Nowadays, firms are becoming more and more global. However, are consumers becoming global too? Therefore, the challenge for the firms consists in determining if they should adapt their products or if they should consider the consumers as being global, and keep their product standardized. The purpose of this paper is to investigate adaptation strategy in South Korea, Japan and People’s Republic of China (PRC) for make-up products and its promotion considering the influence of culture on the consumer behaviour. This is studied referring to the European market. L’Oréal Paris is used as an example to illustrate the study. This study is a case study about L’Oréal Paris. To conduct it, we chose to use qualitative interviews and document analysis. Different kinds of interviews have been done in order to know more about the company adaptation strategy, the culture and the consumer behaviour in Asia. Written sources as external documents from L’Oréal Paris, websites, press articles, scientific articles and literature have been used to complete the primary data. Culture is a system of meanings shared by members of a group. It is an important part of marketing because it influences the consumers’ wants and needs and because it impacts on the interpretations of products’ communication. This demonstrates that the culture impacts consumer behaviour. The study of the consumer behaviour conducts companies to adapt their products features, their packaging, their symbolic attributes, their service attributes and their promotion. The empirical data comes from various sources. We interviewed three managers from L’Oréal Paris and as well girls from the following nationalities: three Japanese girls, one Chinese girl and two Korean girls. We also interviewed a specialist of cosmetics. All these interviews were conducted in order to answer our objectives. The interviews with the Asian girls and with the specialist of cosmetics were conducted in order to collect data on the culture and on the consumer behaviour. The interviews with the managers of L’Oréal Paris were conducted in order to collect data on their adaptation and standardization strategies on the studied markets. Cultural aspects impact directly or indirectly on the consumer behaviour. The culture diversity creates the consumer behaviour diversity as it can be noticed in South Korea, Japan and PRC where the culture and the behaviours are very different than in Europe. L’Oréal Paris is trying to know more about these consumer behaviour differences in order to answer the consumers’ demands and to adapt its products and promotion strategy. L’Oréal Paris is adapting some elements of its product range and its promotion. The three countries studied are very different culturally speaking. However, the adaptations on products and promotion made by L’Oréal Paris do not take fully into account these cultural and consumer behaviour differences. Moreover, many promotion and products aspects are standardized. Thus, the L’Oréal Paris adaptation strategy in the Asian zone is a mix between standardization and adaptation. In its adaptation strategy, the firm considers some elements of the consumer behaviour therefore of the culture. To conclude, the cultural differences may influence the make-up products and promotion adaptation strategy.

<p>Nowadays, firms are becoming more and more global. However, are consumers becoming global too? Therefore, the challenge for the firms consists in determining if they should adapt their products or if they should consider the consumers as being global, and keep their product standardized.</p><p>The purpose of this paper is to investigate adaptation strategy in South Korea, Japan and People’s Republic of China (PRC) for make-up products and its promotion considering the influence of culture on the consumer behaviour. This is studied referring to the European market. L’Oréal Paris is used as an example to illustrate the study.</p><p>This study is a case study about L’Oréal Paris. To conduct it, we chose to use qualitative interviews and document analysis. Different kinds of interviews have been done in order to know more about the company adaptation strategy, the culture and the consumer behaviour in Asia. Written sources as external documents from L’Oréal Paris, websites, press articles, scientific articles and literature have been used to complete the primary data.</p><p>Culture is a system of meanings shared by members of a group. It is an important part of marketing because it influences the consumers’ wants and needs and because it impacts on the interpretations of products’ communication. This demonstrates that the culture impacts consumer behaviour. The study of the consumer behaviour conducts companies to adapt their products features, their packaging, their symbolic attributes, their service attributes and their promotion.</p><p>The empirical data comes from various sources. We interviewed three managers from L’Oréal Paris and as well girls from the following nationalities: three Japanese girls, one Chinese girl and two Korean girls. We also interviewed a specialist of cosmetics. All these interviews were conducted in order to answer our objectives. The interviews with the Asian girls and with the specialist of cosmetics were conducted in order to collect data on the culture and on the consumer behaviour. The interviews with the managers of L’Oréal Paris were conducted in order to collect data on their adaptation and standardization strategies on the studied markets.</p><p>Cultural aspects impact directly or indirectly on the consumer behaviour. The culture diversity creates the consumer behaviour diversity as it can be noticed in South Korea, Japan and PRC where the culture and the behaviours are very different than in Europe.</p><p>L’Oréal Paris is trying to know more about these consumer behaviour differences in order to answer the consumers’ demands and to adapt its products and promotion strategy.</p><p>L’Oréal Paris is adapting some elements of its product range and its promotion. The three countries studied are very different culturally speaking. However, the adaptations on products and promotion made by L’Oréal Paris do not take fully into account these cultural and consumer behaviour differences. Moreover, many promotion and products aspects are standardized. Thus, the L’Oréal Paris adaptation strategy in the Asian zone is a mix between standardization and adaptation. In its adaptation strategy, the firm considers some elements of the consumer behaviour therefore of the culture. To conclude, the cultural differences may influence the make-up products and promotion adaptation strategy.</p>

This thesis contributes to the discussion on the role of national governments in climate change adaptation by providing empirical analysis of national adaptation strategies (NASs) in two economically advanced countries, Sweden and the Republic of Korea. A new framework for analyzing NASs focusing on public spending patterns was developed to provide a clear picture of where the priorities are beyond policy rhetoric. The analysis showed that most public spending in the case countries was currently directed toward building adaptive capacity rather than implementing adaptation actions. Both countries’ NASs also showed a similar pattern in terms of adaptation sectors that receive priority funding. Some sectors with private beneficiaries, like agriculture, received more public support when those with a greater number of beneficiaries, like biodiversity protection, received less in our case countries. This thesis has also analyzed rationalities for government intervention. Based on mainstream adaptation literature, an assumption was made that rationalities for government intervention will follow a liberal approach where there is a focus on identifying market failures and improving efficiency. However, it was found that NASs were not at all explicit about why government intervention is justified. Based on these findings, this study explored government actors’ perception on the appropriate rationality for adaptation intervention by interviewing key government officials in Sweden and the Republic of Korea. Three theories of government intervention in adaptation – the liberal approach, the budget maximizing model, and the social contract theory – were tested to examine their relevance. Although many government actors recognize the liberal approach as the norm for intervening in adaptation, it was found that the high level of uncertainty in climate impacts and the multi-faceted nature of vulnerability hinder this approach from becoming a positive theory in adaptation. Despite denials, the budget maximizing model was found to be highly relevant. Furthermore, the social contract theory was found to be highly relevant in explaining government intervention to short-term catastrophe, but not as effective in explaining adaptation to long-term changes.

This thesis contributes to the discussion on the role of national governments in climate change adaptation by providing empirical analysis of national adaptation strategies (NASs) in two economically advanced countries, Sweden and the Republic of Korea. A new framework for analyzing NASs focusing on public spending patterns was developed to provide a clear picture of where the priorities are beyond policy rhetoric. The analysis showed that most public spending in the case countries was currently directed toward building adaptive capacity rather than implementing adaptation actions. Both countries’ NASs also showed a similar pattern in terms of adaptation sectors that receive priority funding. Some sectors with private beneficiaries, like agriculture, received more public support when those with a greater number of beneficiaries, like biodiversity protection, received less in our case countries.   This thesis has also analyzed rationalities for government intervention. Based on mainstream adaptation literature, an assumption was made that rationalities for government intervention will follow a liberal approach where there is a focus on identifying market failures and improving efficiency. However, it was found that NASs were not at all explicit about why government intervention is justified.   Based on these findings, this study explored government actors’ perception on the appropriate rationality for adaptation intervention by interviewing key government officials in Sweden and the Republic of Korea. Three theories of government intervention in adaptation – the liberal approach, the budget maximizing model, and the social contract theory – were tested to examine their relevance. Although many government actors recognize the liberal approach as the norm for intervening in adaptation, it was found that the high level of uncertainty in climate impacts and the multi-faceted nature of vulnerability hinder this approach from becoming a positive theory in adaptation. Despite denials, the budget maximizing model was found to be highly relevant. Furthermore, the social contract theory was found to be highly relevant in explaining government intervention to short-term catastrophe, but not as effective in explaining adaptation to long-term changes.

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The urban thermal environment is deteriorating due to the constructed urban space and climate change, which negatively impacts public health, especially in the Urban Canopy Layer (UCL). Recent research has investigated the contribution of microclimate parametric in specific urban typologies such as plazas and streets. However, the wasted under-bridge space, which is hard to utilize and usually deemed an obstacle to community connection, is lacking in the investigation. Therefore, this research aims to study the thermal mitigation and adaptation design strategy in terms of the thermal benefit of space, eventually transforming the space with a thermal comfort perspective to the community. The site was chosen under the Williamsburg Bridge in Lower Manhattan, a highly populated and dense low-income community. The method of study is research by design. Firstly, I used open-source GIS data and community reports to investigate the neighborhood's socioeconomic status and functional outdoor space. Secondly, we conducted a site visit and thermal walk in August to measure the microclimate parameters, including air temperature, Relative Humidity (RH), wind speed, and direction, to understand the impact of different heights of under-bridge space on thermal comfort. Thirdly, we use open-source Climate Studio and Ladybug to stimulate the thermal environment of under-bridge space and interpret it with the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). Based on the thermal environment analysis, measurement, and investigation to tailor the mitigative and adaptative design strategy for transforming the under-bridge. Eventually, the strategy will guide design implementation via proposed outdoor activity, planting strategies, and pavement patterns in the under-bridge space design, and it will evaluate the impact of thermal comfort with the implemented strategy on the space. The result revealed that the under-bridge space limited sunlight hours and the Sky view factor (SVF). It correlated with the space change, resulting in different stress levels on the UTCI scale. The evaluation result highlighted the tailored strategy in the design process can help alleviate the specific stress level of UTCI levels to zero or less thermal stress, especially in space with extremely low SVF conditions. This study can be a reference case for a similar under-bridge space transformation with a semi-open space, limited sunlight hours, low SVF, and close to the residential area. The study provides urban designer planners and landscape architects with a toolkit and approach from the pedestrian thermal comfort perspective rather than the aesthetic environment design in waste space reclamation strategy. / Master of Landscape Architecture / Urban areas are facing increasing challenges with heat, both from climate change and the way cities are built. This heat can negatively impact people's health, especially in areas close to the ground where we live and move, known as the Urban Canopy Layer (UCL). While there has been much research on cooling strategies for urban spaces like plazas and streets, under-bridge spaces—often overlooked and underused—haven't received the same attention. These spaces are typically seen as barriers rather than opportunities for community connection. My research focuses on transforming these spaces to improve comfort by addressing heat-related challenges. The site I studied is beneath the Williamsburg Bridge in Lower Manhattan, an area home to a dense, low-income population. Using a "research by design" approach, I explored how to adapt this space for better thermal comfort. First, I gathered data on the neighborhood's social and environmental conditions using community reports and maps. Then, I conducted a site visit in August to measure how factors like air temperature, humidity, and wind affect the comfort of this under-bridge space. Finally, I used digital tools to simulate the thermal environment and analyzed the results to identify strategies that could improve comfort, such as adding plants, redesigning pavement, and planning outdoor activities. The findings revealed that the unique conditions under the bridge—such as limited sunlight and restricted open views—affect how heat is experienced. By applying targeted design strategies, we showed it's possible to reduce heat stress and create a comfortable environment, even in challenging spaces. This research provides a practical framework for urban designers, planners, and landscape architects to rethink and reclaim similar under-bridge spaces. By focusing on improving comfort for pedestrians rather than just aesthetics, we can turn these neglected areas into valuable community assets.

A l’intersection de la socio-anthropologie de l’alimentation et de la santé et s’inscrivant directement dans les réflexions entreprises par le monde biomédical sur la perte de poids des malades, cette thèse expose la réorganisation du rapport à l’alimentation des personnes atteintes d’un cancer bronchique et traitées par chimiothérapie. En s’intéressant à l’expertise même des malades, elle rend compte des stratégies d’adaptations alimentaires mises en place par ces derniers et/ou par leurs proches, pour pallier les perturbations alimentaires chimio-induites. La méthodologie de recherche employée s’appuie sur deux enquêtes longitudinales : une par entretiens semi-directifs et une par questionnaires, réalisées auprès des malades, au cours desquelles des observations de la prise en charge médicale et paramédicale des malades en cancérologie ont été menées.Alors que tant le monde biomédical que le monde profane n’identifient pas l’alimentation comme une causalité supposée des cancers bronchiques, cette thèse défend son inscription dans le modèle thérapeutique des malades. Pour ce faire, la thèse rend tout d’abord compte du contexte informationnel relatif à l’alimentation et au cancer, s’étirant de l’espace du préventif à l’espace du thérapeutique, et relevant de formes de légitimités académiques et non académiques. Puis, en détaillant minutieusement la trajectoire alimentaire des mangeurs-malades dès lors du diagnostic, elle définit un vécu alimentaire marqué par des situations de confort et d’inconfort à s’alimenter. Enfin, elle s’intéresse au soutien alimentaire matériel et émotionnel apporté par les proches. Ces trois entrées rendent compte de formes de stratégies d’adaptation alimentaires d’ordres nutritionnel, sensoriel et organisationnel s’inscrivant dans une dynamique d’autorégulation constante aux perturbations alimentaires chimio-induites qui retrace les expériences alimentaires des mangeurs-malades. / At the intersection of food and health anthropology and in connection with the reflections undertaken by the biomedical world about the weight loss of patients, this thesis outlines the food relation reorganization of people with lung cancer and treated with chemotherapy. By focusing on the patients experience, it reflects the food adaptation strategies implemented by them and / or their relatives, to alleviate the chemically induced food disturbances. The research methodology relies on two longitudinal patient surveys : one is based on semi-structured interviews and the other one is based on questionnaires. During those surveys, observations of the medical and paramedical care of oncology patients were conducted. While both the biomedical world and the uninitiated do not recognize food as a supposed causation of lung cancer , this thesis defends its inclusion in the therapeutic model of patients. In order to do this, the thesis makes first account of the informational context on nutrition and cancer, stretching from the preventive space to the therapeutic space , and within academic and non-academic forms. Then, carefully detailing the food trajectory of eater-patient since the diagnosis, it defines their food experience induced by situations of comfort and discomfort in feeding. Finally, it focused on food material and emotional support from loved ones. These three inputs account for forms of dietary adaptations strategies of nutritional , sensory and organizational orders taking part in a dynamic which is self-regulated to chemically induced food disturbances and which traces the food experience of eater-patient.

Global warming and its influence on the environment has become a popular and widespread issue. Nowadays, an analogy of a high latitude ecosystem during the greenhouse type of climate does not exist. The Cretaceous polar ecosystem gave us a unique possibility of understanding these extreme ecosystems and the specific adaptations of organisms to these conditions. Such types of ecosystem are crucial for a better understanding of possible future climate changes. This thesis focusses on the adaptation strategies of land plants during the Late Cretaceous in the Arctic peninsula. The land plants responded to these specific solar conditionals in two different ways: evergreen or deciduous. The fossil material for this study comes from Brandy Bay and Crame Col, James Ross Island, Antarctic. The material was collected in a continuous sequence from Kotic point to Santa Marta Formation (Cenomanian - Companian). A detailed and systematic analysis was performed on five out of fifty-five samples that well represented the studied region and age: Agathoxylon kellerense, Agathoxylon antarcticus, Araucarioxylon chapmanae, Podocarpoxylon multiparenchymatosum and Phoroxylon sp. Based on the detailed study of Agathoxylon kellerense (sample number AN34) wood anatomy and growth rings structure, adaptation strategies were...

Global warming and its influence on the environment has become a popular and widespread issue. Nowadays, an analogy of a high latitude ecosystem during the greenhouse type of climate does not exist. The Cretaceous polar ecosystem gave us a unique possibility of understanding these extreme ecosystems and the specific adaptations of organisms to these conditions. Such types of ecosystem are crucial for a better understanding of possible future climate changes. This thesis focusses on the adaptation strategies of land plants during the Late Cretaceous in the Arctic peninsula. The land plants responded to these specific solar conditionals in two different ways: evergreen or deciduous. The fossil material for this study comes from Brandy Bay and Crame Col, James Ross Island, Antarctic. The material was collected in a continuous sequence from Kotic point to Santa Marta Formation (Cenomanian - Companian). A detailed and systematic analysis was performed on five out of fifty-five samples that well represented the studied region and age: Agathoxylon kellerense, Agathoxylon antarcticus, Araucarioxylon chapmanae, Podocarpoxylon multiparenchymatosum and Phoroxylon sp. Based on the detailed study of Agathoxylon kellerense (sample number AN34) wood anatomy and growth rings structure, adaptation strategies were...

Urban areas play important role in relation to potential risks and impacts of climate change. Adaptation experience is accumulating in the public and private sector across the world. This diploma thesis evaluates current creation of adaptation strategies in cities of the Czech Republic with the use of institutional analysis by the IAD framework. The aim of the thesis is to identify the most common constraints on the adaptation strategies making process and to suggest possible solutions. Data collection method is based on in-depth interviews with stakeholders in the cities of Pilsen, Prague and Brno. Identified constraints include lack of policy support, different level of experiences with creation of conceptual documents and problem with funds for adaptation action. As a solution deepen partnership between self-government and non-profit institutions and deepen cooperation between politics and civil servants with focus on information exchange is needed. In addition conceptual characterization of problems in cities together with their identification, which can helps to obtain funding for implementation of adaptation actions (e.g. through the LIFE programme) is recommended.