The thesis "Civic participation of older people in the context of the University of the Third Age" focuses on the role of civic participation in the lives of active older people who attend the University of the Third Age. This role is examined in the context of adult education, specifically through a leisure education program, which is dedicated to educating older people, i.e. the University of the Third Age. From a demographic perspective, the elderly population will continue to grow. This will be unavoidably reflected in the development of civil society in which older people participate. This makes it relevant to pay older people as an active group more research attention. Qualitative data were collected via in-depth interviews. Attention was paid namely to the interviewees' attitudes to and experience of civic participation they have accumulated over their life course. The analysed respondents' accounts indicate that they understand participation as activities related to politics and as politically oriented activities. They attach the greatest importance to political participation. Formal participation also occurs, but the respondents do not stress this participation as they rather take it for granted.

This thesis is dedicated to women who were called "the super women" during the communist era. Their mission was to combine their profession with taking care of their children alongside of being a housewife. Even though the traditional model of the men supporting the whole family changed to more democratic model with the both man and woman supporting the family, the housekeeping and taking care of children still stayed the wive's responsibility. In the period of communism, women were "double burdened". They dedicated their lives for their families and the free time they had, which was less then what men had, mostly corresponded with the interests of children and the whole family. In this thesis I focus on how these women live nowadays. They have already retired and after losing their partner they now live alone. I also focus on how they deal with this different life situation and changes in their social roles. I work with the theoretical approaches of emancipated femininity and active aging as a way to cope with changes in social status. I chose the qualitative approach as a research method. It is implemented in this diploma thesis by analyzing thorough interviews with widowed seniors.

Introduktion: Alla i samhället påverkas av den digitala omställningen och covid-19 pandemin har fungerat som murbräcka för både ökad digital transformering och ökad användning. den äldre gruppen varit mest utsatt inte bara iform av ökad risk för död till följd av sjukdomen utan även varit begränsad i sitt sociala liv med minskad delaktighet som följd. Trots rekommendationer beträffande isolering och karantän har viss social interaktion ägt rum och även med hjälp av digitala verktyg men emellertid resulterat i ökad social isolering med ohälsa både på fysiskt och psykiskt plan (Folkhälsomyndigheten, 2022a). Covid-19 pandemin har gett upphov till etiska frågor, vilket aktualiserar andra frågor som exempelvis vilket samhället som skapas, vilka attityder som ska styra, vilka normer som samhället ska eftersträva och med det vilka etiska perspektiv det nya ska antas. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka äldres digitaladelaktighet med fokus på den digitala klyftan med etiska överväganden för att resultera i ökad inkludering. Metod: En strukturerad litteraturstudie som inkluderade 11 vetenskapliga artiklar publicerade 2019–2022 som söktes i databaserna PubMed och Web of Science. Resultat:Resultaten visar det komplexa sambandet mellan äldres digitala användning för ökad delaktighet, för aktivt åldrande och samhällsengagemang. Slutsats: Trots ökad digital tillgång är äldre fortfarande utanför digitaliseringen i samhället av mångfaktoriella orsaker. För ökad digital inkludering och delaktighet föreslås genom resultat, att fokusera på de äldres olika behov och ändra perspektiv genom fokusera på det aktiva åldrandet som en resurs för samhället och dess utveckling. / Introduction: Everyone in the society is affected by the digital transition and the Covid-19 pandemic has served as a gateway for both increased digital transformation and increased use. The elderly have been most exposed not only in the form of increased risk of death dueto a disease but also as victims limitations in social life with reduced participation as anoutcome. Despite recommendations regarding isolation and quarantine, some social interaction has taken place. Also with the help of digital tools, but has nevertheless increased social isolation resulting in ill health (Public Health Agency, 2022). The Covid-19 pandemic has given rise to ethical issues. Which raises other issues such as which kind ofsociety is created, which attitudes prevail, which norms the society is apt to strive for and with which new ethical perspectives are to be adopted. Aim: The aim of the study is to investigate the digital participation of the elderly with a focus on the digital divide with special reference to ethical considerations such as potential for increased inclusion. Method: A structured literature review including 11 scientific articles published in 2019–2022 found in the databases PubMed and Web of Science. Results: The results showed atcomplex association between the elderly's digital use for increased participation, for active aging and community involvement. Conclusion: Despite increased digital access, the elderly still stand outside digitalisation in the society for multifactorial reasons. For increased digital inclusion and participation, the results suggest to focus on the different needs of the elderly and change of perspective by focusing on active aging as a resource for the society and its development.

The theme of the diploma thesis is the policy-making process, specifically the process of making of the National Action Plan for Positive Ageing for the Period 2013 - 2017. It's about exploring its creation from the viewpoint of active members of the Government Council for Seniors and Population Ageing, who was discussing it at meetings. The theoretical framework - Multiple Streams Framework deals with the aspect of policy entrepreneurs. Using qualitative, semi-structured interviews and then analysis of qualitative data, it was possible to explore the means, used by policy entrepreneurs to promote their ideas at meetings. This diploma thesis does not only study the creation of an action plan, but also the identification of policy entrepreneurs, through document analysis. After that were analysed primary data from interviews with members of the Government Council for Seniors and Population Ageing, who had been appointed by The Ministry of labour and social affairs. The studied, strategic document is the answer to the demographic ageing phenomenon the population of the Czech Republic.

Organisations of different type and legal status engage in senior education in the Czech Republic. Civil society organisations available online are not the dominant providers of educational courses and activities for seniors in the Czech Republic. Civil society organisations represent 17 % of all providers of educational courses available online. Six civil society organisations engaged in senior education were found in the region Vysočina. Participants of the educational courses consider all activities practised in these courses to be education because they learn new skills there. They appreciate these courses for the education itself, for meaningful free time spending and for the opportunity of active life even in the time of senescence. For nearly the most important point considered by the participants so as the organisators is connecting and broadening of social contacts of the participants and creating of social network. This can be considered for the most distinct manifestation of civil society concerning senior education.