Actors often receive training to develop effective strategies for using the voice on stage. Arthur Lessac developed a training approach that concentrated on three energies: structural action, tonal action, and consonant action. Together, these energies help to create a more resonant voice, which is characterized by a fuller sound that carries well over noise and distance. In Lessac-Based Resonant Voice Therapy, voice clinicians help clients achieve a resonant voice through structural posturing and awareness of tonal changes. However, LBRVT does not include the third component of Lessac's approach: consonant action. This study examines the effect that increased consonant energy has on the speaking voice--particularly regarding loudness. Audio samples were collected from eight actor participants who read a monologue using three distinct styles: normal articulation, poor articulation (elicited using a bite block), and over-articulation (elicited using a Lessac-based training intervention). Participants learned about the "consonant orchestra," practiced producing each sound in a consonant cluster word list, and practiced linking the consonants in short phrases. Twenty graduate students of speech-language pathology listened to speech samples from the different conditions, and made comparative judgments regarding articulation, loudness, and projection. Group results showed that the over-articulation condition was selected as having the greatest articulation, loudness, and projection in comparison to the other conditions, although vocal intensity (dB SPL) was not statistically different. These findings indicate that articulation treatment may be beneficial for increasing perceived vocal loudness.

Intersectoral collaboration for health is widely recognised as a critical component of interventions to address complex public health issues. However, there is limited research that has examined how intersectoral approaches are formulated and implemented, especially in low- and middle-income countries. As a result, although the literature is populated with calls for action, little exists that can inform the evidence on how to sustain intersectoral action for health. This thesis is a case study of intersectoral action in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, examining the unfolding policy formulation and implementation processes of an initiative referred to as First 1,000 Days, in the period 2016 to 2019. Within early childhood, the First 1,000 Days (FTD) period presents a favourable window for intersectoral interventions that can ensure positive outcomes from early years of life to adulthood. The FTD initiative emerged in the Western Cape Province of South Africa in response to the growing number of children exposed to the social challenges of violence and of alcohol and drug abuse.

The United Nations, states and regional organisations have spent invaluable time and resources to maintain international peace and security in a largely anarchical international system, owing to armed conflicts between states and non-state actors (NSAs). This state of affairs is exacerbated by the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, transnational terrorist networks, failed states and a disregard for international norms by powerful states. This is in spite of the normative and policy frameworks that have been established to constrain the use of force by states in the territories of one another. Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter prohibits the use of force by states in their relations, unless they rely on the exceptions in articles 51 and 42 and the customary law doctrine of ?consent?. In addition, it was the requirement of international law that a state may use force against NSAs, only if it attributes the conduct of the NSAs to a state. This thesis examines the extraterritorial use of force by states against terrorist non-state actors, and the focus is to answer the question ?whether the law of self-defence has been transformed?. The investigation has been conducted with particular attention to whether the post 9/11 practice of states, the Security Council resolutions 1368 and 1373, the use of pre-emptive self-defence by the United States, Israel and a few other states, the disregard for attribution of the conduct of NSAs to states and the overwhelming international support for contemporary incidents of the use of force by states against NSAs, such as Al Qaeda, the Taliban, Al-Shaabab, the Khorasan Group and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, have caused a change in the law of self-defence. Firstly, the study finds that pre-emptive self-defence which does not require imminence has not been accepted as part of international law and it argues that its unlawful use could not cause a change in the law. Secondly, as far as the use of self-defence against non-state actors is concerned, it finds that the actions of the United States against Al Qaeda following resolutions 1368 and 1373 of the Security Council, the lowering of the attribution standard and the toleration by the international community of the use of force against terrorists in Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Yemen, Pakistan, Ecuador, Somalia and Mali without attributing their conduct to states, could be interpreted as amounting to a transformation of the law of self-defence. Accordingly, this study recommends the acceptance of the lowered threshold in the attribution requirement, but it also recommends a corresponding disregard of ?pre-emptive self-defence? as not forming part of the corpus of international law. It is also recommended that the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court be enlarged to try transnational terrorism as one of the egregious crimes against mankind. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Centre for Human Rights / LLD / Unrestricted

Cholera is a diarrhoeal disease caused by the infection of the intestine with bacterium vibrio cholera. The diarrhoeal disease is a recurrent feature of Zimbabwe's post 1990s history. From 1993 to 2018, the country has experienced several cholera outbreaks in both rural and urban areas. The country's worst cholera outbreak occurred in 2008/2009 and resulted in over 4000 deaths. The dissertation analyses three global health actors' responses to persistent cholera outbreaks in Harare, the capital city of Zimbabwe. Building on previous scholarship of water, cholera and politics, the dissertation compares global health actors' responses to the 2008/2009 and September to November 2018 cholera outbreaks. The dissertation used the qualitative research method including analysis of existing academic literature, Zimbabwean national legislation, non-governmental organisation (NGO) publications and conference reports, news articles and Zimbabwean government policy documents. In-depth interviews with personnel from the World Health Organisation, United Nations Children's Fund, Médecins Sans Frontierès (Doctors without Borders) and the Harare City Council Health Department were conducted in Harare, Zimbabwe from June to July 2019. The dissertation demonstrates that the scope and speed of global health actors' emergency cholera interventions in Harare are shaped by Zimbabwe's political climate and the state of Harare's health, water and sanitation infrastructure.

The aim of this paper is to investigate how international, national and local actors have handled the Venezuelan migration in the state of Roraima. It uses the Multi-Level Governance perspective in order to analyze the different levels of actors, being those; international, national and local that are involved in this situation. Interviews, observation and document analysis are the methods used in order to collect and analyze data for this research. This thesis finds that the Venezuelan migration has been handled by different actors in a multi-level type of governance, where decision-making is shared across these levels.

TACtical Intelligence: Disrupting the Terrorist Attack Cycle by Analysing Terrorists' Intelligence Operations Keywords: terrorism, intelligence, confidence, intelligence competition, violent non-state actors Abstract: Commensurate with prevailing Realist influence in military and security studies,the majority of academic literature on topics of intelligence are from state-centric perspectives, failing to sufficiently address other actors who are taking on greater and more salient roles on the international security stage. In particular, the use of intelligence by violent non-state actors is a premature subject matter in the academic discourse, as literature at the intersection of the two disciplines tends to evaluate the ways in which state intelligence succeeds or fails with regards to, or acts upon violent non-state actors. Rarely are violent non-state actors perceived of as intelligence actors of their own respect. Nevertheless, an intelligence competition persists between the rivals. The intelligence competition between terrorist organisations, seeking to instigate attacks, and state agencies, seeking to thwart them, is underdeveloped in both terrorism and intelligence studies. This study finds terrorist organisations engage in an intelligence competition with their state adversaries-a pursuit to...

Despite the generally held view that the best way for a stage actor to give a strong theatrical performance is through a traditional training model, I hoped to develop a way for inexperienced actors to perform beyond expectation within the context of one production through a system of mentorship, expectation-setting, and tapping into young peoples' natural desire to identify with people and characters. I directed a production of Stop Kiss by Diana Son with a blend of experienced and inexperienced actors to see if I could make this work, with mixed results. This thesis is a reflection on the process of directing Stop Kiss that was filled with multiple discoveries and challenges.

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University / Sport psychologists, seeking to work with a range of performers rather than athletes alone, have stimulated much of the burgeoning interest in performance populations who ply their talent on the public stage. A desire to understand the relationship between performance outcomes and constructs such as stress, coping, and social support have guided much of the early research with these populations. However, one performance population that has attracted little research attention is professional actors. Professional actors experience stress, coping, and social support as a consequence of working in an industry recognized as notoriously insecure (Phillips, 1993). As professionals, actors observe, deconstruct, and reflect on the human experience in order to make their portrayals as realistic as possible (Bryer & Davison, 2001). Thus, the actors' carefully considered insights on stress, coping, and social support as experienced in their field are worthy of documentation. In addition, the actor's perspective will contribute to a more complete understanding of performance populations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to concurrently examine stress, coping, and social support experiences of actors in order to understand the processes of each construct independently and to explore the complexities of their interdependent relationship. A qualitative research design was adopted in which 17 professional actors (9 male, 8 female) working predominantly in theater in New York City, were encouraged to share their experiences of stress, coping, and social support during two semi-structured interviews. Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) transactional model of stress and coping and Winemiller et al., (1993) integrated approach were adopted as frames for data analysis. A major finding of the investigation was the value of framing stress, coping, and social support in terms of the actors ' major occupational challenges: get the job, do the job, and build a career. A second major finding was the common experiences of stress, coping, and social support identified by a range of performers. A third major finding was the constitution of the actors' unique experience. Implications for psychologists working with actors and related performers were proposed. In addition, a model of career longevity for actors was proposed.

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