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Thesis (M.CM)--Hong Kong Baptist University, 2006. / Dissertation submitted to the School of Chinese Medicine. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-46).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Full text release at OhioLINK's ETD Center delayed at author's request

Introduction: Several studies have used sham acupuncture methods in recent years as a way of masking to test the real effect of real acupuncture, however the placebo method selection has not followed methodological criteria to create a consensus on what the best option to use. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of three placebo acupuncture methods for masking applied in healthy subjects and observe the effect of the types of placebo and real acupuncture in the skin and deep sensitivity threshold. Methods: 321 healthy volunteers were randomly divided into seven groups using the ST25 point (abdominal) to puncture, and seven groups using the BL52 point (lumbar), real acupuncture was applied and three different methods of placebo acupuncture, It was also mixed real acupuncture and sham acupuncture in the same person, totaling fourteen groups, evaluations of skin and deep sensitivity and the questionnaire were performed before and immediately after applying the technique by the investigator who was unaware of the technique had been applied. Results: The question that asked if the volunteer believed received real acupuncture or placebo showed no significant result, the percentage of subjects who reported believe that having received real acupuncture in the ST25 point was 69.56% in real group, 86.95% group Park Sham, 82.60% needle + foam, 91.30% insertion and removal, 78.26% real + Park Sham, 86.36% + real needle and foam and 86.95% + real insertion and removal and at the point BL52 was 86.36% in real group, 86.95% group Park Sham, 69.56% needle + foam, 72% insertion and removal, 86.95% real + Park Sham, 81.81% real and needle + foam and 78.26% real + insertion and removal. The skin sensitivity threshold showed no statistical difference in the intragroup analysis and in the comparison between groups, the pressure pain threshold showed a decrease in the value after the technique of application only at the real group BL52 (p = 0.044) and insert and removal BL52 (p = 0.037) for intragroup analysis and showed a statistical difference between groups real group ST25 compared with Park Sham BL52 (p <0.05) and Real in BL52 compared with insertion and removal at the point BL52 (p <0.05). Conclusion: placebo acupuncture groups used are effective in masking acupuncture research, and none of the placebo methods demonstrated have greater advantage for use in clinical trials. The skin sensitivity threshold remains unchanged after applying acupuncture or placebo, but these techniques influence the pressure pain threshold. / Introdução: Diversos estudos têm utilizado métodos de acupuntura placebo nos últimos anos como forma de mascaramento para testar o efeito terapêutico da acupuntura real, entretanto a seleção do dispositivo placebo não tem seguido critérios metodologicos a ponto de se criar um consenso de qual seria o melhor método para se utilizar. O presente estudo objetivou averiguar se técnicas de acupuntura placebo são indistinguíveis entre si e da acupuntura real. Métodos: Foram incluídos 321 voluntários saudáveis, os quais foram divididos aleatoriamente em sete grupos que utilizaram o ponto E25 (abdominal) e sete grupos que utilizaram o ponto B52 (lombar) para puntura. Foi aplicado acupuntura real, três métodos diferentes de acupuntura placebo além da mescla entre acupuntura real e placebo em um mesmo individuo, totalizando 14 grupos. As avaliações da sensibilidade cutânea e profunda assim como a aplicação do questionário foram realizadas antes e imediatamente após a aplicação da técnica por investigador cego quanto a técnica que tinha sido aplicada. Resultados: A maioria dos sujeitos referiram que tinham recebido acupuntura real em todos os grupos, porém não houve diferença significativa quanto à percepção de que estavam recebendo acupuntura real ou placebo entre os grupos. O percentual de sujeitos que informaram acreditar ter recebido acupuntura real no ponto E25 foi de 69,56% no grupo real, 86,95% no grupo Park Sham, 82,60% no agulha + espuma, 91,30% na inserção e retirada, 78,26% no grupo real + Park Sham, 86,36% no real + agulha e espuma e 86,95% no real + inserção e retirada, no ponto B52 foi de 86,36% no grupo real, 86,95% no grupo Park Sham, 69,56% no agulha + espuma, 72% na inserção e retirada, 86,95% no real + Park Sham, 81,81% no grupo real + agulha e espuma e 78,26% no real + inserção e retirada. O limiar de sensibilidade cutânea não apresentou diferença estatística na análise intragrupo e também na comparação entre os grupos estudados, o limiar de dor por pressão apresentou uma diminuição dos valores após a aplicação da técnica apenas no grupo Real B52 (p = 0,044) e inserção e retirada (p = 0,037) para análise intragrupo e na comparação entre os grupos houve diferença estatística para o redução do limiar de dor entre o grupo Real E25 comparado com Park Sham B52 (p < 0,05) e Real no B52 comparado com inserção e retirada no ponto B52 (p < 0,05). Conclusão: Todos os métodos de acupuntura placebo utilizados são igualmente eficazes para mascaramento dos sujeitos de pesquisa que são punturados em distintos pontos corporais, e nenhum dos métodos placebo apresentou vantagem em relação aos demais para utilização em futuros ensaios clínicos. O limiar de sensibilidade cutânea não sofre alteração após a aplicação de acupuntura ou placebo, porém as técnicas Real E25 e Real B52 podem favorecer alteração do limiar de dor por pressão.

Kwan, Yee Mei. / Thesis (D.Nurs.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-171). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese; appendixes includes Chinese.

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CAPES / A acupuntura LASER (LA) é uma técnica da área de saúde que aplica LASER de baixa intensidade em pontos de acupuntura, sendo capaz de produzir uma ação biológica que resulta em efeitos bioquímicos, bioelétricos e bioenergéticos nas células. E36 (Zusanli) é um ponto da acupuntura comumente usado para tratamento de várias alterações patológicas, tais como inflamação, dor aguda e desordens gastrointestinais. Objetivo: Investigar os possíveis mecanismos de ação da LA no acuponto E36 (Zusanli) nas atividades anti-inflamatória e antinociceptiva em modelos agudos e crônicos em camundongos. Método: Os animais foram tratados com LA (830 nm, 4 J/cm2 e 30 mW) no ponto de acupuntura E36. O experimento utilizado para avaliar a ação anti-inflamatória da LA foi o de inflamação aguda induzida pela carragenina no modelo do edema de pata, o qual foi avaliado por micrometria e termografia infravermelha. Depois disso, os níveis de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), hidroperóxidos lipídicos (LOOH) e glutationa reduzida (GSH) foram quantificados. Em outro conjunto de experimentos, o edema da pata foi induzido por bradicinina (BK), histamina (HIST) e prostaglandina E2 (PGE2). A nocicepção foi avaliada pela indução química (glutamato, capsaicina e cinamaldeído). Também foi avaliada a alodínia mecânica no modelo de dor neuropática pelo modelo de Ligadura Parcial do Nervo Ciático (LPNC) e de inflamação crônica induzida pelo Complexo Adjuvante Freund (CFA). Os sistemas muscarínicos, adrenérgicos α1 e α2 e adenosinérgicos foram avaliados após o tratamento com LA no acuponto E36, no pré-tratamento utilizando atropina, prazosina, ioimbina e cafeína, verificado no modelo do glutamato. Resultados: A LA no acuponto E36 inibiu significativamente a formação de edema durante 4 h e reduziu a temperatura da pata em 10%, após a injeção de carragenina. Além disso, a LA também reduziu os níveis de ROS (55%) e LOOH (50%); no entanto, não alterou os níveis de GSH. A aplicação do LA reduziu o edema da pata induzido por BK (30 min: 6%, 60 min: 7%), HIST (30 min: 11%) e de PGE2 (90 min: 10%, 120 min: 16%). No acuponto E36, a LA reduziu a nocicepção induzida pelo glutamato, capsaicina e cinamaldeído com inibição de 44%, 53% e 80%, respectivamente. Uma única aplicação inibiu a ação nociceptiva nos modelos do LPNC e CFA. Em longo prazo, o tratamento com LA, uma vez ao dia, também reduziu a alodínia mecânica durante oito dias de aplicação. Os sistemas muscarínicos, adrenérgicos α2 e adenosinérgicos parecem estar ligados ao efeito da estimulação da LA no acuponto E36, pois a redução do comportamento nociceptivo foi revertido pelos antagonistas utilizados, quando verificado no modelo do glutamato. Porém, o efeito antinociceptivo da LA não foi influenciado pelo antagonista do receptor α1 adrenérgico. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem uma importante atividade antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória da LA no acuponto E36 em modelos experimentais de nocicepção e inflamação agudo e crônico em camundongos, por meio dos sistemas muscarínicos, adrenérgicos α2 e adenosinérgicos. / LASER acupuncture (LA) is a health care technique in which Low-intensity LASER is yielded in acupuncture points to produce a biological action in order to induce biochemical, bioenergetic and bioelectrical effects in cells. ST36 (Zusanli) is acupuncture point commonly used for treating various pathological changes, such as inflammation, acute pain and gastrointestinal disorders. Objective: To investigate the possible mechanisms of action of LA in ST36 (Zusanli) acupoint on the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities in acute and chronic models in mice. Method: Animals were treated with LA (830 nm, 4 J/cm2, 30 mW) in ST36 acupuncture point. The experiment used to assess the anti-inflammatory action of LA was the model of acute inflammation induced by carrageenan in the rat paw edema model, which was evaluated by micrometry and infrared thermography. After that, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were quantified. In another set of experiments, paw edema was induced by bradykinin (BK), histamine (HIST) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Nociception was evaluated by chemical induction (glutamate, capsaicin and cinnamaldehyde). It was also evaluated the mechanical allodynia in models of neuropathic pain, applying the Partial Sciatic Nerve Ligation model (PSNL) and chronic inflammation by means of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA). Muscarinic, adrenergic α1 and α2 and adenosinergic systems were assessed after treatment of LA in ST36 acupoint with pre-treatment using atropine, prazosin, yombina and caffeine, found in glutamate model. Results: LA in acupoint ST36 significantly inhibited edema formation during 4 h after carrageenan injection in the paw and reduced the temperature by 10%. Moreover, LA also reduced the levels of ROS (55%) and LOOH (50%), however, did not alter levels of GSH. The application of LA reduced paw edema induced by BK (30 min 6%, 60 min: 7%), HIST (30 min: 11%) and PGE2 (90 min: 10%, 120 min: 16%). LA in ST36 acupoint reduced the nociception induced by glutamate, capsaicin and cinnamaldehyde with inhibition of 44%, 53% and 80%, respectively. A single application inhibited the response of mechanical allodynia in models of PSNL and CFA. The long-term treatment with LA, once a day, also reduced mechanical allodynia for eight days of application. Muscarinic, adrenergic α2 and adenosinergic systems appear to be linked to the effect of stimulation of the ST36 acupoint in LA, since reducing the nociceptive behavior was reversed by antagonists used when checked in glutamate model. However, the analgesic effect of LA was not influenced by antagonist α1 adrenergic receptor. Conclusion: The results suggest an important antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of LA in ST36 acupoint in experimental models of nociception and acute and chronic inflammation in mice by means of muscarinic systems, adrenergic α2 and adenosinergic.

Schönherr Qwick, R-M Öronakupunktur. Upplevelser och känslor av öronakupunktur isamband med rökavvänjning. Examensarbete i omvårdnad 15 högskolepoäng, D-nivå.Malmö högskola: Hälsa och samhälle, Utbildningsområde omvårdnad, 2009.Bakgrund Tobaksbruket medför stora hälsorisker och för många en för tidig död. Mångarökare önskar inget hellre än att sluta. Att sluta röka är ofta svårt, då nikotinet är en starkdrog och abstinserna kan vara svåra, även om evidens baserad hjälp finns i form avmetoder och hjälpmedel. Allt fler patienter önskar hjälp med akupunktur menkunskaperna och erfarenheterna om hur metoden fungerar och upplevs av rökare är få.Metod Åtta kvinnliga rökare, anställda inom Vård och Omsorg i Malmö, intervjuades dåde som frivilliga deltog i rökslutarbehandling med öronakupunktur under tre veckorvåren 2009. Intervjuerna analyserades enligt Burnards innehålls analys och resultaten hardiskuterats i relation till folkhälsoteorierna av Ajzen ”The Theory of Planned Behavior”och Prochaska & Di Clemente “The stage of Change Model.” Vårdgivarens upplevelserhar diskuterats i relation till omvårdnadsteorin av Jean Watson och Barbara Carper.Syftet Med denna studie har varit att undersöka upplevelser och känslor avöronakupunktur i samband med rökavvänjning. Vidare att se om behandlingen skullekunna ge lindring av abstinens och undersöka vilka bakomliggande motiv som ligger tillgrund för beslutet att sluta röka. Syftet var också att undersöka vårdgivarens upplevelserav att ge denna behandling.Resultat Presenteras utifrån olika kategorier av känslor och upplevelser som framkommithos deltagarna under behandlingen med öronakupunktur. Deltagarna rapporteradepositiva effekter av behandlingen. Samtliga deltagare var från början väl motiverade attsluta röka och till metoden. De ansåg att det var en verksam behandlingsmetod somhjälpte dem att sluta röka eller minska på nikotin behovet. De uttryckte lindring iabstinensen till följd av behandlingen samt känslor av välbefinnande och harmoni.Vårdgivaren upplevde arbetet givande och metoden som ett bra verktyg.Konklusion Mottagaren av öron akupunktur i samband med rökavvänjning upplever enlindring av abstinens. Den upplevs lugnande och rogivande. Vårdgivaren upplevdemetoden som ett effektivt, förtroende ingivande hjälpmedel. Mera forskning behövs föratt vidare utforska behandlingens effektivitet när det gäller den procentuella andelen sompå sikt slutar röka helt. / Schönherr Qwick, R-M. Earacupuncture. Experience and feelings of ear acupuncture inconjunction to quit smoking. Degree Project, 15 Credit Points, Advanced level. MalmöUniversity and Society, Department of Nursing, 2009.Background The use of tobacco smoking has severe health hazards and for many anincreased risk of premature death. Many smokers have a strong wish to quit tobacco.However smoking cessations is difficult, since nicotine is a strong addictive drug, and hasmany with- drawl symptoms, even if evidence based methods and nicotine replacementsare used. Many quitters wants to try alternative methods in smoking cessation asacupuncture but knowledge and experience about effect and sensations combined withthe treatment of smokers is scarce among caregivers.Aim Of this study was to explore the experiences and feelings of ear acupuncture inconjunction with smoking cessation. Further to examine if the treatment were able toreduce abstinences, to examine motives for smoking cessation and to examine thecaregivers experiences in providing this form of treatment.Method Eight women from the health care sector in Malmö volunteered to participate inthis tobacco cessation project by ear acupuncture during three weeks in spring 2009 inMalmö, Sweden. This qualitative interview study were analyzed using content analysisby Burnard and the findings have been analyzed in relation and people health theory ofAjzen “Theory of planned behavior” and Prochaska & Di Clemente” The stage ofChange Model.” The experiences from the caregiver in providing the treatment wereanalysed in relation to the caring theory by Jean Watson, Barbara Carper.The results All participants were motivated to quit smoking using ear acupuncture.Participants reported positive effects of ear acupuncture as a treatment reducing“crawings” for nicotine associated with in smoking cessation. The results also show thatparticipants were relived in main abstinences and they felt comfort and harmony in thecontext of the individual treatments. The caregiver experienced the method as efficient,rewarding and as a good tool.Conclusion The patient who receives ear acupuncture feels relief in symptoms ofwithdrawal associated with smoking cessation. The treatment perceives as calming andsoothing. More research is needed to further explore the efficiency of the treatment insuccess rate of smoking cessation.

Thesis (M.Tech.: Chiropractic)-Dept. of Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2007 144 leaves / Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relative effectiveness of TENS, versus, needling, versus Electro-needling in the treatment of MTSS. First objective The first objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of TENS therapy on MTSS with respect to the patients subjective and objective responses to the treatment. Second Objective The second objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of needling therapy on MTSS, with respect to the patient’s subjective and objective responses to the treatment. Third Objective The third objective was to evaluate the effects of electro-needling on MTSS, with respect to the patients’ subjective and objective responses to the treatment. Fourth Objective The fourth objective was to integrate the subjective and objective data collected in order to determine the viability of each of the therapies in comparison to one another as treatment options of MTSS.

Thesis (M.Tech.: Chiropractic)- Dept. of Chiropractic, Durban Institute of Technology, 2006. 88 leaves. / Myofascial pain syndrome is the second most common reason patients seek the help of health care workers. It costs billions of dollars each year in lost revenue due to loss of productivity and other costs. The treatment of myofascial pain syndrome has been extensively researched and it appears that dry needling and medicinal injections of trigger points are some of the most effective modalities. However, an unwanted side effect common to both these therapies is post-needling soreness. Despite being mentioned in passing by many authors, very little detail is available regarding post-needling soreness. It is unclear whether post-needling soreness arises from the trigger point itself, or whether the tissue damage caused by the needle insertion is responsible. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating whether dry needling muscle tissue in asymptomatic subjects (i.e. subjects not suffering from myofascial pain syndrome) resulted in post-needling soreness. Two different dry needling techniques were also compared with a placebo group in order to determine which technique resulted in the least post-needling soreness. This study was designed as a prospective, randomised, placebo controlled experimental investigation. Sixty subjects were randomly allocated into three equal groups. Group one received the single needle insertion technique and the second group received the fanning dry needling technique. The last group formed the control group and the subjects were treated using the Park Sham Device (placebo needles). All the subjects were between the ages of 18 and 50 and were required to be asymptomatic in the low back region.