The cells and molecules that comprise the immune system are essential for mounting an effective response against microbes. A successful immune response limits pathology within the host while simultaneously eliminating the pathogen. The key to this delicate balance is the correct recognition of the pathogen and the appropriate response of immune cells. Cellular activation originates through receptors that relay information about the state of the microenvironment to different compartments within the cell. The rapid relay of information is called signal transduction and employs a network of signaling mediators such as kinases, phosphatases, adaptor molecules, and transcription factors. IL-2 inducible T cell kinase (Itk) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that is an integral component of signal transduction downstream of many immunoreceptors. This dissertation describes two distinct pathways that utilize Itk in both phases of the immune response. T cells use the TCR to sense a multitude of peptide-based ligands and to transmit signals inside the cell to activate cellular function. In this regard, the diversity of ligands the T cells encounter can be portrayed as analog inputs. Once a critical threshold is met, signaling events transpire in close proximity to the plasma membrane to activate major downstream pathways in the cell. The majority of these pathways are digital in nature resulting in the on or off activation of T cells. We find, however, that altering the TCR signal strength that a T cell receives can result in an analog-based response. Here, the graded expression of a transcription factor, IRF4, is modulated through the activity of Itk. We link this graded response to an NFAT-mediated pathway in which the digital vs. analog nature has been previously uncharacterized. Finally, we demonstrate that the repercussions of an analog signaling pathway is the altered expression of a second transcription factor, Eomes, which is important in the differentiation and function of T cells. These results suggest that Itk is crucial in the modulation of TCR signal strength. Mast cells primarily rely on the IgE-bound FcεR1 for pathogen recognition. Crosslinking this receptor activates mast cells and results in degranulation and cytokine production via an expansive signaling cascade. Upon stimulation, Itk is recruited to the plasma membrane and phosphorylated. Little else is known about how Itk operates inside of mast cells. We find that mast cells lacking Itk are hyperresponsive to FcεR1-mediated activation. This is most apparent in the amount of IL-4 and IL-13 produced in comparison to wild-type mast cells. Increased cytokine production was accompanied by elevated and sustained signaling downstream of the FcεR1. Finally, biochemical evidence demonstrates that Itk is part of an inhibitory complex containing the phosphatase SHIP-1. These results indicate a novel function for Itk as a negative regulator in FcεR1- mediated mast cell activation.

No description available.

Lower respiratory tract infections, like those caused by influenza A virus (IAV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and the pneumonia they cause are a global health concern and burden. Infection and vaccination induce immune memory responses that are vital for neutralizing and resolving subsequent infections. B cells play a substantial role in preventing reinfection. They exert their effects through several functions but most appreciably via anti-viral antibody secretion. B cells, as is the case with other immune cells, possess several subsets, each with defined roles and functions. The B7 protein family surface receptors CD80 and PD-L2 have been identified as distinguishing two populations based on their presence or absence on B cells: CD80-PD-L2- (double negative, DN) and CD80+PD-L2+ (double positive, DP). In the spleen, DN cells have relatively low mutation frequencies, antigen specificity, and tend to enter the germinal center reaction. On the other hand, DP cells have a more mutated B cell receptor, increased antigen-specificity, and differentiate into antibody secreting cells upon restimulation. It remains unclear if these two populations are related, what differences, if any, they possess from each other, cellular crosstalk required for their maintenance, and their roles in immunity against IAV reinfection. Additionally, it is not known if local B cells (i.e. DN and DP) in the lung are distinct from those in the spleen or if they are a homogenous population. Our work was aimed at investigating these gaps in the field. We showed that IAV infection results in the accumulation of extravascular DP B cells in the murine lung. B cells in general appear to localize near sites of previous infection in organized lymphoid-like structures. Naphthalene-mediated club cell ablation results in the partial loss of the lung DP cell population while DN cells appear unaffected, suggesting the lung epithelium plays a role in the maintenance of the DP cells. DP cells possess more of the IAV-specific cells than the DN cells suggesting an anti-viral role. In part, the DP cells originate from DN predecessors and possess a unique V gene profile. During the immune reaction, DN cells differentiate into DP cells and, on occasion, revert. The DN cell population in the lung is largely distinct from that found in the spleen, suggesting that these cells originate from a secondary lymphoid tissue. Finally, we have engineered a recombinant RSV containing a cre-recombinase transgene that replicated with similar kinetics to the parental strain. This novel tool will allow us to examine qualities of cells previously infected with RSV and investigate any role they may play in immune maintenance and/or lung health. To conclude, we outline major differences between two populations of B cells of considerable immune interest, show how they may rely, in part, on epithelial cells in the lung, and develop a new tool to investigate these topics in other respiratory viruses of public health concern. / 2024-11-02T00:00:00Z

Les cellules T spécifiques d'antigène dans la peau participent au contrôle des infections cutanées. Toutefois, leurs mécanismes d'induction après infection ou vaccination ainsi que leur rôle dans la protection et leur maintenance restent à étudier. Nous avons émis l'hypothèse que l'infection cutanée ou la vaccination cutanée pouvaient programmer une réponse cellulaire T spécifique d'antigène cutanée. Notre premier objectif était le développement de modèle d'étude de la peau humaine, des cellules T cutanées et de la vaccination par la peau. Un modèle de greffes de peau humaine à des souris immunodéficientes, a permis de montrer un maintien et la fonctionnalité des cellules présentatrices d'antigènes et cellules T cutanées plusieurs semaines après greffe. J'ai ainsi mis en place un modèle d'étude in vivo des cellules humaines cutanées.Dans un deuxième temps, un essai clinique randomisé chez le volontaire sain, a étudié l'impact de la voie d'administration - intradermique, transcutanée ou intramusculaire - du vaccin antigrippal sur les réponses immunitaires. Cette étude de longue durée et multiparamétrique n'étant pas terminée, nous aborderons les résultats de l'impact de l'inflammation, en particulier CXCL-10, dans l'induction des réponses adaptatives.Enfin, le rôle des lymphocytes T cutanés dans la protection contre les herpesvirus - VZV, HSV-1, HSV-2 - restant méconnus et notamment la potentielle réactivité croisée des cellules T cutanées contre ces 3 virus, j'ai mis en place un modèle murin préclinique permettant d'étudier les réponses T spécifiques cutanées et systémiques à la varicelle après vaccination. Une étude clinique est maintenant en cours de montage. En conclusion, au cours de mon doctorat, j’ai pu mettre en évidence l’importance des LT cutanés notamment mémoires dans la mise en place de la réponse immunitaire après vaccination et/ou infection. Ces données sont importantes pour l’amélioration des stratégies vaccinales. / Antigen -specific T cells in the skin represents a considerable advantage. It has been proposed that these cells may participate in the control of skin infections. However, further investigation is needed to understand their mechanism of induction after infection or vaccination, their maintenance in the skin tissue and their role in the protection upon re-infection. We hypothesized that the skin vaccination or infection can program a cutaneous population of antigen-specific T cell response. In order to study T cell populations in the skin, we set up different in vivo and clinical models of study of human skin T cells. A model of human skin grafts in immunodeficient mice, allowed us to show the persistance of antigen-presenting cells as well as antigen-specific effector T skin cells in human skin engrafted explants. We have demonstrated their functionality several weeks after skin transplantation. This study provides an in vivo model for studying in vivo human skin T cells upon infection or vaccination. In a second part, we performed a randomized clinical trial of healthy volunteers, to study the impact of routes of immunization using trivalent-influenza vaccine (TIV) by intradermal, transcutaneous (hair follicular targeting) or intramuscular routes on immune responses. This long-term study is not completed yet. However, we will discuss the first results of the impact of inflammation including cytokine, CXCL10 on vaccination local side effects and in the induction of adaptive responses. In a third part, we asked the role of T lymphocytes in human skin infections or mucous membranes against herpèsviruses (VZV, HSV-1, and HSV-2). We hypothesized cross-reactive T cell skin against these three viruses. A preclinical mouse model for studying cutaneous and systemic T cell specific responses to varicella after vaccination has been developed. A clinical study is in progress.

Os mecanismos imunológicos que governam a interação entre o fungo Paracoccidioides brasiliensis e o hospedeiro têm sido pouco estudados. Tanto os componentes do fungo como os receptores dos fagócitos envolvidos nesta interação são pouco conhecidos. Baseados nestes fatos, nosso trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar in vitro e in vivo o envolvimento do receptor Toll Like-2 (TLR-2) e da proteína adaptadora MyD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88) na infecção de camundongos pelo P. brasiliensis. O TLR-2 é um receptor da imunidade inata envolvido no reconhecimento de PAMPs (padrões moleculares associados aos patógenos), enquanto que MyD88 é uma molécula envolvida na sinalização celular induzida por muitos TLRs e que culmina com a ativação de vários fatores de transcrição, entre eles o NFB, envolvidos na ativação de genes ligados à resposta inflamatória. Para tanto, utilizamos camundongos C57Bl/6 deficientes e normais para TLR-2 e para MyD88. Demonstramos que, comparado ao grupo controle, animais TLR2-/- apresentavam uma infecção pulmonar menos grave associada com menor síntese de óxido nítrico (NO). Resultados equivalentes foram obtidos com macrófagos peritoneais e alveolares infectados in vitro. Inesperadamente, apesar das diferenças na carga fúngica, ambas as linhagens apresentavam tempo médio de sobrevida semelhante e lesões pulmonares de gravidade equivalente. Os estudos com leucócitos infiltrantes de pulmão revelaram um aumento de leucócitos polimorfonucleares neutrófilos (PMNs) nos animais TLR-2-/- associado com um menor número de linfócitos TCD4+ e TCD8+ ativados. Animais TLR-2-/- deficientes apresentaram uma discreta diferença quanto à síntese de citocinas pulmonares dos tipos Th1 e Th2, porém estes animais apresentaram maiores níveis de KC, uma quimiocina CXC envolvida na quimiotaxia de neutrófilos, assim com maiores níveis de citocinas Th17 (IL-6, IL-17, IL-23 e TGF-). Além disso, a resposta imune Th17 desenvolvida por animais TLR-2-/- esteve associada com menor expansão de células T regulatórias CD4+CD25+FoxP3+. Assim, o TLR-2 controla a imunidade inata e adaptativa frente ao P. brasiliensis e regula negativamente a resposta imune Th17 e a patologia pulmonar. Em relação aos estudos com animais deficientes para a proteína adaptadora MyD88 na paracoccidioimicose verificamos que sua ausência resultou numa produção deficiente in vitro e in vivo de NO, além de uma produção deficiente in vivo de citocinas do tipo Th1, Th2 e Th17. Animais MyD88-deficientes infectados desenvolveram uma resposta imune prejudicada, evidenciada pelo menor número de macrófagos ativados, assim como uma imunidade adaptativa menos eficiente, evidenciada pelo menor número de células T CD4 ativadas que afluíram aos pulmões. Este quadro culminou com uma carga fúngica maior nos pulmões dos animais MyD88- deficientes, como também permitiu uma exuberante disseminação do fungo para outros órgãos, como fígado e baço. Os pulmões e o fígado apresentaram graves lesões com a presença de granulomas coalescentes e ricos agregados fúngicos. Assim, camundongos MyD88-deficientes não foram capazes de controlar a doença e morreram em um tempo mais curto que os animais MyD88-competentes, como evidenciado em experimentos de sobrevida. Assim, nossos achados demonstram que a sinalização intracelular mediada pela proteína MyD88 é importante para a ativação dos mecanismos fungicidas, assim como para a ativação das respostas imunes inata e adaptativa contra o P. brasiliensis. Em conjunto, nosso trabalho demonstra que tanto o TLR-2 quanto a molécula adaptadora MyD88 desempenham um papel relevante no controle da infecção, assim como na indução da resposta imune contra este patógeno fúngico primário. / The immunological mechanisms that govern the interaction between hosts and the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis have been scarcely studied. Both, fungal and phagocyte receptors involved in this interaction are poorly understood. Based on these facts, the aim of our study was to characterize in vitro and in vivo the role played by Toll Like Receptor-2 (TLR-2) and the adaptor protein MyD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88) in murine pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis. The TLR-2 is a receptor of innate immunity involved in the recognition of PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns), whereas MyD88 is a molecule involved in cell signaling induced by many TLRs . TLR-mediated activation results in the production of several nuclear transcription factors, including NFB, which activate important genes of the inflammatory response. Wild-type (WT) besides TLR- 2- and MyD88-deficient C57Bl/6 mice were used in our investigation. We showed that, compared to control animals, TLR2-/- mice developed a less severe pulmonary infection associated with reduced synthesis of nitric oxide (NO). Equivalent results were obtained with in vitro infected peritoneal and alveolar macrophages. Unexpectedly, despite the differences in fungal loads, TLR-2-/- and WT mice showed equivalent survival times and pulmonary lesions. Studies with lung infiltrating leukocytes revealed an increase of polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes (PMNs) in TLR-2-/- mice associated with a low number of activated T CD4 and T CD8+ lymphocytes. Compared with WT mice, the TLR-2-deficient mice showed slight differences in the production of pulmonary Th1 and Th2 cytokines, but presented higher levels of KC, a CXC chemokine involved in neutrophil chemotaxis, besides increased levels of Th17 cytokines ( IL-6, IL-17, IL-23 and TGF-). Furthermore, the prevalent Th17 immune response developed by TLR-2-/- mice was associated with lower expansion of regulatory T cells CD4+CD25+FoxP3+. Thus, TLR-2 controls the innate and adaptive immunity against the P. brasiliensis infection and negatively regulates Th17 immune response and pulmonary pathology. Studies with MyD88-deficient mice showed an impaired production of NO in vivo and in vitro, and a deficient in vivo production of Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokines. In addition, infected MyD88-deficient mice developed an impaired immune response, evidenced by poorly activated macrophages, as well as by an inefficient adaptive immunity mediated by a diminished influx of activated CD4+ T cells to the lungs. These events led to increased fungal loads in the lungs of MyD88-deficient mice and allowed a marked dissemination of the fungus to other organs such as liver and spleen, which presented severe lesions composed by coalescent granulomas containing high numbers of fungal cells. As consequence, MyD88-deficient mice were unable to control fungal growth and presented a decreased survival time. Our findings demonstrate that MyD88 signaling is important to the activation of fungicidal mechanisms and to the induction of the innate and adaptive immunity against P. brasiliensis. Altogether, our work shows that both TLR-2 and the adapter molecule MyD88, play an important role in controlling of P. brasiliensis infection, as well as in the induction of immune responses against this primary fungal pathogen.

INTRODUÇÃO: A infecção por HIV-1 é um grave problema de saúde pública causando elevada taxa de morbidade e mortalidade. Entretanto, alguns indivíduos são considerados resistentes à infecção por HIV-1, mesmo após repetidas exposições ao vírus. Vários fatores imunológicos e genéticos podem estar associados a resistência à infecção, como ativação de componentes da imunidade inata e também devido ao baixo perfil de ativação das células T. É possível que nos indivíduos expostos e não infectados por HIV-1 (ENI) ocorra uma importante atuação das células T secretoras de IL-17 e IL-22, e também as células T reguladoras, pois são necessárias para a manutenção e homeostase das mucosas associadas ao intestino (GALT). OBJETIVO: Avaliar o fenótipo e a função de células TCD4+ e TCD8+ em casais sorodiscordante ao HIV-1, compostos por indivíduos ENI e os parceiros infectados por HIV-1. MÉTODOS: Os casais sorodiscordantes ao HIV-1, consistiam de 23 indivíduos expostos não-infectados (ENI), 14 mulheres e 9 homens, com mediana de 41 anos e 21 parceiros infectados por HIV-1 (HIV), 20 homens e 1 mulher com mediana de 41 anos. Os controles saudáveis foram 24 indivíduos (14 mulheres e 10 homens) com mediana de 37 anos. Os casais sorodiscordantes foram compostos por 16 heterossexuais e 7 homossexuais, com tempo de relacionamento de 13 anos. As frequências de células Th17, Th22 e Tc22, as células T polifuncionais foram analisadas em células mononucleares (CMNs) do sangue periférico, estimulados com peptídeos da região Gag do HIV-1 e da enterotoxina B do Staphylococcus aureus (SEB), a frequência de células T reguladoras, o perfil fenotípico de exaustão/diferenciação e a expressão da integrina alfa4?7 e CCR9 em células T, foram realizados por citometria de fluxo. RESULTADOS: No grupo HIV, as células T CD4+ e CD8+ do sangue periférico mostrou maior frequência de CD95 e PD-1 e baixa expressão de CD127 comparado ao grupo ENI e controle. A frequência de células Th17 em CMNs aumentou nos grupos ENI e HIV-1 na condição sem estímulo, contudo, após estímulo com os peptídeos da região p24 da Gag do HIV-1 induziu resposta somente no grupo HIV-1. O grupo ENI mostrou resposta antígeno-especifica somente para IL-22. Além disto, avaliando as células Tc22 e Th22, foi verificado aumento da resposta aos peptídeos da Gag e também ao SEB, nos grupos HIV e ENI. A presença de células T polifuncionais antígeno-especificas, secretoras de 5-4 citocinas, foi detectada apenas em células T CD38+ no grupo HIV, enquanto os indivíduos ENI mostraram resposta polifuncional por células T CD38- somente ao estímulo policlonal por SEB. Uma diminuição do número absoluto de células T reguladoras (CD4+CD25+CD127low/-Foxp3+) foi detectada no grupo HIV comparado ao ENI e controle, com maior expressão de moléculas HLA-DR e CD95. Além disto, foi detectado diminuição na frequência de células TCD8+ ?4?7+ no grupo ENI e de células TCD4+ alfa4beta7+ nos grupos ENI e HIV. Houve uma correlação positiva entre as células Tc22 e Th22 com as células TCD8+ e TCD4+ que expressam alfa4beta7, no grupo ENI e HIV-1. CONCLUSÃO: Os indivíduos ENI são capazes de desenvolver resposta antígeno-específicas relacionadas com a IL-22, que possui importante função na imunidade de mucosas. Além disto, mostram presença de células T polifuncionais com baixo perfil de ativação a estímulo policlonal. Os dados evidenciam que os indivíduos ENI, mostram indução de células Tc22, aumento de expressão de moléculas de migração para o intestino e equilíbrio entre as células efetoras e Treg, que em conjunto, devem exercer importante papel para a resistência à infecção por HIV-1 / INTRODUCTION: The HIV-1 infection is a major public health problem causing high morbidity and mortality. However, some individuals are considered resistant to HIV-1 infection even after repeated HIV-1 exposures. Several immunologic and genetic factors could be associated with the resistance to infection, such as activation of innate immunity components and due to the low profile of T-cell activation. It is possible that in HIV-1 exposed uninfected individuals (EU) occurs an important activity of the T cells secreting IL-17 and IL-22, including regulatory T cells, which are necessary to maintenance of homeostasis of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). AIM: To evaluate the phenotype and function of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in HIV-1-serodiscordant couples, composed by the EU individuals and the infected HIV-1 partners. METHODS: The HIV-1-serodiscordant couples consisted of 23 EU individuals, 14 women and 9 men, with a median age of 41 years and 21 partners infected by HIV-1, 20 men and 1 woman, with a median of 41 years. Healthy controls consisted of 24 individuals (14 women and 10 men) with a median age of 37 years. The serodiscordant couples were composed by 16 homosexuals and 7 heterosexuals, reporting a median relationship duration of 13 years with a single partner. The frequency of Th17, Th22 and Tc22 cells, the polyfunctional T cells were assessed in mononuclear cells (MNCs) from peripheral blood, stimulated with the peptides from the gag region of HIV-1 and enterotoxin B from Staphylococcus aureus (SEB), the frequency of regulatory T cells and the exhaustion/differentiation phenotypic profile and expression of integrin alfa4beta7 and CCR9 in T cells were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: In HIV group, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from peripheral blood showed a higher frequency of PD-1, and CD95 and low expression of CD127 compared to ENI and control groups. The frequency of Th17 cells in MNCs increased in ENI and HIV-1 groups in the unstimulated conditions, however, upon stimulation with p24 peptides of HIV-1 Gag induced response only in HIV-1 group. The ENI group showed antigen-specific response only for IL-22. Moreover, evaluating the Tc22 and Th22 cells, it was found increased response to Gag peptides and also for SEB in both, HIV and ENI groups. The presence of polyfunctional antigen-specific T cells secreting 5-4 cytokines, was only detected in CD38+ T cells from HIV group, while ENI individuals showed polyfunctional CD38- T cells response only with the polyclonal stimulus with SEB. A decreased absolute number of regulatory T cells (CD4 + CD25 + CD127low /-Foxp3 +) was detected in HIV group compared to the EU and control groups, with higher expression of HLA-DR and CD95 molecules. In addition, it was detected decreased frequency of CD8+ alfa4beta7 + T cells in the ENI group and CD4+ alfa4beta7+ T cells in both, ENI and HIV groups. There was a positive correlation between Tc22 and Th22 cells with the CD8+ and CD4+ T cells expressing alfa4beta7, in the ENI and HIV-1 groups. CONCLUSION: The EU individuals are able to develop antigen-specific response related to IL-22, which has an important function in the mucosal immunity. In addition, showed presence of polyfunctional T cells with low activation profile to polyclonal stimuli. The data show that the EU individuals, showed induction of Tc22 cells, increased expression of homing molecules into the intestine and balance between effector cells and Treg cells, which together, must play an important role in the HIV-1 resistance

INTRODUÇÃO: A infecção por HIV-1 é um grave problema de saúde pública causando elevada taxa de morbidade e mortalidade. Entretanto, alguns indivíduos são considerados resistentes à infecção por HIV-1, mesmo após repetidas exposições ao vírus. Vários fatores imunológicos e genéticos podem estar associados a resistência à infecção, como ativação de componentes da imunidade inata e também devido ao baixo perfil de ativação das células T. É possível que nos indivíduos expostos e não infectados por HIV-1 (ENI) ocorra uma importante atuação das células T secretoras de IL-17 e IL-22, e também as células T reguladoras, pois são necessárias para a manutenção e homeostase das mucosas associadas ao intestino (GALT). OBJETIVO: Avaliar o fenótipo e a função de células TCD4+ e TCD8+ em casais sorodiscordante ao HIV-1, compostos por indivíduos ENI e os parceiros infectados por HIV-1. MÉTODOS: Os casais sorodiscordantes ao HIV-1, consistiam de 23 indivíduos expostos não-infectados (ENI), 14 mulheres e 9 homens, com mediana de 41 anos e 21 parceiros infectados por HIV-1 (HIV), 20 homens e 1 mulher com mediana de 41 anos. Os controles saudáveis foram 24 indivíduos (14 mulheres e 10 homens) com mediana de 37 anos. Os casais sorodiscordantes foram compostos por 16 heterossexuais e 7 homossexuais, com tempo de relacionamento de 13 anos. As frequências de células Th17, Th22 e Tc22, as células T polifuncionais foram analisadas em células mononucleares (CMNs) do sangue periférico, estimulados com peptídeos da região Gag do HIV-1 e da enterotoxina B do Staphylococcus aureus (SEB), a frequência de células T reguladoras, o perfil fenotípico de exaustão/diferenciação e a expressão da integrina alfa4?7 e CCR9 em células T, foram realizados por citometria de fluxo. RESULTADOS: No grupo HIV, as células T CD4+ e CD8+ do sangue periférico mostrou maior frequência de CD95 e PD-1 e baixa expressão de CD127 comparado ao grupo ENI e controle. A frequência de células Th17 em CMNs aumentou nos grupos ENI e HIV-1 na condição sem estímulo, contudo, após estímulo com os peptídeos da região p24 da Gag do HIV-1 induziu resposta somente no grupo HIV-1. O grupo ENI mostrou resposta antígeno-especifica somente para IL-22. Além disto, avaliando as células Tc22 e Th22, foi verificado aumento da resposta aos peptídeos da Gag e também ao SEB, nos grupos HIV e ENI. A presença de células T polifuncionais antígeno-especificas, secretoras de 5-4 citocinas, foi detectada apenas em células T CD38+ no grupo HIV, enquanto os indivíduos ENI mostraram resposta polifuncional por células T CD38- somente ao estímulo policlonal por SEB. Uma diminuição do número absoluto de células T reguladoras (CD4+CD25+CD127low/-Foxp3+) foi detectada no grupo HIV comparado ao ENI e controle, com maior expressão de moléculas HLA-DR e CD95. Além disto, foi detectado diminuição na frequência de células TCD8+ ?4?7+ no grupo ENI e de células TCD4+ alfa4beta7+ nos grupos ENI e HIV. Houve uma correlação positiva entre as células Tc22 e Th22 com as células TCD8+ e TCD4+ que expressam alfa4beta7, no grupo ENI e HIV-1. CONCLUSÃO: Os indivíduos ENI são capazes de desenvolver resposta antígeno-específicas relacionadas com a IL-22, que possui importante função na imunidade de mucosas. Além disto, mostram presença de células T polifuncionais com baixo perfil de ativação a estímulo policlonal. Os dados evidenciam que os indivíduos ENI, mostram indução de células Tc22, aumento de expressão de moléculas de migração para o intestino e equilíbrio entre as células efetoras e Treg, que em conjunto, devem exercer importante papel para a resistência à infecção por HIV-1 / INTRODUCTION: The HIV-1 infection is a major public health problem causing high morbidity and mortality. However, some individuals are considered resistant to HIV-1 infection even after repeated HIV-1 exposures. Several immunologic and genetic factors could be associated with the resistance to infection, such as activation of innate immunity components and due to the low profile of T-cell activation. It is possible that in HIV-1 exposed uninfected individuals (EU) occurs an important activity of the T cells secreting IL-17 and IL-22, including regulatory T cells, which are necessary to maintenance of homeostasis of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). AIM: To evaluate the phenotype and function of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in HIV-1-serodiscordant couples, composed by the EU individuals and the infected HIV-1 partners. METHODS: The HIV-1-serodiscordant couples consisted of 23 EU individuals, 14 women and 9 men, with a median age of 41 years and 21 partners infected by HIV-1, 20 men and 1 woman, with a median of 41 years. Healthy controls consisted of 24 individuals (14 women and 10 men) with a median age of 37 years. The serodiscordant couples were composed by 16 homosexuals and 7 heterosexuals, reporting a median relationship duration of 13 years with a single partner. The frequency of Th17, Th22 and Tc22 cells, the polyfunctional T cells were assessed in mononuclear cells (MNCs) from peripheral blood, stimulated with the peptides from the gag region of HIV-1 and enterotoxin B from Staphylococcus aureus (SEB), the frequency of regulatory T cells and the exhaustion/differentiation phenotypic profile and expression of integrin alfa4beta7 and CCR9 in T cells were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: In HIV group, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from peripheral blood showed a higher frequency of PD-1, and CD95 and low expression of CD127 compared to ENI and control groups. The frequency of Th17 cells in MNCs increased in ENI and HIV-1 groups in the unstimulated conditions, however, upon stimulation with p24 peptides of HIV-1 Gag induced response only in HIV-1 group. The ENI group showed antigen-specific response only for IL-22. Moreover, evaluating the Tc22 and Th22 cells, it was found increased response to Gag peptides and also for SEB in both, HIV and ENI groups. The presence of polyfunctional antigen-specific T cells secreting 5-4 cytokines, was only detected in CD38+ T cells from HIV group, while ENI individuals showed polyfunctional CD38- T cells response only with the polyclonal stimulus with SEB. A decreased absolute number of regulatory T cells (CD4 + CD25 + CD127low /-Foxp3 +) was detected in HIV group compared to the EU and control groups, with higher expression of HLA-DR and CD95 molecules. In addition, it was detected decreased frequency of CD8+ alfa4beta7 + T cells in the ENI group and CD4+ alfa4beta7+ T cells in both, ENI and HIV groups. There was a positive correlation between Tc22 and Th22 cells with the CD8+ and CD4+ T cells expressing alfa4beta7, in the ENI and HIV-1 groups. CONCLUSION: The EU individuals are able to develop antigen-specific response related to IL-22, which has an important function in the mucosal immunity. In addition, showed presence of polyfunctional T cells with low activation profile to polyclonal stimuli. The data show that the EU individuals, showed induction of Tc22 cells, increased expression of homing molecules into the intestine and balance between effector cells and Treg cells, which together, must play an important role in the HIV-1 resistance

No description available.

Clinical islet transplantation is today an established alternative treatment for a selected group of type 1 diabetes patients. The predominant technique for transplantation is infusion of islets in the liver via the portal vein. Obstacles to advancing islet transplantation include limited engraftment resulting from an immediate blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR), a life-long need for immunosuppression and the shortage of organs available. In this thesis, innate and adaptive immunity were explored in allogeneic and xenogeneic settings, with the long-term goal of preventing islet graft destruction. Methods for studying immune responses to islets in blood and engrafted islets in liver tissue (intragraft gene expression) were developed and refined. The innate response to human islets and exocrine tissue in ABO-compatible blood was characterized up to 48 h using a novel whole-blood model. Physiological changes in the blood during incubations were explored and adjusted to allow prolonged experiments. Increased production of chemokines targeting CXCR1/2, CCR2 and CXCR3 was observed, accompanied by massive intra-islet neutrophil infiltration. Notably, endocrine and exocrine tissue triggered a similarly strong innate immune response. Two studies of adult porcine islet transplantation to non-human primates (NHPs) were performed. Expression of immune response genes induced in liver tissue of non-immunosuppressed NHPs (≤72 h) was evaluated after porcine islet transplantation. Up-regulation of CXCR3 mRNA, together with IP-10, Mig, MIP-1α, RANTES, MCP-1 and cytotoxic effector molecule transcripts, was associated with T-cell and macrophage infiltration at 48-72 h. Long-term survival (>100 days) of adult porcine islets in a NHP model was later demonstrated using T-cell-based immunosuppression, including co-stimulatory blockade (anti-CD154 mAb). Graft failure was associated with increased levels of circulating, indirectly activated T cells, non-Gal pig-specific IgG and gene transcripts of inflammatory cytokines. Microarray analysis of the response to inflammatory cytokines in cultured porcine islets identified genes involved in cell death, immune responses and oxidative stress; this gene pattern coincided with physiological changes (decrease in insulin and ATP content). In summary, allogeneic whole-blood experiments and xenogeneic in vivo studies underscored the importance of preventing early inflammation and cell-recruitment to avoid islet graft loss in islet transplantation. Long-term survival of porcine islets in NHPs was shown to be feasible using T-cell-directed immunosuppression, including anti-CD154 mAb.

T cells are a cornerstone of the mammalian adaptive immune system. A range of T-cell subsets exist that can orchestrate the overall immune response to pathogens or cancers, either by directly killing infected cells or licensing other cells to do so. Dysregulation of this important process can result in immunodeficiency or autoimmunity. Although T cells have been studied extensively over many decades, the detailed mechanisms underlying T-cell activation remain to be fully resolved. This thesis describes the development of new optogenetic approaches for the modulation of T-cell signalling dynamics and the interrogation of key events in T-cell activation to help investigate this question. Optogenetics is a rapidly emerging technique whereby light can be used to control the spatial and temporal activation, or inactivation of signalling pathways at unprecedented resolution. The methods described in this work utilise the blue light-responsive LOV2 photo-domain from the common oat A. Sativa, which is the foundation of the both the ‘LOVTRAP’ and ‘TULIPs’ optogenetic toolkits. T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) microclusters arise early during the interaction between T cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs). These TCR signalling platforms contain the proteins necessary for sustained T-cell activation, yet the processes underlying their formation and dissociation are still not fully characterised as they have been difficult to investigate with current chemical and genetic manipulations of T cells. Using two optogenetics systems combining either LOVTRAP or TULIPs and the microcluster- scaffolding protein LAT (Linker for the Activation of T cells), it was possible to modulate early T-cell signalling events and measure functional outputs in real-time. Unfortunately, the biological limitations of these LAT-based systems meant that they could not be used to quantitatively investigate microcluster formation. However, in an alternative approach, a drug-inducible, light-controllable chimeric antigen receptor was successfully developed that yielded important new insights into the rapid rate of signal decay within the TCR signalling pathway and the temporal dynamics of T-cell activation over several timescales. T cell-dependent bispecific antibodies (TDBs) are a new class of immuno-therapeutics that can specifically direct a T-cell response towards tumours, by crosslinking the TCR complex to a surface- expressed target on the cancerous cells. However, their mechanism of action has not been studied in detail. The close apposition of the T cell and target cells driven by the TDB interaction can result in the steric exclusion of phosphatases, such as CD45, away from the TCR at the TDB-generated cell-cell interface due to their large, rigid extracellular domains. Using the myeloma-expressed antigen, FcRH5, it was found that membrane-proximal epitopes of FcRH5 drive more robust TCR clustering and increased CD45 exclusion than membrane distal epitopes, which strongly correlated with effective killing of the target cell. These findings have important implications for therapeutic design and implementation of TDBs.