The evolution of communication networks has led us to an era where you cannot only perform surgery halfway across the world, but do so while being in the comfort of your own home. By eliminating the need for wires, wireless networks revolutionised communication networks by enabling nodes to communicate while being in a mobile state. The concept opened many doors to new applications and possibilities. Network Coding is a technique that optimises the throughput of a network by coding packets. Geo-Routing is a routing method that operates by using the geographical distances between nodes as the routing metric. Opportunistic Routing is a routing method that exploits the broadcast characteristics of wireless networks. In this thesis, we developed a routing scheme that incorporates Network Coding, Geo- Routing and energy aware conditions. It accomplishes this task by using one of the key phases constituting Opportunistic Routing. The developed routing scheme was implemented in OMNeT++. Various simulation experiments were conducted in OMNeT++ pertaining to the implemented scheme. The results indicate significant increase in performance metrics such as throughput and survivability. / Thesis (MIng (Computer and Electronic Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

abstract: Today, many wireless networks are single-channel systems. However, as the interest in wireless services increases, the contention by nodes to occupy the medium is more intense and interference worsens. One direction with the potential to increase system throughput is multi-channel systems. Multi-channel systems have been shown to reduce collisions and increase concurrency thus producing better bandwidth usage. However, the well-known hidden- and exposed-terminal problems inherited from single-channel systems remain, and a new channel selection problem is introduced. In this dissertation, Multi-channel medium access control (MAC) protocols are proposed for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) for nodes equipped with a single half-duplex transceiver, using more sophisticated physical layer technologies. These include code division multiple access (CDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), and diversity. CDMA increases channel reuse, while OFDMA enables communication by multiple users in parallel. There is a challenge to using each technology in MANETs, where there is no fixed infrastructure or centralized control. CDMA suffers from the near-far problem, while OFDMA requires channel synchronization to decode the signal. As a result CDMA and OFDMA are not yet widely used. Cooperative (diversity) mechanisms provide vital information to facilitate communication set-up between source-destination node pairs and help overcome limitations of physical layer technologies in MANETs. In this dissertation, the Cooperative CDMA-based Multi-channel MAC (CCM-MAC) protocol uses CDMA to enable concurrent transmissions on each channel. The Power-controlled CDMA-based Multi-channel MAC (PCC-MAC) protocol uses transmission power control at each node and mitigates collisions of control packets on the control channel by using different sizes of the spreading factor to have different processing gains for the control signals. The Cooperative Dual-access Multi-channel MAC (CDM-MAC) protocol combines the use of OFDMA and CDMA and minimizes channel interference by a resolvable balanced incomplete block design (BIBD). In each protocol, cooperating nodes help reduce the incidence of the multi-channel hidden- and exposed-terminal and help address the near-far problem of CDMA by supplying information. Simulation results show that each of the proposed protocols achieve significantly better system performance when compared to IEEE 802.11, other multi-channel protocols, and another protocol CDMA-based. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Computer Science 2010

Uma Rede Móvel Ad Hoc (MANET) consiste em uma coleção de terminais que possuem uma interface de transmissão e recepção sem fio (wireless) e que se movimentam em uma determinada área de abrangência. Geralmente esses terminais fazem uso de freqüências de rádio nas comunicações e configuram uma rede não infraestruturada. As MANETs, também conhecidas como independentes, não necessitam de qualquer infra-estrutura pré-existente para prover comunicação entre os nós, contudo, são utilizadas, principalmente quando integradas à Internet. Essa integração, apesar de possível, normalmente necessita de um gateway que encaminhe os pacotes entre as redes de computadores, respeitando as suas características individuais. Problemas, assim como atrasos e perdas de pacotes, podem ser provocados pelas diferenças intríncias aos protocolos de roteamento. Embora o Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proponha diversos protocolos de roteamento para as MANETs, o presente trabalho investiga o protocolo de roteamento Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), por ser considerado um dos protocolos mais implementados e estudados pelo grupo de trabalho do IETF. O nodo gateway, embora já esteja implementado no protocolo de roteamento AODV (HAMIDIAN, 2003), deve ser capaz de interagir com as funções de roteamento da Internet, trocando tráfego com a mesma, de modo transparente e eficiente. O protocolo AODV, por ser reativo, pode demorar até 0,05 segundos para estabelecer uma rota entre um nodo origem e um nodo destino. Nos padrões atuais esse tempo pode ser considerado exageradamente alto, gerando gargalos entre sub-redes, descarte de pacotes e baixa eficiência. O presente trabalho apresenta uma proposta de customização do protocolo de roteamento AODV com atuação restrita ao nodo gateway. Esta customização consiste na adição de uma métrica de confiabilidade no processo de descoberta e utilização de rotas visando a redução no número de pacotes descartados e um ganho de eficiência no fluxo de dados entre as sub-redes envolvidas. / A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) consists of a collection of mobile hosts, moving in certain range area, that has a wireless interface for transmission and receiving data. Usually these terminals make use of radio frequencies in communications and configure a non infrastructured network. The MANETs, also known as independent, require no pre-existing infrastructure to provide communication between network mobile nodes, however, are used, preferably when integrated with the Internet. This integration, although possible, usually need a gateway that forwards packets between both computer networks, keeping their individual characteristics. Problems such as delays and packet losses can be caused by differences inherent in the routing protocols. Although the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proposes several routing protocols for MANETs, this paper investigates the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol, viewed as one of more implemented and studied protocol by the IETF work group. The gateway node, which is already implemented in the AODV routing protocol (Hamidian, 2003), should be able to interact, transparently and efficiently, with the Internet routing functions exchanging traffic between them. The AODV protocol, being reactive, can take up to 0.05 seconds to establish a route between a source node and a destination node. By today's standards this time may be considered excessively high, creating bottlenecks between subnets, packet drop and low efficiency. This paper proposes an AODV routing protocol customization restricted to the gateway node activities. This customization consists of adding reliability metric in the route discovery process and its consequent use in order to reduce the number of dropped packets and get increased efficiency in the data flow between the subnets involved.

Uma Rede Móvel Ad Hoc (MANET) consiste em uma coleção de terminais que possuem uma interface de transmissão e recepção sem fio (wireless) e que se movimentam em uma determinada área de abrangência. Geralmente esses terminais fazem uso de freqüências de rádio nas comunicações e configuram uma rede não infraestruturada. As MANETs, também conhecidas como independentes, não necessitam de qualquer infra-estrutura pré-existente para prover comunicação entre os nós, contudo, são utilizadas, principalmente quando integradas à Internet. Essa integração, apesar de possível, normalmente necessita de um gateway que encaminhe os pacotes entre as redes de computadores, respeitando as suas características individuais. Problemas, assim como atrasos e perdas de pacotes, podem ser provocados pelas diferenças intríncias aos protocolos de roteamento. Embora o Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proponha diversos protocolos de roteamento para as MANETs, o presente trabalho investiga o protocolo de roteamento Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), por ser considerado um dos protocolos mais implementados e estudados pelo grupo de trabalho do IETF. O nodo gateway, embora já esteja implementado no protocolo de roteamento AODV (HAMIDIAN, 2003), deve ser capaz de interagir com as funções de roteamento da Internet, trocando tráfego com a mesma, de modo transparente e eficiente. O protocolo AODV, por ser reativo, pode demorar até 0,05 segundos para estabelecer uma rota entre um nodo origem e um nodo destino. Nos padrões atuais esse tempo pode ser considerado exageradamente alto, gerando gargalos entre sub-redes, descarte de pacotes e baixa eficiência. O presente trabalho apresenta uma proposta de customização do protocolo de roteamento AODV com atuação restrita ao nodo gateway. Esta customização consiste na adição de uma métrica de confiabilidade no processo de descoberta e utilização de rotas visando a redução no número de pacotes descartados e um ganho de eficiência no fluxo de dados entre as sub-redes envolvidas. / A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) consists of a collection of mobile hosts, moving in certain range area, that has a wireless interface for transmission and receiving data. Usually these terminals make use of radio frequencies in communications and configure a non infrastructured network. The MANETs, also known as independent, require no pre-existing infrastructure to provide communication between network mobile nodes, however, are used, preferably when integrated with the Internet. This integration, although possible, usually need a gateway that forwards packets between both computer networks, keeping their individual characteristics. Problems such as delays and packet losses can be caused by differences inherent in the routing protocols. Although the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proposes several routing protocols for MANETs, this paper investigates the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol, viewed as one of more implemented and studied protocol by the IETF work group. The gateway node, which is already implemented in the AODV routing protocol (Hamidian, 2003), should be able to interact, transparently and efficiently, with the Internet routing functions exchanging traffic between them. The AODV protocol, being reactive, can take up to 0.05 seconds to establish a route between a source node and a destination node. By today's standards this time may be considered excessively high, creating bottlenecks between subnets, packet drop and low efficiency. This paper proposes an AODV routing protocol customization restricted to the gateway node activities. This customization consists of adding reliability metric in the route discovery process and its consequent use in order to reduce the number of dropped packets and get increased efficiency in the data flow between the subnets involved.

abstract: The Maricopa County Heat Relief Network (HRN) is an ad-hoc partially self-organized network with some attributes of hierarchical coordination that forms each year to provide heat relief and hydration to residents in need by operating as cooling centers. These HRN organizations are a collection of non-profit, governmental and religious organizations. This dissertation looks at the HRN from a complexity governance perspective and engaged different parts of the network in interviews to learn more about their perspective in delivering heat relief. Further, participatory modeling with a prototype agent based model was done with the HRN coordinating agencies to look for emergent outcomes in the HRN system and learn from their perspective. Chapter one evaluates organizational theory and complexity with climate adaptation, hazard preparedness and resilience in the HRN. Chapter two presents results from interviews with HRN facility managers and evaluates their perspective on how they function to offer heat relief. Chapter three finds that the HRN is a good example of complexity governance when engaged through a participatory agent based modeling approach. Chapter four engages the HRN coordinators in participatory agent based modeling interviews to increase their systems level awareness, learn about their perspective on heat relief delivery, and how the system can be improved. Chapter five looks across the different levels of the HRN investigated, the facility managers and coordinators, for differences and similarities in perspectives. The research conducted in this dissertation shows different levels of systems awareness of the different parts of the HRN and how participatory modeling can be used to increase systems awareness. Results indicate that there was very little horizontal network connection between HRN facility managers and most of the interaction was vertically coordinated indicating opportunities for increased network communication in the future both horizontally and vertically if communication interventions were put in place. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Public Administration and Policy 2017

Uma Rede Móvel Ad Hoc (MANET) consiste em uma coleção de terminais que possuem uma interface de transmissão e recepção sem fio (wireless) e que se movimentam em uma determinada área de abrangência. Geralmente esses terminais fazem uso de freqüências de rádio nas comunicações e configuram uma rede não infraestruturada. As MANETs, também conhecidas como independentes, não necessitam de qualquer infra-estrutura pré-existente para prover comunicação entre os nós, contudo, são utilizadas, principalmente quando integradas à Internet. Essa integração, apesar de possível, normalmente necessita de um gateway que encaminhe os pacotes entre as redes de computadores, respeitando as suas características individuais. Problemas, assim como atrasos e perdas de pacotes, podem ser provocados pelas diferenças intríncias aos protocolos de roteamento. Embora o Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proponha diversos protocolos de roteamento para as MANETs, o presente trabalho investiga o protocolo de roteamento Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), por ser considerado um dos protocolos mais implementados e estudados pelo grupo de trabalho do IETF. O nodo gateway, embora já esteja implementado no protocolo de roteamento AODV (HAMIDIAN, 2003), deve ser capaz de interagir com as funções de roteamento da Internet, trocando tráfego com a mesma, de modo transparente e eficiente. O protocolo AODV, por ser reativo, pode demorar até 0,05 segundos para estabelecer uma rota entre um nodo origem e um nodo destino. Nos padrões atuais esse tempo pode ser considerado exageradamente alto, gerando gargalos entre sub-redes, descarte de pacotes e baixa eficiência. O presente trabalho apresenta uma proposta de customização do protocolo de roteamento AODV com atuação restrita ao nodo gateway. Esta customização consiste na adição de uma métrica de confiabilidade no processo de descoberta e utilização de rotas visando a redução no número de pacotes descartados e um ganho de eficiência no fluxo de dados entre as sub-redes envolvidas. / A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) consists of a collection of mobile hosts, moving in certain range area, that has a wireless interface for transmission and receiving data. Usually these terminals make use of radio frequencies in communications and configure a non infrastructured network. The MANETs, also known as independent, require no pre-existing infrastructure to provide communication between network mobile nodes, however, are used, preferably when integrated with the Internet. This integration, although possible, usually need a gateway that forwards packets between both computer networks, keeping their individual characteristics. Problems such as delays and packet losses can be caused by differences inherent in the routing protocols. Although the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proposes several routing protocols for MANETs, this paper investigates the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol, viewed as one of more implemented and studied protocol by the IETF work group. The gateway node, which is already implemented in the AODV routing protocol (Hamidian, 2003), should be able to interact, transparently and efficiently, with the Internet routing functions exchanging traffic between them. The AODV protocol, being reactive, can take up to 0.05 seconds to establish a route between a source node and a destination node. By today's standards this time may be considered excessively high, creating bottlenecks between subnets, packet drop and low efficiency. This paper proposes an AODV routing protocol customization restricted to the gateway node activities. This customization consists of adding reliability metric in the route discovery process and its consequent use in order to reduce the number of dropped packets and get increased efficiency in the data flow between the subnets involved.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is special kind of wireless network which does not have any fixed structure. They are paired for specific purpose within some concise time period. As the concept of “Micro Products” with a feature of “Mobility” has gain popularity, the MANET has benefited the mankind in many ways and in number of situations such as Natural Disaster, War Zone, and Medical Camp in far-flung Earthquake hit areas etc. In every situation mobile nodes organized themselves on temporary bases in network topology. Autonomous nodes having wireless infrastructure are interconnected to form an autonomous network and easily establish a connection from one place to another. These mobile nodes act either as routers or as a host. These nodes have routing capabilities for multi hop paths through which these are interconnected. The mobility of nodes needs efficient routing for MANET. So therewith, Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) enhances routing with respect to path and packet forwarding. In our thesis we try to analyze the various effects of MPLS on MANET protocols when integrated with MPLS. Simulations were carried out using OPNET modeler 14.5 for analyzing the MPLS effects on the metrics like route discovery time, packet end-to-end delay and throughput. Moreover case study is also included to present a conceptual model for integrating MPLS with MANET protocols.

Dans un contexte de besoins croissants de moyens de communication pour augmenter la sécurité des vols et répondre aux attentes des compagnies et des passagers, le monde de l’aviation civile cherche de nouveaux systèmes de communication pouvant répondre à ces objectifs. Les systèmes de communication sol-bord existants, que ce soit les solutions par satellites en bande L (SATCOM, ...) ou les solutions cellulaires par liaison directe avec le sol (HF, VHF, ...), présentent des limites en terme de capacité, de couverture et de coût.La proposition avancée dans le cadre de cette thèse est d’utiliser les avions comme relais afin de propager les données jusqu’à une station sol. Ce système peut être vu comme un réseau ad hoc mobile dont les nœuds sont les avions civils en vol. Grâce à plusieurs sauts successifs au travers d’avions relais, chaque avion doit pouvoir joindre le sol sans être à portée directe d’une station. Le réseau ad hoc ainsi formé peut ensuite être utilisé pour différentes classes de communications : contrôle aérien, services pour les compagnies aériennes ou pour les passagers. Une telle solution permettrait d’améliorer la couverture des solutions cellulaires classiques en zone continentale. Elle est également applicable en zone océanique où les seuls moyens disponibles sont actuellement le satellite et la HF. On peut imaginer que les coûts de déploiement et de maintenance seraient relativement bas puisque l’infrastructure sol est limitée.Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié la faisabilité puis les performances qui peuvent être attendues pour ce système de communication aéronautique innovant. / In the current aeronautical communications context, there is an increasing interest in offering new services to civil aircraft. For instance, airlines are looking into new solutions to back up flight data and cockpit voice records during the flight, or to provide more accurate meteorological data to pilots. Being able to offer Internet access to passengers is also a major demand from these companies. All these services represent new types of air-ground communications that require newcommunication systems. Indeed, traditional datalink systems are based on a direct airground link (e.g. VDL Mode 2) or on a satellite link (e.g. L-Band Inmarsat satellites).They all have limits in terms of capacity, coverage and cost. In this thesis, we study aeronautical ad hoc networks. They have recently been proposedas a new solution for future air-ground communications. The idea of such networks is to introduce wireless links between aircraft. This system can be seen as a mobile ad hoc network whose nodes are civil aircraft in flight. Each aircraft is able to act as a router to send data hop-by-hop to the destination. Such a solution would improve the coverage of conventional cellular solutions in continental area. It is also applicable to oceanic areas, where the only available solutions are now satellite and HF. The costs of deployment and maintenance would be relatively low because the ground infrastructure is limited. In this thesis, the feasibility of this innovative aeronautical communication system is investigated. A simulation tool has been developed to study the network connectivity, based on actual aircraft positions data both in continental and oceanic airspace.

A mobile ad-hoc network is an assortment of wireless mobile hosts, which establishes a momentary network without any assist of centralized administrator. The characteristics of an ad-hoc network can be explored on the base of routing protocols. The dynamic topology is the vital characteristic in which nodes frequently change their position. In the ad-hoc networks, there are mobile nodes such as Personal Digital Assistance (PDA), smart phone and laptops; they have limited operational resources like battery power and bandwidth. The control traffic is to be minimized, which is the main responsibility of routing protocols by selecting the shortest path and controlling the traffic. In this study work, we focus on performance issues of routing protocols, Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) in mobility and standalone ad-hoc networks. For this purpose, we first study and explain these protocols and then we use the Optimized Network Engineering Tool (OPNET) modeler tool and analyze the performance metrics delay, throughput and network load.

The Internet has become an integral part of our nation's critical socio-economic infrastructure. With its heightened use and growing complexity however, organizations are at greater risk of cyber crimes. To aid in the investigation of crimes committed on or via the Internet, a network forensics analysis tool pulls together needed digital evidence. It provides a platform for performing deep network analysis by capturing, recording and analyzing network events to find out the source of a security attack or other information security incidents. Existing network forensics work has been mostly focused on the Internet and fixed networks. But the exponential growth and use of wireless technologies, coupled with their unprecedented characteristics, necessitates the development of new network forensic analysis tools. This dissertation fostered the emergence of a new research field in cellular and ad-hoc network forensics. It was one of the first works to identify this problem and offer fundamental techniques and tools that laid the groundwork for future research. In particular, it introduced novel methods to record network incidents and report logged incidents. For recording incidents, location is considered essential to documenting network incidents. However, in network topology spaces, location cannot be measured due to absence of a 'distance metric'. Therefore, a novel solution was proposed to label locations of nodes within network topology spaces, and then to authenticate the identity of nodes in ad hoc environments. For reporting logged incidents, a novel technique based on Distributed Hash Tables (DHT) was adopted. Although the direct use of DHTs for reporting logged incidents would result in an uncontrollably recursive traffic, a new mechanism was introduced that overcome this recursive process. These logging and reporting techniques aided forensics over cellular and ad-hoc networks, which in turn increased their ability to track and trace attacks to their source. These techniques were a starting point for further research and development that would result in equipping future ad hoc networks with forensic components to complement existing security mechanisms.