system and damages the fuel cell power conditioning systems. A closed-loop dynamic model for the current control loop of the grid-tie inverter has been developed. The model explains the structure of the inverter admittance terms. The disturbance of the grid voltages has been analyzed in frequency domain. The admittance compensator has been proposed to prevent the grid voltage effect. The proposed lead-lag current control with admittance compensator transfers current properly without system failure. In order to get rid of the steady-state error of the feedback current, a proportional-resonant controller (PR) has been adopted. A PR control with admittance compensation provides great performance from zero power to full power operation. In addition, active and reactive power flow controller has been proposed based on the PR controller with admittance compensation. The proposed active and reactive power flow control scheme shows a wide range power flow control from pure leading power to pure lagging power. Finally, the proposed controller scheme has been verified its feasibility in three phase grid-tie inverter applications. First of all, a half-bridge grid-tie inverter has been designed with PR controller and admittance compensation. Then three individual grid-tie inverters has been combined and produced three phase current to the three phase grid in either balanced condition or unbalanced condition. The proposed control scheme can be applied not only single phase grid-tie inverter application, but also three phase grid-tie inverter application. This research can be applicable to the photovoltaic PCS as well. This technology makes renewable energy source more plausible for distributed generations. / Ph. D.

Neste trabalho realizamos um estudo do Despacho de Potência Ativa AC, o qual é uma estratégia de alocação da geração de potência entre as usinas de um sistema. Para isto, obtivemos dados teóricos, a partir de levantamento bibliográfico, que explicitaram os conceitos de Despacho Ativo. Fundamentamos, metodologicamente, nossa pesquisa no Método da Função Lagrangeana Aumentada. O sistema de equações resultantes das condições de otimalidade foram resolvidos pelo Método de Newton Modificado. Apresentamos os resultados de estudos de casos acadêmicos para a validação e verificação da eficiência da abordagem proposta. Os resultados indicaram uma coerência com as perspectivas reais de contribuição na resolução do Despacho Ótimo de Potência Ativa AC. / In this work we accomplished a study of the AC Active Power Dispatch, which is a strategy of distribution of the power generation among the plants of a system. For this, we obtained theoretical data, starting from bibliographical investigation, that elucidated the concepts of Active Dispatch. We based our research in the Method of the Augmented Lagrangian Function. The equation system originated of the optimal conditions was solved for Modified Newton\'s Method. We presented the results of studies of academic cases for the validation and verification of the efficiency of the proposal approach. The results indicated a coherence with the real perspectives of contribution in the resolution of the AC Active Optimal Power Dispatch.

Alternative energy resources (such as photovoltaics, fuel cells, wind turbines, micro-turbines, and internal combustion engines) and energy storage systems (such as batteries, supercapacitors, and flywheels) are increasingly being connected to the utility grid, creating distributed energy resources which require the implementation of an effective distributed power management strategy. Parallel-connected power converters form a critical component in such a distributed energy resources system. This dissertation addresses small-signal modeling and analysis of parallel-connected power converter systems operating in distributed energy environments. This work focuses on DC-DC and DC-AC power converters. First, this work addresses the small-signal modeling and analysis of parallel-connected power converters in a battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system. The small-signal model considers variations in the current of individual energy storage devices and the DC bus voltage as state variables, variations in the power converter duty cycles as control variables, and variations in the battery and the supercapacitor voltages and the load current as external disturbances. This dissertation proposes several different control strategies and studies the effects of variations in controller and filter parameters on system performance. Simulation studies were carried out using the Virtual Test Bed (VTB) platform under various load conditions to verify the proposed control strategies and their effect on the final states of the energy storage devices. Control strategies for single DC-AC three-phase power converters are also identified and investigated. These include a novel PV (active power and voltage) control with frequency droop control loop, PQ (active power and reactive power) control, voltage control, PQ control with frequency droop control, and PQ control with voltage and frequency droop control. Small-signal models of a three-phase power converter system with these control strategies were developed, and the impact of parameter variations on the stability of a PV controlled converter were studied. Moreover, a small-signal model of parallel-connected three-phase DC-AC power converters with individual DC power supplies and network is proposed. The simulations carried out in stand-alone and grid-connected modes verify the combined control strategies that were developed. In addition, a detailed small-signal mathematical model that can represent the zero-sequence current dynamics in parallel-connected three-phase DC-AC power converters that share a single DC power source is presented. The effects of a variety of factors on the zero-sequence current are investigated, and a control strategy to minimize the zero-sequence current is proposed. Time-domain simulation studies verify the results. Simulations of a parallel-connected DC-AC power converter system with nonlinear load were carried out. The active power filter implemented in this system provides sharing of harmonic load between each power converter, and reduces harmonic distortion at the nonlinear load by harmonic compensation.

<p>This project deals with voltage source converters with energy storage capability. The main objective is to study the possible benefits of energy storage to a power system with a VSC as the interface between them.</p><p>First of all, a converter control system is proposed for a two level VSC. In the conventional converter control, the control system usually takes the voltage measured at the point where the converter is connected and calculates the reference voltage for the converter; with a modulation system the converter then produces the required 'average voltage'. In this project, a novel flux modulation scheme, combined with the deadbeat current control strategy, is proposed. The current controller is capable of controlling both positive and negative sequence current components. With flux modulation, the control system measures the bus flux and commands the converter to generate the required flux.</p><p>Based on the proposed control strategies, several application studies have been carried out.</p><p>The first application study investigates the effect of energy storage on the power quality at the point of common coupling when a system is subject to load disturbances. The voltage at PCC in a weak network is very sensitive to load changes. A sudden change in active load will cause both a phase jump and a magnitude fluctuation in the bus voltage, whereas reactive load changes mainly affect the voltage magnitude. With the addition of energy storage to a StatCom, it is possible to compensate for the active power change as well as providing reactive power support. In this thesis, some effective active power compensation schemes are proposed. Simulations and experiments have been performed to verify the compensation schemes. The results show that a StatCom with energy storage can significantly reduce phase jumps and magnitude deviations of the bus voltage.</p><p>pact of the energy storage on the performance of weak systems under fault conditions has been investigated. The investigation was done by studying an example system. The system model was established based on a real system, in which some induction motors driving pumps along a pipeline are fed from a radial transmission line. Studies show that for a weak system with induction motor loads, a StatCom with certain energy storage capacity will effectively improve the system recovery after faults. Although this incurs extra cost for the increasing dc voltage rating and size of the dc side capacitor, the overall rating of the converter can be reduced by utilization of the proposed active power compensation scheme.</p><p>The last case study investigates the possible use of a StatCom with energy storage to improve the power quality at the point of common coupling where a cyclic load is connected. Studies show that by providing both fast reactive and fast active power support to the network, not only the voltage magnitude can be well controlled, but also the voltage phase jump can be reduced significantly.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:40:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 soares_jo_dr_ilha.pdf: 2703269 bytes, checksum: f51d4821a6cb2c9c52cf4d25420d0c39 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O objetivo deste trabalho é a concepção de uma lógica de controle digital com modulação por histerese variável usando um dispositivo programável FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) e linguagem de descrição de hardware VHDL (Hardware Description Language), aplicada em um retificador trifásico híbrido para a obtenção do Fator de Potência (FP) de entrada quase unitário. O Retificador Trifásico Híbrido (RTH) é uma estrutura composta por um retificador a diodos de 6 pulsos e por três retificadores monofásicos SEPIC conectados em paralelo. O controle digital proposto é capaz de impor a forma de onda das correntes de entrada, obtendose Distorção Harmônica Total (DHT) reduzida e fator de potência (FP) quase unitário, sendo que nesta condição, os retificadores monofásicos SEPIC conduzirão no máximo 33% da potência ativa total. Além disso, o uso de FPGAs dará ao Retificador Híbrido Trifásico uma flexibilidade adicional na operação, podendo substituir vários sistemas de múltiplos pulsos convencionais e reduzir custos para o sistema de controle por eliminar a confecção de circuitos complexos de controle analógico, para os conversores chaveados. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se uma análise detalhada e metodologia de projeto para o Retificador Híbrido Trifásico (RTH) que possibilita relacionar o valor da DHT das correntes de entrada com os valores das potências média e aparente processadas pelas estruturas controlada e não-controlada, podendo-se prever o desempenho global do sistema. Serão apresentados detalhes sobre o funcionamento do código VHDL e da modulação por histerese variável empregada e, por fim, os resultados experimentais de um protótipo implementado para 3,0 kW. O código VHDL desenvolvido, associado à lógica de controle digital proposta, foi implementado através de um dispositivo FPGA da Xilinx – Spartan XC2S200E, módulo digilab-D2E... / The objective of this work is the development of a digital control logic with variable hysteresis modulation using a FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) device and VHDL (Hardware Description Language), applied at a hybrid three-phase rectifier in order to obtain an almost unitary input power factor (PF). The hybrid three-phase rectifier is a structure composed by parallel SEPIC controlled single-phase rectifiers connected to each leg of a standard 6-pulses uncontrolled diode rectifier. The proposed digital control is capable to impose input current waveforms, resulting in a reduced THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) and almost unitary input power factor, being that in this operation condition the parallel SEPIC single-phase rectifiers will process only 33.0 % of total active power. Moreover, the use of FPGA will provide to hybrid three-phase rectifier an additional flexbility in its operation, making possible the replacement of same conventional systems of multiple pulses and reducing costs for the control system, through the elimination of complex analogical circuitry used in the controlled converters. In this work is presented a detailed analysis and design methodology to hybrid threephase rectifier that establishes a relationship between the THD imposed to line input currents, with the average and apparent powers processed through controlled and uncontrolled structures, making possible to know previously the global system performance. It will be presented details about the operation of the VHDL code and variable hysteresis modulation proposed, and finally the experimental results from an implemented 3.0 kW prototype. The developed VHDL code, considering the proposed digital control logic, was implemented through a Xilinx’s FPGA device – Spartan XC2S200E, digilab-D2E module, whose generated control signals resulted in input currents with practically sinusoidal waveforms... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Atualmente, a geração eólica é a forma de geração de energia elétrica de maior crescimento no mundo. Não obstante, dependendo da forma em que é gerenciado este tipo de geração, pode causar impactos significativos no sistema de energia elétrica. Este trabalho estuda o comportamento da geração eólica nos sistemas de potência do ponto de vista dos aerogeradores e dos parques eólicos. É realizada uma modelagem dos principais componentes dos sistemas de geração eólica, particularmente dos aerogeradores de velocidade variável equipados com geradores de indução de dupla alimentação, com o intuito de aplicar estratégias de controle para a operação dos mesmos e estudar as suas características de funcionamento. São propostos métodos para a regulação da potência ativa gerada por estes aerogeradores e para a regulação da potência ativa gerada por parques eólicos compostos por vários aerogeradores de velocidade variável, com o objetivo de permitir um maior índice de penetração da geração eólica nos sistemas de energia elétrica. Usando a modelagem elaborada, são efetuadas rigorosas simulações computacionais do comportamento destas instalações eólicas funcionando com os métodos de regulação propostos. Os resultados obtidos nestas simulações mostram que o impacto da geração eólica pode ser consideravelmente diminuído, logrando atribuições semelhantes aos produtores de energia convencionais. Observa-se que estes métodos permitiriam flexibilizar a operação dos sistemas de geração eólica, possibilitando gerenciamentos mais adequados aos novos requerimentos exigidos pelos operadores dos sistemas de energia. / Nowadays, the wind power generation is the fastest growing electric power source in the world. Nevertheless, depending on the management of this kind of generation, it may cause significant impact in the power system. In this work, a modeling of the main components of wind power generation was performed, particularly of variable speed wind turbines with doubly fed induction generators, aiming to apply control strategies for its operation and to study its functional characteristics. Methods to regulate the active power generated by variable speed wind turbines, and to regulate the active power of wind farms composed of several of this turbines, are proposed with the objective to allow an increase in the level of penetration of wind generation in the power systems. Using the elaborated modeling, rigorous computational simulations of operation of these types of power stations, operating with the proposed methods, were accomplished. The obtained results in these simulations shows that it is possible to considerably minimize the wind power generation impacts, obtaining attributions similarly to conventional energy producers. It is observed that the proposed methods allows an operational flexibility of wind power generation, enabling a better management according to the new requirement of the power system operators.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Luis Azcue Puma / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2017. / Nas ultimas decadas, a utilização de cargas não lineares foi crescendo por causa das vantagens que oferecem, mas esse aumento acabou gerando efeitos adversos na qualidade da corrente da rede eletrica, quando estas duas estão em paralelo, afetando assim parametros de amplitude, forma de onda, frequencia e/ou simetria. Sendo os harmonicos, geradores de distorção e prejudicando especificamente o parametro da forma de onda, dependendo da carga e do numero de fases utilizadas. Nesta presente dissertação e apresentado o estudo de um sistema fotovoltaico com funçõess de filtro de harmonicos de corrente com o objetivo de não somente injetar potencia ativa na rede eletrica, se não, tambem de compensar os harmonicos que sao gerados pela carga (nao linear) e, comparar com um sistema fotovoltaico convencional tambem conectado à rede eletrica. O conversor Boost conectado diretamente com o arranjo fotovoltaico possui a função de rastrear o ponto de maxima potencia, empregando duas malhas de controle (a primeira para o controle de corrente utilizando o controlador 2P2Z e a outra para o controle de tens~ao utilizando o controlador PI), entanto que, o inversor trifasico tem a função de controlar a tensão no barramento CC, injetar potencia ativa na rede eletrica e filtrar as harmonicas de corrente geradas pela carga não linear. Na simulassão empregados tres tipos de carga, sendo uma linear R e duas não lineares RL e RC com retificador. Dessa forma, pode-se realizar a comparação entre os resultados obtidos para cada tipo de carga nos diferentes sistemas, e assim, analisar o espetro de frequencia da corrente na rede eletrica com a ferramenta FFT Analysis de Matlab, e tambem verifiar a diferença entre as potências ativa e reativa (do inversor trifásico, da carga e da rede eletrica) nas diferentes simulações. Verificou-se atraves dos resultados das simulações que a incorporação das funções de filtro no inversor fotovoltaico auxiliou na redução dos harmônicos de corrente, gerados pela carga não linear, injetados na rede elétrica. / With the advancements of communication technology and the constant need for high rates of data transfer, wireless communication is consistently the main and favorite option for the most kind of applications. By combining agility, performance and fast installation, it is often found in control systems, audio and television systems, internet access, etc. However, due to the imperfections and noise in the channel, this communication requires an eficient modulation and an adequate protection against errors in the data transmission. The IEEE 802.11g standard, also used in practically all modern communication systems and widely difused by the networks known as WiFi, appears as a perfect solution, since it allows to align robust and eficient techniques such as OFDM modulation and Convolutional coding. Using digital concept and the dynamic behavior of wireless communication, the concept of SDR (Software Dened Radio) becomes an interesting and powerful tool because the possibility of simulation and implementation of transceivers for several applications in a single device. This project aims to make a wireless IEEE 802.11g communication system using Software Defined Radios focusing on low cost radios and high performance to make the interface between the real world and the digital signal processing.

abstract: The dissertation encompasses the transformer-less single phase PV inverters for both the string and microinverter applications. Two of the major challenge with such inverters include the presence of high-frequency common mode leakage current and double line frequency power decoupling with reliable capacitors without compromising converter power density. Two solutions are presented in this dissertation: half-bridge voltage swing (HBVS) and dynamic dc link (DDCL) inverters both of which completely eliminates the ground current through topological improvement. In addition, through active power decoupling technique, the capacitance requirement is reduced for both, thus achieving an all film-capacitor based solution with higher reliability. Also both the approaches are capable of supporting a wide range of power factor. Moreover, wide band-gap devices (both SiC and GaN) are used for implementing their hardware prototypes. It enables the switching frequency to be high without compromising on the converter efficiency. Also it allows a reduced magnetic component size, further enabling a high power density solution, with power density far beyond the state-of-the art solutions. Additionally, for the transformer-less microinverter application, another challenge is to achieve a very high gain DC-DC stage with a simultaneous high conversion efficiency. An extended duty ratio (EDR) boost converter which is a hybrid of switched capacitors and interleaved inductor technique, has been implemented for this purpose. It offers higher converter efficiency as most of the switches encounter lower voltage stress directly impacting switching loss; the input current being shared among all the interleaved converters (inherent sharing only in a limited duty ratio), the inductor conduction loss is reduced by a factor of the number of phases. Further, the EDR boost converter has been studied for both discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) operations and operations with wide input/output voltage range in continuous conduction mode (CCM). A current sharing between its interleaved input phases is studied in detail to show that inherent sharing is possible for only in a limited duty ratio span, and modification of the duty ratio scheme is proposed to ensure equal current sharing over all the operating range for 3 phase EDR boost. All the analysis are validated with experimental results. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2017

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Canesin / Banca: Falcondes Jose Mendes de Seixas / Banca: Flávio Alessandro Serrão Gonçalves / Banca: Luiz Carlos de Freitas / Banca: João Batista Vieira Junior / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é a concepção de uma lógica de controle digital com modulação por histerese variável usando um dispositivo programável FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) e linguagem de descrição de hardware VHDL (Hardware Description Language), aplicada em um retificador trifásico híbrido para a obtenção do Fator de Potência (FP) de entrada quase unitário. O Retificador Trifásico Híbrido (RTH) é uma estrutura composta por um retificador a diodos de 6 pulsos e por três retificadores monofásicos SEPIC conectados em paralelo. O controle digital proposto é capaz de impor a forma de onda das correntes de entrada, obtendose Distorção Harmônica Total (DHT) reduzida e fator de potência (FP) quase unitário, sendo que nesta condição, os retificadores monofásicos SEPIC conduzirão no máximo 33% da potência ativa total. Além disso, o uso de FPGAs dará ao Retificador Híbrido Trifásico uma flexibilidade adicional na operação, podendo substituir vários sistemas de múltiplos pulsos convencionais e reduzir custos para o sistema de controle por eliminar a confecção de circuitos complexos de controle analógico, para os conversores chaveados. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se uma análise detalhada e metodologia de projeto para o Retificador Híbrido Trifásico (RTH) que possibilita relacionar o valor da DHT das correntes de entrada com os valores das potências média e aparente processadas pelas estruturas controlada e não-controlada, podendo-se prever o desempenho global do sistema. Serão apresentados detalhes sobre o funcionamento do código VHDL e da modulação por histerese variável empregada e, por fim, os resultados experimentais de um protótipo implementado para 3,0 kW. O código VHDL desenvolvido, associado à lógica de controle digital proposta, foi implementado através de um dispositivo FPGA da Xilinx - Spartan XC2S200E, módulo digilab-D2E... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this work is the development of a digital control logic with variable hysteresis modulation using a FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) device and VHDL (Hardware Description Language), applied at a hybrid three-phase rectifier in order to obtain an almost unitary input power factor (PF). The hybrid three-phase rectifier is a structure composed by parallel SEPIC controlled single-phase rectifiers connected to each leg of a standard 6-pulses uncontrolled diode rectifier. The proposed digital control is capable to impose input current waveforms, resulting in a reduced THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) and almost unitary input power factor, being that in this operation condition the parallel SEPIC single-phase rectifiers will process only 33.0 % of total active power. Moreover, the use of FPGA will provide to hybrid three-phase rectifier an additional flexbility in its operation, making possible the replacement of same conventional systems of multiple pulses and reducing costs for the control system, through the elimination of complex analogical circuitry used in the controlled converters. In this work is presented a detailed analysis and design methodology to hybrid threephase rectifier that establishes a relationship between the THD imposed to line input currents, with the average and apparent powers processed through controlled and uncontrolled structures, making possible to know previously the global system performance. It will be presented details about the operation of the VHDL code and variable hysteresis modulation proposed, and finally the experimental results from an implemented 3.0 kW prototype. The developed VHDL code, considering the proposed digital control logic, was implemented through a Xilinx's FPGA device - Spartan XC2S200E, digilab-D2E module, whose generated control signals resulted in input currents with practically sinusoidal waveforms... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor