The present study estimated the genetic and environmental effects on different dimensions of religiosity, explored how genetic and environmental effects covary across different dimensions of religiosity, and decomposed the covariance of genetic and environmental effects between different dimensions of religiosity and internalizing and externalizing psychiatric disorders. Dimensions of religiosity were found to be largely influenced by additive genetic and unique environmental effects, with little influence observed from common enviromental effects. Multidimensional analyses found that the seven religiosity factors observed in the present study were influenced by one common additive genetic factor, three common unique environmental factors, and unique environmental effects specific to each religiosity factor. Bivariate analyses of the seven religiosity factors and four psychiatric disorders found that the negative correlation between alcohol dependence and six of the seven religiosity factors could be accounted for by additive genetic effects. Similar results were obtained for nicotine dependence and one religiosity factor, "Social Religiosity" and for phobia and the religiosity factor "Unvengefulness" with shared genetic factors accounting for the observed correlation. For phobia and the religiosity factor "God as Judge", the correlation due to additive genetic factors was positive while that due to common environmental effects was negative. Analysis of a subset of religiosity items showed that for one religiosity factor, additive genetic effects increased over time while common environmental effects decreased. The results of the present study point to the complexity of the religiosity construct and suggest that various dimensions of religiosity are differentially related to various psychiatric disorders.

The aim of this thesis is to expand our understanding of the etiology of alcohol misuse and related disorders in African Americans using genetically informative study designs. Specifically, we take advantage of the candidate-gene approach and polygenic score analysis to extend the literature specific to African American populations. Chapter 2 explores gene x environment (GxE) interactions through the candidate gene approach to explore the relationship between two genes chosen on their potential relevance to stress response and adolescent alcohol use and misuse, among African American youth living in highly impoverished neighborhoods, as moderated by stressful life events. Chapter 3 implements polygenic score analyses to examine the effect of an aggregate of markers. We explore whether polygenic risk for alcohol dependence – derived from GWAS estimates in one discovery sample – predict alcohol use and broader externalizing behaviors and interact with stressful life events to predict alcohol use/misuse among high-risk African American youth.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The thesis focuses on the issue of consumption of simple sugar and the psychological and behavioral aspects related to addictive behavior. The aim of the study was to explore and describe whether and how selected behavioral and psychological symptoms are affected by change in the consumption of simple sugar. Data were obtained by semistructured interview and administration of questionnaires. Two questionnaires SCL-90 and the Food frequency questionnaire were used. The research sample was divided into two groups. First - control group are individuals who routinely consume food in which is usually simple sugar. Second - quasiexperimental group are individuals who have at least two years without simple sugar intake. Because of specificity of the selection criteria and in regard to validity of the quasiexperimental group were selected among individuals consuming a macrobiotic diet. Respondents completed an interview and filled out questionnaires within one meeting. Based on data analysis, it was found that individuals who consume sugar showed less psychopathological symptoms according SCL-90, after elimination of sugar also showed more characteristics of addictive behavior in relation to a simple sugar than the control group. Changes after the elimination of simple sugar were most commonly associated...

The purpose of this study was to describe involvement in everyday activities for people with opioid replacement therapy. To answer the purpose, an empirical qualitative design was chosen that is appropriate for capturing a person's own thoughts, feelings, experiences, experiences and opinions and the world in which he lives with the person's own words. Data were collected through interviews with people who have opioid replacement therapy. The collected data consisted of six interviews analyzed based on a latent qualitative content analysis. Analysis of data resulted in an overall theme; Living in life does not survive life and four categories; A struggle to adapt to something new and find structure in everyday life. To dare to believe in his ability. To get professional support along the way. The importance of the social environment for breaking old life. The result showed that involvement in everyday activities is a major challenge and a struggle that depends both on the support people receive from care and social services in their change process, their confidence in their own ability and how to succeed in creating a new identity and how the social environment around them look. Conclusions that can be deduced from the results of the study can give implications for people who have opioid replacement therapy to help build new life in addition to receiving medication. It is a struggle to adapt and create a new identity and in that work, occupational therapy can perform an important role. / Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva engagemang i vardagliga aktiviteter för personer med läkemedelsassisterande behandling vid opiatberoende. För att besvara syftet valdes en empirisk kvalitativ design som är lämpligt för att fånga en persons egna tankar, känslor, upplevelser, erfarenheter och åsikter och den värld den lever i med personens egna ord. Data insamlades genom intervjuer med personer som har läkemedelsassisterande behandling vid opiatberoende. Insamlad data bestod av sex intervjuer som analyserades utifrån en latent kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Analys av data resulterade i ett övergripande tema; Att leva i livet inte överleva livet och fyra kategorier; En kamp att anpassa sig till något nytt och finna struktur i vardagen. Att våga tro på sin förmåga. Att få professionellt stöd på vägen. Den sociala miljöns betydelse för att kunna bryta med det gamla livet. Resultatet visade att engagemang i vardagliga aktiviteter är en stor utmaning och en kamp som både beror på vilket stöd personerna får av vård och socialtjänst i sin förändringsprocess, deras tilltro till sin egen förmåga och hur det lyckas skapa en ny identitet samt hur den sociala miljön runt dem ser ut.  Slutsatser som kan dras utifrån studiens resultat kan ge implikationer för att personer som har läkemedelsassisterande behandling vid opiatberoende vill ha hjälp med att bygga upp det nya livet utöver att de får mediciner. Det är en kamp att anpassa sig och skapa en ny identitet och i det arbetet kan arbetsterapi spela en viktig roll.

In my work I deal with smoking among clients seeking treatment for depression or neurotic disorders. The aim of my work is to examine the relationship between depression, anxiety and addiction to nicotine.The research was conducted through a questionnaire survey among clients of day care centres and psychiatric department. Overall, participated in the research was 32 respondents, including 20 women and 12 men. The average age of respondents was 39 years. 22 respondents completing the questionnaire identified yourself as regular smokers, 2 as occasional, 3 as ex-smokers and 5 respondents as nonsmokers. The research was conducted from December 2012 to April 2013. I found that respondents smoke as well, if they feel mentally well. If they are mentally ill, smoke more. During hospitalization or visits to day care centres smoke as much or more. Depressed and anxious thoughts of the respondents almost always leads to a light taste. The relationship between smoking and depression I was able to prove only in the group of smokers.

The topic of the thesis focuses on nutrition for people addicted to alcohol. The theoretical part of the thesis is to describe and adequate nutrition recommendations, which should people addicted to alcohol optimally receive. This section will describe the appropriate food components in the context of a variety of somatic and psychological changes in clients addicted to alcohol. There is also described the problems with the long-term consumption of high doses of alcohol occur in the context of micro and macronutrients. Pointed out the possible signs and risk inherent in inadequate nutrition in alcoholism carries. Also in this section above, which each term medical complications of alcohol bears. In the practical part of the thesis using of quantitative research focuses on finding the eating habits of clients psychiatric hospital in Opava and Prague. The aim of this section is to determine whether ingested during a stay in a psychiatric hospital corresponds to the nutritional needs of clients. To gather data, I used a questionnaire ADS (scale depending on the alcohol) (Skinner & Horn, 1984). I also used a food frequency questionnaire. (Institutet DANONE, 2000). The questionnaire focused on the evaluation of dependency on alcohol and nutrition. Synovate interviewed male. Man I chose, because between them...

The aim of this study is to analyze gender differences in perception of hagiotherapy in therapeutic process of men and women addiction treatment in the Psychiatric hospital Bohnice. The first part of the thesis is intended to be a theoretical framework for the following practical survey and this part deals with the terms of gender, gender differences in addiction, gender specific addiction and recovery treatment and describes the existential psychotherapy, the group psychotherapy and hagiography as a special form of group existential psychotherapy. The second part of the thesis deals with the research, which contains utterances of 16 respondents who took part in the hagiotherapy in the Psychiatric hospital Bohnice. A method of semi- structured interview was used and the utterances were analyzed in detail in order to reveal gender differences. The method of the open and axial coding were used, particular categories were described and compared. The research part of the thesis confirms that there truly are major gender differences between men and women in treatment, but not in the perception of the hagiotherapy, but in the way they process singular impulses and in the way they are affected by the hagiotherapy. Gender plays a major role in several aspects and the most significant differences can be...

This research study examined the effects of high levels of sugar intake on mental health in marijuana smokers. Because the literature demonstrates a similarity between refined sugar and other commonly addictive drugs, those who ingest a higher percentage of dietary sugar will score more poorly on the DASS21, meaning that with higher levels of sugar ingestion, a greater deficit in mental health functioning will be measurable. Of 16 participants, nine were female and seven were male, and the participants ranged from a normal weight to obese. The results did support the hypothesis of sugar dependence. This has implications for future studies on the impact of sugar on mental health. The results to this study may provide insight into potential for greater understanding of eating disorders associated with sugar dependence, thereby potentially leading to the development of more effective treatment options.

Studier har visat att dialektisk beteendeterapi (DBT) är en tidskrävande integrerande behandlingsform. DBT beskrivs utifrån fyra hörnstenar: inlärningsteori, kognitiv teori, dialektisk filosofi och zenbuddistisk filosofi. DBT utvecklades för självskadebeteende, senare utvecklades den också för annan beteendeproblematik. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur behandlare och behandlingsassistenter med DBT erfarenheter upplever att klienterna tillgodogör sig DBT-behandlingen och om män respektive kvinnor tillgodogör sig olika. En man och fem kvinnor i Sverige med olika yrkeserfarenheter inom DBT intervjuades mellan 45-60 minuter om hur DBT-behandling av klienter tillgodogörs på LVM-hem utifrån behandlarens perspektiv. Intervjuerna meningskoncentrerade och resulterade i fem teman: a) främja positiv utveckling; b) en ökad kunskap; c) en ökad självkontroll; d) en ökad självkänsla; e) ett ökat välbefinnande. Slutsatsen är att ökad kunskap om sin personlighet främjar positiv utveckling att tillgodogöra sig verktyg för att öka självkontrollen, vilket kan leda till ökad självkänsla som främjar till ett ökat välbefinnande.